覆盖对西北旱地春小麦旗叶光合特性和水分利用的调控
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摘要
2015—2016年在西北黄土高原半干旱区进行大田定位试验,以‘陇春35号’为试验材料,设全膜覆土穴播(PMS)、全砂覆盖穴播(SM)和露地穴播(CK)3个处理,分析旗叶光合特性、春小麦耗水特性和产量构成因子之间的关系.结果表明:PMS和SM在0～300 cm土层的土壤贮水量在灌浆前分别较CK提高47.8和31.6 mm,灌浆期均较CK降低15.6 mm.PMS和SM提高春小麦挑旗-抽穗期和扬花-灌浆期的土壤耗水.PMS和SM的叶面积指数分别较CK提高59.0%～73.7%和40.1%～52.7%,叶片SPAD值分别较CK提高3.5%～28.4%和2.9%～23.9%.PMS的光合速率和气孔导度在春小麦挑旗、抽穗、扬花期分别较CK提高23.5%、33.0%、17.7%和32.6%、76.4%、66.9%,灌浆期分别较CK降低26.2%和16.4%;PMS和SM的气孔限制值在抽穗、扬花、灌浆期分别较CK降低14.6%、23.9%、22.3%和25.7%、29.8%、17.4%.叶片瞬时水分利用效率PMS在挑旗期较CK提高57.8%,扬花期降低11.2%.PMS的表观量子效率在抽穗、扬花期分别较SM和CK增加22.6%、18.7%和26.8%、14.3%.PMS和SM春小麦的株高和产量构成因子均显著高于CK,且在干旱年份增幅较大;PMS的产量较CK和SM分别提高36.2%和8.7%,水分利用效率分别提高9.4%和3.4%.因此,PMS和SM提高了小麦灌浆前土壤贮水,加剧了挑旗到抽穗和扬花到灌浆期的耗水,提高了小麦叶片SPAD值和叶面积指数,增强了小麦灌浆前旗叶光合功能,促进"库"的建成和同化物的转运,实现增产和水分高效利用.PMS在丰水年份的增产潜力和干旱年份的适应能力比SM更强.
A field experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2016 in the northwestern Loess Plateau, China, to analyze the relationships among flag-leaf photosynthetic characteristics, water-consumption characteristics, and yield components of spring wheat(Triticum aestivum ‘Longchun 35'). There were three treatments: whole-field plastic mulching(PMS), sand mulching(SM), and uncovered(CK). The results showed that soil-water storage levels at 0-300 cm of soil profile before wheat filling under PMS and SM treatments were greater than that in CK by 47.8 and 31.6 mm, respectively, while that under PMS was lower than CK by 15.6 mm at the filling stage. Water consumption under PMS and SM increased in the flagging-heading and flowering-filling stages compared with the CK. Leaf area indices under PMS and SM were increased by 59.0%-73.7% and 40.1%-52.7%, respectively, and leaf SPAD values were increased by 3.5%-28.4% and 2.9%-23.9%, respectively, compared with CK. The net photosynthetic rate of PMS was increased by 23.5%, 33.0% and 17.7% at the flagging, heading, and flowering stages. The corresponding stoma-tal conductance rate was increased by 32.6%, 76.4% and 66.9%, respectively. Net photosynthetic and stomatal conductance rates at the filling stage were decreased by 26.2% and 16.4%, respectively. At the heading, flowering, and filling stages, stomatal limitation values in PMS were decreased by 14.6%, 23.9% and 22.3%, respectively, and by 25.7%, 29.8% and 17.4%, respectively in SM. The instantaneous water-use efficiency of spring wheat in PMS was increased by 57.8% at the flagging stage and decreased by 11.2% at the flowering stage. At the heading and flowering stages, the apparent quantum efficiency was increased by 22.6% and 18.7% in PMS, and by 26.8% and 14.3% in SM, respectively. Plant height and yield component indices in PMS and SM were significantly greater than that in CK, with the enhancement being greater than that in dry years. Grain yield was increased by 36.2% and 8.7% and water-use efficiency increased by 9.4% and 3.4% in PMS and SM, respectively. PMS and SM treatments increased soil water storage before the pre-filling stage of wheat, aggravated water consumption during the flagging-shooting and flowering-filling stages, resulting in greater SPAD values and leaf area indices, which promoted the photosynthetic functions of flag leaves, facilitated sink formation and photosynthetic assimilate transportation, resulting in increased grain yields and water use efficiency of spring wheat. The effects of PMS treatment were more remarkable than those of SM in terms of increasing spring wheat's yield potential in wet years and adaptability in dry years.
