短期增温与施氮对青藏高原高寒沼泽草甸生态系统CO_2排放的影响
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摘要
采用开顶式增温小室(OTC)和外源氮素添加的方式,研究了气温升高、氮沉降增加及其交互作用对青藏高原腹地生长季沼泽草甸生态系统呼吸的短期影响。结果表明:增温、施氮及其交互作用通过促进植物生物量积累、增加微生物数量与活性以及改变土壤养分状况,对沼泽草甸生态系统呼吸速率均产生了显著的促进作用;生态系统呼吸与单一环境因子间符合指数或二次多项式关系,但两种关系的显著性随着样地处理方式趋向复杂而逐渐降低;由于沼泽草甸充足的水分条件,气温和土壤温度共同决定了不同处理内80%的生态系统呼吸变异;增温使地上与地下生物量显著增加,但地下生物量的分配比例上升;施氮使地上生物量明显增加,但对地下生物量的影响不显著;增温同时施氮使地上及地下生物量均显著上升,但生物量的分配格局变化并不显著。
To investigate the interactive effects of global warming and increased nitrogen deposition on ecosystem respiration,a short-term experiment was carried out during growth season in an alpine swamp meadow of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,using open top champers(OTC) and nitrogen addition to simulate warming and nitrogen deposition,respectively.Warming,nitrogen addition,and their interaction significantly increased ecosystem respiration rate by affecting plant biomass,soil microbial quantity and activity,and soil nutrient status.The correlations between ecosystem respiration and each of the environmental factors were exponential or quadric multinomial,with the significance levels of such regressions declining with the increases of complexity of treatments.As soil water availability is sufficient in swamp meadow,air temperature and soil temperature at the depth of 5 cm could explain 80% of the variations of ecosystem respiration.Warming significantly increased above-and below-ground biomass,and enhanced the proportions of belowground biomass.Nitrogen addition significantly increased above-ground biomass and had no effect on below-ground biomass.Under warming condition,nitrogen addition significantly increased above-and below-ground biomass,but with no impacts on biomass allocation.
To investigate the interactive effects of global warming and increased nitrogen deposition on ecosystem respiration,a short-term experiment was carried out during growth season in an alpine swamp meadow of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,using open top champers(OTC) and nitrogen addition to simulate warming and nitrogen deposition,respectively.Warming,nitrogen addition,and their interaction significantly increased ecosystem respiration rate by affecting plant biomass,soil microbial quantity and activity,and soil nutrient status.The correlations between ecosystem respiration and each of the environmental factors were exponential or quadric multinomial,with the significance levels of such regressions declining with the increases of complexity of treatments.As soil water availability is sufficient in swamp meadow,air temperature and soil temperature at the depth of 5 cm could explain 80% of the variations of ecosystem respiration.Warming significantly increased above-and below-ground biomass,and enhanced the proportions of belowground biomass.Nitrogen addition significantly increased above-ground biomass and had no effect on below-ground biomass.Under warming condition,nitrogen addition significantly increased above-and below-ground biomass,but with no impacts on biomass allocation.
引文
段洪浪,刘菊秀,邓琦,等.2009.CO2浓度升高与氮沉降对南亚热带森林生态系统植物生物量积累及分配格局的影响.植物生态学报,33(3):570-579.
韩士杰,董云社,蔡祖聪,等.2008.中国陆地生态系统碳循环的生物地球化学过程.北京:科学出版社.
李娇,尹春英,周晓波,等.2014.施氮对青藏高原东缘窄叶鲜卑花灌丛土壤呼吸的影响.生态学报,34(19):5558-5569.
李娜,王根绪,杨燕,等.2011.短期增温对青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落结构和生物量的影响.生态学报,31(4):895-905.
梁艳,干珠扎布,曹旭娟,等.2017.模拟氮沉降对藏北高寒草甸温室气体排放的影响.生态学报,37(2):485-494.
莫江明,方运霆,徐国良,等.2005.鼎湖山苗圃和主要森林土壤CO2排放和CH4吸收对模拟N沉降的短期响应.生态学报,25(4):682-690.
