分子医学影像设备研究进展(下)
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摘要
本文简要介绍了用于活体分子影像的各种合成探针。探针是分子影像的重要因素。诸如放射性标记化合物、小分子荧光染料等基于小分子化合物的探针,金属纳米粒子、荧光量子点、磁性纳米材料、稀土发光纳米材料、氧化物纳米材料、碳纳米材料等基于无机纳米材料的探针,枝状聚合物、胶束和囊泡、脂质体及其类似物等基于合成软物质纳米材料的探针均在分子影像领域被广泛应用。
Synthetic probes for in vivo molecular imaging are introduced in this paper.Probes are an important part of imaging.Small molecule compound based probes like radio-labeled compounds,small molecular fluorescence dyes,inorganic nano-material based probes like metal nano-particles,fluorescent quantum dots,magnetic nano-materials,rare earth light emitting nanomaterials,metal oxide nanomaterials,carbon nanomaterials and synthetic soft matter nanomaterial based probes of dendrimers,micelles and vesicles,liposomes and analogs have all been widely used in molecular imaging.
Synthetic probes for in vivo molecular imaging are introduced in this paper.Probes are an important part of imaging.Small molecule compound based probes like radio-labeled compounds,small molecular fluorescence dyes,inorganic nano-material based probes like metal nano-particles,fluorescent quantum dots,magnetic nano-materials,rare earth light emitting nanomaterials,metal oxide nanomaterials,carbon nanomaterials and synthetic soft matter nanomaterial based probes of dendrimers,micelles and vesicles,liposomes and analogs have all been widely used in molecular imaging.
引文
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[28]W S Seo,J H Lee,X Sun,et al.FeCo/Graphitic-Shell Nanocrystals as Advanced Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging and Near-Infrared Agents[J].Nat Mater,2006,5:971-976.
[29]C Yang,H Zhao,Y Hou,et al.Fe5C2 Nanoparticles:A Facile Bromide-Induced Synthesis and as an Active Phase for FischerTropsch Synthesis[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012,134:15814-15821.
[30]W Tang,Z Zhen,C Yang,et al.Fe5C2 Nanoparticles with High MRI Contrast Enhancement for Tumor Imaging[J].Small,2014,10:1245-1249.
[31]R Qiao,Q Jia,S H(u|¨)wel,et al.Receptor-Mediated Delivery of Magnetic Nanoparticles across the Blood-Brain Barrier[J].ACS Nano,2012,6:3304-3310.
[32]S A Hilderbrand,F Shao,C Salthouse,et al.Upconverting Luminescent Nanomaterials:Application to in Vivo Bioimaging[J].Chemical Communications,2009:4188-4190.
[33]C Liu,Z Gao,J Zeng,et al.Magnetic/Upconversion Fluorescent NaGdF4:Yb,Er Nanoparticle-Based Dual-Modal Molecular Probes for Imaging Tiny Tumors in Vivo[J].ACS Nano,2013,7:7227-7240.
[34]Y Chen,H Chen,J Shi.Drug Delivery/Imaging Multifunctionality of Mesoporous Silica-Based Composite Nanostructures[J].Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery,2014,11:917-930.
[35]T Rajh,N M Dimitrijevic.M Bissonnette.et al.Titanium Dioxide in the Service of the Biomedical Revo1ution[J].Chemical Reviews,2014,114:10177-10216.
[36]C H Lee,S H Cheng,Y J Wang,et al.Near-Infrared Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging Characterization and in Vivo Biodistribution[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2009,19:215-222.
[37]F Chen,T R Nayak,S Goel,et al.In Vivo Tumor Vasculature Targeted PET/NIRF Imaging with TRC105(Fab)-Conjugated Dual-Labeled Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles[J].Molecular Ph armaceutics,2014,11:4007-4014.
[38]P Chandran,A Sasidharan,A Ashokan,et al.Highly Biocompatible TiO2:Gd3+Nano-Contrast Agent with Enhanced Longitudinal Relaxivity for Targeted Cancer Imaging[J].Nanoscale,2011,3:4150-4161.
[39]Z Liu,S Tabakman,K Welsher,et al.Carbon Nanotubes in Biology and Medicine:In Vitro and in Vivo Detection,Imaging and Drug Delivery[J].Nano Research,2009,2:85-120.
[40]L Yan,F Zhao,S Li,et al.Low-Toxic and Safe Nanomaterials by Surface-Chemical Design,Carbon Nanotubes,Fullerenes,Metallofullerenes,and Graphenes[J].Nanoscale,2011,3:362-382.