A field experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2016 in the northwestern Loess Plateau, China, to analyze the relationships among flag-leaf photosynthetic characteristics, water-consumption characteristics, and yield components of spring wheat(Triticum aestivum ‘Longchun 35'). There were three treatments: whole-field plastic mulching(PMS), sand mulching(SM), and uncovered(CK). The results showed that soil-water storage levels at 0-300 cm of soil profile before wheat filling under PMS and SM treatments were greater than that in CK by 47.8 and 31.6 mm, respectively, while that under PMS was lower than CK by 15.6 mm at the filling stage. Water consumption under PMS and SM increased in the flagging-heading and flowering-filling stages compared with the CK. Leaf area indices under PMS and SM were increased by 59.0%-73.7% and 40.1%-52.7%, respectively, and leaf SPAD values were increased by 3.5%-28.4% and 2.9%-23.9%, respectively, compared with CK. The net photosynthetic rate of PMS was increased by 23.5%, 33.0% and 17.7% at the flagging, heading, and flowering stages. The corresponding stoma-tal conductance rate was increased by 32.6%, 76.4% and 66.9%, respectively. Net photosynthetic and stomatal conductance rates at the filling stage were decreased by 26.2% and 16.4%, respectively. At the heading, flowering, and filling stages, stomatal limitation values in PMS were decreased by 14.6%, 23.9% and 22.3%, respectively, and by 25.7%, 29.8% and 17.4%, respectively in SM. The instantaneous water-use efficiency of spring wheat in PMS was increased by 57.8% at the flagging stage and decreased by 11.2% at the flowering stage. At the heading and flowering stages, the apparent quantum efficiency was increased by 22.6% and 18.7% in PMS, and by 26.8% and 14.3% in SM, respectively. Plant height and yield component indices in PMS and SM were significantly greater than that in CK, with the enhancement being greater than that in dry years. Grain yield was increased by 36.2% and 8.7% and water-use efficiency increased by 9.4% and 3.4% in PMS and SM, respectively. PMS and SM treatments increased soil water storage before the pre-filling stage of wheat, aggravated water consumption during the flagging-shooting and flowering-filling stages, resulting in greater SPAD values and leaf area indices, which promoted the photosynthetic functions of flag leaves, facilitated sink formation and photosynthetic assimilate transportation, resulting in increased grain yields and water use efficiency of spring wheat. The effects of PMS treatment were more remarkable than those of SM in terms of increasing spring wheat's yield potential in wet years and adaptability in dry years.
