北京城郊PM_(2.5)中金属元素的污染特征及潜在生态风险评价
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摘要
为了解北京市PM_(2.5)中金属元素的污染来源及其潜在生态风险,分别在北京城区(东直门)和郊区(怀柔)建立观测站点,使用中流量颗粒物采样器采集样品.利用微波消解-电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)分析其中的16种金属元素的质量浓度.结果表明,北京市城区PM_(2.5)的总平均浓度为92.35μg·m~(-3),超标率(PM_(2.5)的浓度超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)的天数占总天数的比例)为41.7%,郊区PM_(2.5)的总平均浓度为70.90μg·m~(-3),超标率为31.7%.北京城郊金属元素的时空变化主要趋势为:夜间浓度略高于日间,秋冬质量浓度高于春夏,城区浓度大于郊区.通过计算富集因子表明,北京城区Pb、As、Zn、Ni、Cu和郊区Pb、As、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu金属元素来自人为活动.地累积指数法分析可知,Ni的I_(geo)值为0.79,受到人为和自然源的共同影响,而Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb有着中度以上的污染,受到人类活动的影响较大,例如煤燃烧、汽车尾气、刹车及轮胎磨损等.北京城郊生态风险指数极强,对于元素单项污染物生态风险,Cd的风险极强,Cu、Zn、Pb的单项污染物生态风险较强.
Atmospheric PM_(2.5) pollution and ambient air quality were investigated in Beijing,and the ecological risks of the trace heavy metals in PM_(2.5) were analyzed.PM_(2.5) samples were collected from Dongzhimen and Huairou by a middle volume sampler,and 16 kinds of trace metals were determined by inductively couple plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The results showed that the average concentration of PM_(2.5) in the urban area was 92.35μg·m~(-3),and the number of days higher than the Ambient Air Quality Standards(GB 3095-2012) accounted for 41.7% of the total number of days.The average concentration of PM_(2.5) in the suburban area was 70.90μg·m~(-3),and the standard exceedance rate was 31.7%.In general,the spatial and temporal distributions of heavy metals were as follows:nighttime>daytime;urban area>suburban area;winter>autumn>spring>summer.The enrichment factors for Pb,As,Zn,Ni,and Cu in the urban area and Pb,As,Zn,Cr,Ni,and Cu in the suburban area indicated that most came from anthropogenic sources.The result for the geoaccumulation index indicated that Ni is affected by anthropogenic sources and natural resources,while Cu,Zn,As,Cd,and Pb might have been derived from human activities.The potential ecological risk of Cu,Zn,Pb,and Cd was high,while the degree of ecological harm posed by Cd was extremely strong.
Atmospheric PM_(2.5) pollution and ambient air quality were investigated in Beijing,and the ecological risks of the trace heavy metals in PM_(2.5) were analyzed.PM_(2.5) samples were collected from Dongzhimen and Huairou by a middle volume sampler,and 16 kinds of trace metals were determined by inductively couple plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The results showed that the average concentration of PM_(2.5) in the urban area was 92.35μg·m~(-3),and the number of days higher than the Ambient Air Quality Standards(GB 3095-2012) accounted for 41.7% of the total number of days.The average concentration of PM_(2.5) in the suburban area was 70.90μg·m~(-3),and the standard exceedance rate was 31.7%.In general,the spatial and temporal distributions of heavy metals were as follows:nighttime>daytime;urban area>suburban area;winter>autumn>spring>summer.The enrichment factors for Pb,As,Zn,Ni,and Cu in the urban area and Pb,As,Zn,Cr,Ni,and Cu in the suburban area indicated that most came from anthropogenic sources.The result for the geoaccumulation index indicated that Ni is affected by anthropogenic sources and natural resources,while Cu,Zn,As,Cd,and Pb might have been derived from human activities.The potential ecological risk of Cu,Zn,Pb,and Cd was high,while the degree of ecological harm posed by Cd was extremely strong.
引文
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