[41]K Yang,L Feng,X Shi,et al.Nano-Graphene in Biomedicine:Theranostic Applications[J].Chemical Society Reviews,2013,42:530-547.
[42]J C G Esteves da Silva,H M R Goncalves.Analytical and Bioanalytical Applications of Carbon Dots[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2011,30:1327-1336.
[43]A M Schrand,S A C Hens,O A Shenderova.Nanodiamond Particles:Properties and Perspectives for Bioapplications[J].Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences,2009,34:18-74.
[44]S T Yang,X Wang,H Wang,et al.Carbon Dots as Nontoxic and High-Performance Fluorescence Imaging Agents[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry,2009,113:18110-18114.
[45]S T Yang,L Cao,P G Luo,et al.Carbon Dots for Optical Imaging in Vivo[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2009,131:11308-11309.
[46]A De La Zerda,C Zavaleta,S Keren,et al.Carbon Nanotubes as Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging Agents in Living Mice[J].Nat Nano,2008.3:557-562.
[47]Z Liu,W Cai,L He,et al.In Vivo Biodistribution and Highly Efficient Tumour Targeting of Carbon Nanotubes in Mice[J].Nat Nano,2007,2:47-52.
[48]G Hong,S Diao,J Chang,et al.Through-skull Fluorescence Imaging of the Brain in a New Near-Infrared Window[J].Nature Photonics,2014,8:723-730.
[49]E Wiener,M W Brechbiel,H Brothers,et al.DendrimerBased Metal Chelates:A New Class of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents[J].Magnetic Resonance in Medicine,1994,31:1-8.
[50]J Martinelli,K Thangavel,L Tei,et al.Dendrimericβ-Cyclodextrin/Gd(Ⅲ)Chelate Supramolecular Host-Guest Adducts as High-Relaxivity MRI Probes[J].Chemistry-A European Journal,2014,20:10944-10952.
[51]O Taratula,C Schumann,T Duong,et al.DendrimerEnCapsulated Naphthalocyanine as a Single Agent-Based Theranostic Nanoplatform for Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging and Combinatorial Anticancer Phototherapy[J].Nanoscale,2015,7:3888-3902.
[52]A Almutairi,R Rossin,M Shokeen,et al.Biodegradable Dendritic Positron-Emitting Nanoprobes for the Noninvasive Imaging of Angiogenesis[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106:685-690.
[53]H J Lee,A Ponta,Y Bae.Polymer Nanoassemblies for Cancer Treatment and Imaging[J].Therapeutic Delivery,2010,1:803-817.
[54]W Du,A M Nystrm,L Zhang,et al.Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Fluoropolymers as Nanoscopic~(19)F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agent Assemblies[J].Biomacromolecules,2008,9:2826-2833.
[55]F Yang,Y Li,Z Chen,et al.Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Embedded Encapsulated Microbubbles as Dual Contrast Agents of Magnetic Resonance and Ultrasound Imaging[J].Biomaterials,2009,30:3882-3890.
[56]Y Barenholz.Doxil—The First FDA-Approved Nano-Drug:Lessons Learned[J].Journal of Controlled Release,2012,160:117-134.
[57]N K Ibrahim,N Desai,S Legha,et al.Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of ABI-007,a Cremophor-Free,Protein-Stabilized,Nanoparticle Formulation of Paclitaxel[J].Clinical Cancer Research,2002,8:1038-1044.
[58]N Beziere,N Lozano,A Nunes.et al.Dynamic Imaging of PEGylated Indocyanine Green(ICG)Liposomes within the Tumor Microenvironment Using Multi-spectral Optoacoustic Tomography(MSOT)[J].Biomaterials,2015,37:415-424.
[59]R Bhavane,C Badea,K B Ghaghada,et al.Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaques in a Mouse Model Using a Liposomal-Iodine Nanoparticle Contrast Agent[J].Circulation:Cardiovascular Imaging,2013,6:285-294.
[60]J F Lovell,C S Jin,E Huynh,et al.Porphysome Nanovesicles Generated by Porphyrin Bilayers for Use as Multimodal Biophotonic Contrast Agents[J].Nature Materials,2011,10:324-332.
[61]M Moran,T MacDonald,T Liu,et al.Copper-64-labeled Porphysomes for PET Imaging[J].Journal of Nuclear Medicine,2014,55:1016.
[62]T W Liu,T D MacDonald,C S Jin.et al.Inherently Multimodal Nanoparticle-Driven Tracking and Real-Time Delineation of Orthotopic Prostate Tumors and Micrometastases[J].ACS Nano,2013,7:4221-4232.