引文
[1] Shen Y-G (沈允钢). The Most Important Chemical Reaction on Earth-photosynthesis. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[2] Lin J-K (林金科), Lai M-Z (赖明志), Zhan Z-J (詹梓金). Response of net photosynthetic rate to ecological factors in tea leaves. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2000, 20(3): 404-408 (in Chinese)
[3] Wang J-B (王健波), Yan C-R (严昌荣), Liu E-K (刘恩科), et al. Effects of long-term no-tillage with straw mulch on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves and dry matter accumulation and translocation of winter wheat in dryland. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(2): 296-305 (in Chinese)
[4] Zhang Y (张玉), Han Q-F (韩清芳), Cheng X-F (成雪峰), et al. Effects of ridge and furrow rain harvesting with supplemental irrigation on winter wheat photosynthetic characteristics, yield and water use efficiency in Guanzhong irrigation district. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(5): 1382-1390 (in Chinese)
[5] Tang X-L (唐星林), Cao Y-H (曹永慧), Gu L-H (顾连宏), et al. Advances in photo-physiological responses of leaves to environmental factors based on the FvCB model. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2017, 37(19): 6633-6645 (in Chinese)
[6] Liu HS, Min F. Photosynthesis, root respiration, and grain yield of spring wheat in response to surface soil drying. Plant Growth Regulation, 2005, 45: 149-154
[7] Subrahmanyam D, Subash N, Haris A, et al. Influence of water stress on leaf photosynthetic characteristics in wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to drought. Photosynthetica, 2006, 44: 125-129
[8] Luo HH, Zhang YL, Zhang WF. Effects of water stress and rewatering on photosynthesis, root activity, and yield of cotton with drip irrigation under mulch. Photosynthetica, 2016, 54: 65-73
[9] Flexas J, Medrano H. Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3 plants: Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations revisited. Annals of Botany, 2002, 89: 183-189
[10] Zhao H (赵辉), Dai T-B (戴廷波), Jiang D (姜东), et al. Effects of drought and water logging on flag leaf post-anthesis photosynthetic characteristics and assimilates translocation in winter wheat under high temperature. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2007, 18(2): 333-338 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhang G-C (张光灿), He K-N (贺康宁), Liu X (刘霞). Fitting soil moisture environment of trees growth on Loess Plateau in semi-arid region. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2001, 15(4): 1-5 (in Chinese)
[12] Zhang L-P (张黎萍), Jing Q (荆奇), Dai T-B (戴廷波), et al. Effects of temperature and illumination on flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and senescence of wheat cultivars with different grain quality. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(2): 311-316 (in Chinese)
[13] Peng XB, Zhang YY, Cai J, et al. Photosynthesis, growth and yield of soybean and maize in a tree-based agroforestry intercropping system on the Loess Plateau. Agroforest Systems, 2009, 76: 569-577
[14] Ashraf M, Harris PJ. Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview. Photosynthetica, 2013, 51: 163-190
[15] Hou H-Z (侯慧芝), Lyu J-F (吕军峰), Guo T-W (郭天文), et al. Effects of whole field soil-plastic mulching on spring wheat water consumption, yield, and soil water balance in semiarid region. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47 (22): 4392-4404 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang H-L (王红丽), Song S-Y (宋尚有), Zhang X-C (张绪成), et al. Effects of using plastic film as mulch combined with bunch planting on soil temperature, moisture and yield of spring wheat in a semi-arid area in drylands of Gansu, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2013, 33(18): 5580-5588 (in Chinese)
[17] Hou H-Z (侯慧芝), Lyu J-F (吕军峰), Guo T-W (郭天文), et al. Effects of whole field soil-plastic mulching on soil thermal-moisture status and wheat yield in semiarid region on Northwest Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2014, 34(19): 5503-5513 (in Chinese)
[18] Du W-L (杜伟莉), Gao J (高杰), Hu F- L (胡富亮), et al. Responses of drought stress on photosynthe-tic trait and osmotic adjustment in two maize cultivars. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2013, 39(3): 530-536 (in Chinese)
[19] Yu W-Y (于文颖), Ji R-P (纪瑞鹏), Feng R (冯锐), et al. Response of water stress on photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of maize leaves in different growth stage. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2015, 35(9): 2902-2909 (in Chinese)
[20] Lyu J-Y (吕金印), Shan L (山仑), Gao J-F (高俊凤), et al. Effect of drought stress on photosynthesis and some other physiological characteristics in flag leaf during grain filling of wheat. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 2003, 21(2): 77-81 (in Chinese)
[21] Guo L-L (郭丽丽), Hao L-H (郝立华), Jia H-H (贾慧慧), et al. Effects of NaCl stress on stomatal traits, leaf gas exchange parameters, and biomass of two tomato cultivars. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(12): 3949-3958 (in Chinese)