潘新丽,林波,刘庆.2008.模拟增温对川西亚高山人工林土壤有机碳含量和土壤呼吸的影响.应用生态学报,19(8):1637-1643.
祁瑜,黄永梅,王艳,等.2011.施氮对几种草地植物生物量及其分配的影响.生态学报,31(18):5121-5129.
武倩,韩国栋,王忠武,等.2016.模拟增温和氮素添加对荒漠草原生态系统碳交换的影响.生态学杂志,35(6):1427-1434.
杨晓霞,任飞,周华坤,等.2014.青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落生物量对氮、磷添加的响应.植物生态学报,38(2):159-166.
于贵瑞,温学发,李庆康,等.2004.中国亚热带和温带典型森林生态系统呼吸的季节模式及环境响应特征.中国科学:地球科学,34(s2):84-94.
张璐,黄建辉,白永飞,等.2009.氮素添加对内蒙古羊草草原净氮矿化的影响.植物生态学报,33(6):563-569.
朱天鸿,程淑兰,方华军,等.2011.青藏高原高寒草甸土壤CO2排放对模拟氮沉降的早期响应.生态学报,31(10):2687-696.
宗宁,段呈,耿守保,等.2018.增温施氮对高寒草甸生产力及生物量分配的影响.应用生态学报,29(1):59-67.
宗宁,石培礼,蔣婧,等.2013.短期氮素添加和模拟放牧对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的影响.生态学报,33(19):6191-6201.
Andresen LC,Moser GZ,Seibert R,et al.2015.Permanent managed grassland at future climate change:Is there a connection between GHG emission and composition of plant and microbial communities.Procedia Environmental Sciences,29:156-157.
Atkin OK,Edwards EJ,Loveys BR.2000.Response of root respiration to changes in temperature and its relevance to global warming.New Phytologist,147:141-154.
Bokhorst S,Bjerke JW,Melillo J,et al.2010.Impacts of extreme winter warming events on litter decomposition in a sub-Arctic heathland.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,42:611-617.
Bowden RD,Davidson E,Savage K,et al.2004.Chronic nitrogen additions reduce total soil respiration and microbial respiration in temperate forest soils at the Harvard Forest.Forest Ecology and Management,196:43-56.
Cao GM,Tang YH,Mo WH,et al.2004.Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,36:237-243.
Chen J,Luo Y,Xia J,et al.2016.Differential responses of ecosystem respiration components to experimental warming in a meadow grassland on the Tibetan Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,220:21-29.
Cheng L,Fuchigami LH.2000.Rubisco activation state decreases with increasing nitrogen content in apple leaves.Journal of Experimental Botany,51:1687-1694.
Cui M,Ma A,Qi H,et al.2015.Warmer temperature accelerates methane emissions from the Zoige wetland on the Tibetan Plateau without changing methanogenic community composition.Scientific Reports,5:11616.
Deng BL,Li ZZ,Zhang L,et al.2016.Increases in soil CO2and N2O emissions with warming depend on plant species in restored alpine meadows of Wugong Mountain,China.Journal of Soils&Sediments,16:777-784.
Eliasson PE,Mcmurtrie RE,Pepper DA,et al.2005.The response of heterotrophic CO2flux to soil warming.Global Chang Biology,11:167-181.
Fang C,Ye JS,Gong Y,et al.2017.Seasonal responses of soil respiration to warming and nitrogen addition in a semi-arid alfalfa-pasture of the Loess Plateau,China.Science of the Total Environment,590:729-738.
Fang HJ,Cheng SL,Yu GR,et al.2012.Responses of CO2efflux from an alpine meadow soil on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau to multi-form and low-level N addition.Plant and Soil,351:177-190.
Flanagan LB,Johnson BG.2005.Interacting effects of temperature,soil moisture and plant biomass production on ecosystem respiration in a northern temperate grassland.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,130:237-253.
Fu G,Shen ZX,Zhang X,et al.2013.Response of ecosystem respiration to experimental warming and clipping at daily time scale in an alpine meadow of Tibet.Journal of Mountain Science,10:455-463.