[63]Z Dai,W Tian,X Yue,et aLEfficient Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in Highly Stable Liposomal Nanohybrid Cerasome[J].Chemical Communications,2009:2032-2034.
[64]X Yue,Y Jing,Z Dai.Liposomal Cerasome:a Nanohybrid of Liposome and Silica[J].Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engmeering,2011,6:569-574.
[65]Z Cao,W Zhu,W Wang,et al.Stable Cerasomes for Simultaneous Drug Delivery and Magnetic Resonance Imaging[J].International Journal of Nanomedicine,2014,9:5103-5116.
[2]K Chen,X Chen,Design and Development of Molecular Imaging Probes[J].Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry,2010,10:1227-1236.
[3]H Kobayashi,M R Longmire,M Ogawa,et al.Rational Chemical Design of the next Generation of Molecular Imaging Probes Based on Physics and Biology:Mixing Modalities,Colors and Signals[J].Chemical Society Reviews,2011,40:4626-4648.
[4]P A Jarzyna,A Gianella,T Skajaa,et al.Multifunctional Imaging Nanoprobes[J].Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews:Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology,2010.2:138-150.
[5]T Ido,C N Wan,J S Fowler,et al.Fluorination with Molecular Fluorine.A Convenient Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-2-Fluoro-D-Glucose[J].The Journal of Organic Chemistry,1977,42(6):2341-2342.
[6]A Salskov,V S Tammisetti,J Grierson,et al.FLT:Measuring Tumor Cell Proliferation In Vivo With Positron Emission Tomography and 3′-Deoxy-3′-[18F]Fluorothymidine[J].Seminars in Nuclear Medicine,2007,37(11):429-439.
[7]T Furuya,T Ritter.Carbon-Fluorine Reductive Elimination from a High-Valent Palladium Fluoride[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2008,130:10060-10061.
[8]C C Lee,G Sui,A Elizarov,et al.Multistep Synthesis of a Radiolabeled Imaging Probe Using Integrated Microfluidics[J].Science,2005,310(11):1793-1796.
[9]R Wang,H Zhu,Y Chen,et al.Standardized Uptake Value Based Evaluation of Lymphoma by FDG and FLT PET/CT[J].Hematological Oncology,2014,32:126-132.
[10]S Luo,E Zhang,Y Su,et al.A Review of NIR Dyes in Cancer Targeting and Imaging[J].Biomaterials,2011,32:7127-7138.
[11]P Jain,X Huang,I El-Sayed,et al.Review of Some Interesting Surface Plasmon Resonance-Enhanced Properties of Noble Metal Nanoparticles and Their Applications to Biosystems[J].Plasmonics,2007,(9):107-118.
[12]S W Chou,Y H Shau,P C Wu,et al.In Vitro and in Vivo Studies of FePt Nanoparticles for Dual Modal CT/MRI Molecular Imaging[J].Journal of the American Chemical Socie ty,2010,132(9):13270-13278.
[13]T K Sau,C J Murphy.Room Temperature,High-Yield Synthesis of Multiple Shapes of Gold Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2004,126(7):8648-8649.
[14]S E Habas,H Lee,V Radmilovic,et al.Shaping Binary Metal Nanocrystals through Epitaxial Seeded Growth[J].Nature Materials,2007,6(9):692-697.
[15]N R Jana,L Gearheart,C J Murphy.Wet Chemical Synthesis of Silver Nanorods and Nanowires of Controllable Aspect Ratio[J].Chemical Communications,2001:617-618.
[16]J F Hainfeld,D N Slatkin,T M Focella,et al.Gold Nanoparticles:a New X-ray Contrast Agent[J].The British Journal of Radiology,2006,79:248-253.
[17]S Ahn,S Y Jung,S J Lee.Gold Nanoparticle Contrast Agents in Advanced X-ray Imaging Technologies[J].Molecules,2013,5858-5890.
[18]Y Wang,Y Liu,H Luehmann,et al.Radioluminescent Gold Nanocages with Controlled Radioactivity for Real-Time in Vivo Imaging[J].Nano Letters,2013,13(2):581-585.
[19]X Gao,Y Cui,R M Levenson,et al.In Vivo Cancer Targeting and Imaging with Semiconductor Quantum Dots[J].Nature Biotechnology,2004,22(8):969-976.
[20]S Singh,A Sharma,G P Robertson.Realizing the Clinical Potential of Cancer Nanotechnology by Minimizing Toxicologic and Targeted Delivery Concerns[J].Cancer Research,2012,72(11):5663-5668.