[2] Lin J-K (林金科), Lai M-Z (赖明志), Zhan Z-J (詹梓金). Response of net photosynthetic rate to ecological factors in tea leaves. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2000, 20(3): 404-408 (in Chinese)
[3] Wang J-B (王健波), Yan C-R (严昌荣), Liu E-K (刘恩科), et al. Effects of long-term no-tillage with straw mulch on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves and dry matter accumulation and translocation of winter wheat in dryland. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(2): 296-305 (in Chinese)
[4] Zhang Y (张玉), Han Q-F (韩清芳), Cheng X-F (成雪峰), et al. Effects of ridge and furrow rain harvesting with supplemental irrigation on winter wheat photosynthetic characteristics, yield and water use efficiency in Guanzhong irrigation district. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(5): 1382-1390 (in Chinese)
[5] Tang X-L (唐星林), Cao Y-H (曹永慧), Gu L-H (顾连宏), et al. Advances in photo-physiological responses of leaves to environmental factors based on the FvCB model. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2017, 37(19): 6633-6645 (in Chinese)
[6] Liu HS, Min F. Photosynthesis, root respiration, and grain yield of spring wheat in response to surface soil drying. Plant Growth Regulation, 2005, 45: 149-154
[7] Subrahmanyam D, Subash N, Haris A, et al. Influence of water stress on leaf photosynthetic characteristics in wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to drought. Photosynthetica, 2006, 44: 125-129
[8] Luo HH, Zhang YL, Zhang WF. Effects of water stress and rewatering on photosynthesis, root activity, and yield of cotton with drip irrigation under mulch. Photosynthetica, 2016, 54: 65-73
[9] Flexas J, Medrano H. Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3 plants: Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations revisited. Annals of Botany, 2002, 89: 183-189
[10] Zhao H (赵辉), Dai T-B (戴廷波), Jiang D (姜东), et al. Effects of drought and water logging on flag leaf post-anthesis photosynthetic characteristics and assimilates translocation in winter wheat under high temperature. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2007, 18(2): 333-338 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhang G-C (张光灿), He K-N (贺康宁), Liu X (刘霞). Fitting soil moisture environment of trees growth on Loess Plateau in semi-arid region. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2001, 15(4): 1-5 (in Chinese)
[12] Zhang L-P (张黎萍), Jing Q (荆奇), Dai T-B (戴廷波), et al. Effects of temperature and illumination on flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and senescence of wheat cultivars with different grain quality. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(2): 311-316 (in Chinese)
[13] Peng XB, Zhang YY, Cai J, et al. Photosynthesis, growth and yield of soybean and maize in a tree-based agroforestry intercropping system on the Loess Plateau. Agroforest Systems, 2009, 76: 569-577
[14] Ashraf M, Harris PJ. Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview. Photosynthetica, 2013, 51: 163-190
[15] Hou H-Z (侯慧芝), Lyu J-F (吕军峰), Guo T-W (郭天文), et al. Effects of whole field soil-plastic mulching on spring wheat water consumption, yield, and soil water balance in semiarid region. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47 (22): 4392-4404 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang H-L (王红丽), Song S-Y (宋尚有), Zhang X-C (张绪成), et al. Effects of using plastic film as mulch combined with bunch planting on soil temperature, moisture and yield of spring wheat in a semi-arid area in drylands of Gansu, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2013, 33(18): 5580-5588 (in Chinese)
[17] Hou H-Z (侯慧芝), Lyu J-F (吕军峰), Guo T-W (郭天文), et al. Effects of whole field soil-plastic mulching on soil thermal-moisture status and wheat yield in semiarid region on Northwest Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2014, 34(19): 5503-5513 (in Chinese)
[18] Du W-L (杜伟莉), Gao J (高杰), Hu F- L (胡富亮), et al. Responses of drought stress on photosynthe-tic trait and osmotic adjustment in two maize cultivars. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2013, 39(3): 530-536 (in Chinese)
[19] Yu W-Y (于文颖), Ji R-P (纪瑞鹏), Feng R (冯锐), et al. Response of water stress on photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of maize leaves in different growth stage. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2015, 35(9): 2902-2909 (in Chinese)
[20] Lyu J-Y (吕金印), Shan L (山仑), Gao J-F (高俊凤), et al. Effect of drought stress on photosynthesis and some other physiological characteristics in flag leaf during grain filling of wheat. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 2003, 21(2): 77-81 (in Chinese)
[21] Guo L-L (郭丽丽), Hao L-H (郝立华), Jia H-H (贾慧慧), et al. Effects of NaCl stress on stomatal traits, leaf gas exchange parameters, and biomass of two tomato cultivars. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(12): 3949-3958 (in Chinese)