[21]L M Lacroix,F Delpech,C Nayral,et al.New Generation of Magnetic and Luminescent Nanoparticles for in Vivo Real-time Imaging[J].Interface focus,2013,3:20120103.
[22]H Kobayashi,M R Longmire,M Ogawa,et al.Rational Chemical Design of the Next Generation of Molecular Imaging Probes Based on Physics and Biology:Mixing Modalities,Colors and Signals[J].Chemical Society Reviews,2011,40:4626-4648.
[23]B H Jun,D W Hwang,H S Jung,et al.Ultrasensitive,Biocompatible,Quantum-Dot-Embedded Silica Nanoparticles for Bioimaging[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2012,22:1843-1849.
[24]M K So,C Xu,A M Loening,et al.Self-illuminating Quantum Dot Conjugates for in Vivo Imaging[J].Nat Biotech,2006,24:339-343.
[25]X Sun,X Huang,J Guo,et al.Self-Illuminating~(64)Cu-Doped CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystals for in Vivo Tumor Imagin[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2014,136:1706-1709.
[26]K Andreas,R Georgieva,M Ladwig,et al.Highly Efficient Magnetic Stem Cell Labeling with Citrate-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for MRI Tracking[J].Biomaterials,2012,33:4515-4525.
[27]C Barcena,A K Sra,G S Chaubey,et al.Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles as MRI Contrast Agents[J].Chemical Communications,2008:2224-2226.
[28]W S Seo,J H Lee,X Sun,et al.FeCo/Graphitic-Shell Nanocrystals as Advanced Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging and Near-Infrared Agents[J].Nat Mater,2006,5:971-976.
[29]C Yang,H Zhao,Y Hou,et al.Fe5C2 Nanoparticles:A Facile Bromide-Induced Synthesis and as an Active Phase for FischerTropsch Synthesis[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012,134:15814-15821.
[30]W Tang,Z Zhen,C Yang,et al.Fe5C2 Nanoparticles with High MRI Contrast Enhancement for Tumor Imaging[J].Small,2014,10:1245-1249.
[31]R Qiao,Q Jia,S H(u|¨)wel,et al.Receptor-Mediated Delivery of Magnetic Nanoparticles across the Blood-Brain Barrier[J].ACS Nano,2012,6:3304-3310.
[32]S A Hilderbrand,F Shao,C Salthouse,et al.Upconverting Luminescent Nanomaterials:Application to in Vivo Bioimaging[J].Chemical Communications,2009:4188-4190.
[33]C Liu,Z Gao,J Zeng,et al.Magnetic/Upconversion Fluorescent NaGdF4:Yb,Er Nanoparticle-Based Dual-Modal Molecular Probes for Imaging Tiny Tumors in Vivo[J].ACS Nano,2013,7:7227-7240.
[34]Y Chen,H Chen,J Shi.Drug Delivery/Imaging Multifunctionality of Mesoporous Silica-Based Composite Nanostructures[J].Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery,2014,11:917-930.
[35]T Rajh,N M Dimitrijevic.M Bissonnette.et al.Titanium Dioxide in the Service of the Biomedical Revo1ution[J].Chemical Reviews,2014,114:10177-10216.
[36]C H Lee,S H Cheng,Y J Wang,et al.Near-Infrared Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging Characterization and in Vivo Biodistribution[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2009,19:215-222.
[37]F Chen,T R Nayak,S Goel,et al.In Vivo Tumor Vasculature Targeted PET/NIRF Imaging with TRC105(Fab)-Conjugated Dual-Labeled Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles[J].Molecular Ph armaceutics,2014,11:4007-4014.
[38]P Chandran,A Sasidharan,A Ashokan,et al.Highly Biocompatible TiO2:Gd3+Nano-Contrast Agent with Enhanced Longitudinal Relaxivity for Targeted Cancer Imaging[J].Nanoscale,2011,3:4150-4161.
[39]Z Liu,S Tabakman,K Welsher,et al.Carbon Nanotubes in Biology and Medicine:In Vitro and in Vivo Detection,Imaging and Drug Delivery[J].Nano Research,2009,2:85-120.
[40]L Yan,F Zhao,S Li,et al.Low-Toxic and Safe Nanomaterials by Surface-Chemical Design,Carbon Nanotubes,Fullerenes,Metallofullerenes,and Graphenes[J].Nanoscale,2011,3:362-382.
[41]K Yang,L Feng,X Shi,et al.Nano-Graphene in Biomedicine:Theranostic Applications[J].Chemical Society Reviews,2013,42:530-547.
[42]J C G Esteves da Silva,H M R Goncalves.Analytical and Bioanalytical Applications of Carbon Dots[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2011,30:1327-1336.
[43]A M Schrand,S A C Hens,O A Shenderova.Nanodiamond Particles:Properties and Perspectives for Bioapplications[J].Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences,2009,34:18-74.
[44]S T Yang,X Wang,H Wang,et al.Carbon Dots as Nontoxic and High-Performance Fluorescence Imaging Agents[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry,2009,113:18110-18114.
[45]S T Yang,L Cao,P G Luo,et al.Carbon Dots for Optical Imaging in Vivo[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2009,131:11308-11309.
[46]A De La Zerda,C Zavaleta,S Keren,et al.Carbon Nanotubes as Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging Agents in Living Mice[J].Nat Nano,2008.3:557-562.
[47]Z Liu,W Cai,L He,et al.In Vivo Biodistribution and Highly Efficient Tumour Targeting of Carbon Nanotubes in Mice[J].Nat Nano,2007,2:47-52.
[48]G Hong,S Diao,J Chang,et al.Through-skull Fluorescence Imaging of the Brain in a New Near-Infrared Window[J].Nature Photonics,2014,8:723-730.
[49]E Wiener,M W Brechbiel,H Brothers,et al.DendrimerBased Metal Chelates:A New Class of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents[J].Magnetic Resonance in Medicine,1994,31:1-8.
[50]J Martinelli,K Thangavel,L Tei,et al.Dendrimericβ-Cyclodextrin/Gd(Ⅲ)Chelate Supramolecular Host-Guest Adducts as High-Relaxivity MRI Probes[J].Chemistry-A European Journal,2014,20:10944-10952.
[51]O Taratula,C Schumann,T Duong,et al.DendrimerEnCapsulated Naphthalocyanine as a Single Agent-Based Theranostic Nanoplatform for Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging and Combinatorial Anticancer Phototherapy[J].Nanoscale,2015,7:3888-3902.
[52]A Almutairi,R Rossin,M Shokeen,et al.Biodegradable Dendritic Positron-Emitting Nanoprobes for the Noninvasive Imaging of Angiogenesis[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106:685-690.
[53]H J Lee,A Ponta,Y Bae.Polymer Nanoassemblies for Cancer Treatment and Imaging[J].Therapeutic Delivery,2010,1:803-817.
[54]W Du,A M Nystrm,L Zhang,et al.Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Fluoropolymers as Nanoscopic~(19)F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agent Assemblies[J].Biomacromolecules,2008,9:2826-2833.
[55]F Yang,Y Li,Z Chen,et al.Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Embedded Encapsulated Microbubbles as Dual Contrast Agents of Magnetic Resonance and Ultrasound Imaging[J].Biomaterials,2009,30:3882-3890.
[56]Y Barenholz.Doxil—The First FDA-Approved Nano-Drug:Lessons Learned[J].Journal of Controlled Release,2012,160:117-134.
[57]N K Ibrahim,N Desai,S Legha,et al.Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of ABI-007,a Cremophor-Free,Protein-Stabilized,Nanoparticle Formulation of Paclitaxel[J].Clinical Cancer Research,2002,8:1038-1044.
[58]N Beziere,N Lozano,A Nunes.et al.Dynamic Imaging of PEGylated Indocyanine Green(ICG)Liposomes within the Tumor Microenvironment Using Multi-spectral Optoacoustic Tomography(MSOT)[J].Biomaterials,2015,37:415-424.
[59]R Bhavane,C Badea,K B Ghaghada,et al.Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaques in a Mouse Model Using a Liposomal-Iodine Nanoparticle Contrast Agent[J].Circulation:Cardiovascular Imaging,2013,6:285-294.
[60]J F Lovell,C S Jin,E Huynh,et al.Porphysome Nanovesicles Generated by Porphyrin Bilayers for Use as Multimodal Biophotonic Contrast Agents[J].Nature Materials,2011,10:324-332.
[61]M Moran,T MacDonald,T Liu,et al.Copper-64-labeled Porphysomes for PET Imaging[J].Journal of Nuclear Medicine,2014,55:1016.
[62]T W Liu,T D MacDonald,C S Jin.et al.Inherently Multimodal Nanoparticle-Driven Tracking and Real-Time Delineation of Orthotopic Prostate Tumors and Micrometastases[J].ACS Nano,2013,7:4221-4232.
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