Grechi I,Vivin P,Hilbert G,et al.2007.Effect of light and nitrogen supply on internal C∶N balance and control of root-to-shoot biomass allocation in grapevine.Environmental and Experimental Botany,59:139-149.
IPCC.2013.Climate Change 2013:Scientific Basis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kato T,Tang Y,Song G,et al.2004.Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,124:121-134.
Li Y,Zhou G,Huang W,et al.2016.Potential effects of warming on soil respiration and carbon sequestration in a subtropical forest.Plant and Soil,409:1-11.
Liu W,Zhang Z,Wan S.2009.Predominant role of water in regulating soil and microbial respiration and their responses to climate change in a semiarid grassland.Global Change Biology,15:184-195.
Melillo JM,Steudler PA,Aber JD,et al.2002.Soil warming and carbon-cycle feedbacks to the climate system.Science,298:2173-2176.
Meziane D,Shipley B.1999.Interacting components of interspecific relative growth rate:Constancy and change under differing conditions of light and nutrient supply.Functional Ecology,13:611-622.
Mo J,Brown S,Xue J,et al.2007.Response of nutrient dynamics of decomposing pine(Pinus massoniana)needles to simulated N deposition in a disturbed and a rehabilitated forest in tropical China.Ecological Research,22:649-658.
Niu S,Sherry RA,Zhou X,et al.2013.Ecosystem carbon fluxes in response to warming and clipping in a tallgrass prairie.Ecosystems,16:948-961.
Oechel WC,Vourlitis GL,Hastings SJ,et al.2000.Acclimation of ecosystem CO2exchange in the Alaskan Arctic in response to decadal climate warming.Nature,406:978-981.
Reich PB,Walters MB,Ellsworth DS.1998.Relationships of leaf dark respiration to leaf nitrogen specific leaf area and leaf lifespan:A test across biomes and functional groups.Oecologia,114:471-482.
Samuelson L,Mathew R,Stokes T,et al.2009.Soil and microbial respiration in a loblolly pine plantation in response to seven years of irrigation and fertilization.Forest Ecology and Management,258:2431-2438.
Sandvik SM,Heegaard E,Elven R,et al.2004.Responses of alpine snowbed vegetation to long-term experimental warming.Ecoscience,11:150-159.
Thomas CD,Cameron A,Green RE,et al.2004.Extinction risk from climate change.Nature,427:145-148.
Vandernat FJW,Middelburg JJ.1998.Effects of two common macrophytes on methane dynamics in freshwater sediments.Biogeochemistry,43:79-104.
Wang G,Bai W,Li N,et al.2011.Climate changes and its impact on tundra ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Climatic Change,106:463-482.
Xia J,Han Y,Zhang Z,et al.2009.Effects of diurnal warming on soil respiration are not equal to the summed effects of day and night warming in a temperate steppe.Biogeosciences,6:1361-1370.
Xu MH,Peng F,You QG,et al.2015a.Year-round warming and autumnal clipping lead to downward transport of root biomass,carbon and total nitrogen in soil of an alpine meadow.Environmental and Experimental Botany,109:54-62.
Xu X,Shi Z,Li D,et al.2015b.Plant community structure regulates responses of prairie soil respiration to decadal experimental warming.Global Change Biology,21:3846-3853.
Xu ZZ,Zhou GS.2005.Effects of water stress and nocturnal temperature on carbon allocation in the perennial grass,Leymus chinensis.Physiologia Plantarum,123:272-280.
Yan LM,Chen SP,Huang JH,et al.2010.Differential responses of auto-and heterotrophic soil respiration to water and nitrogen addition in a semiarid temperate steppe.Global Change Biology,16:2345-2357.
Yao TD,Pu JC,Lu AX,et al.2007.Recent glacial retreat and its impact on hydrological processes on the Tibetan Plateau,China,and surrounding regions.Arctic,Antarctic,and Alpine Research,39:642-650.
Yuste JC,Janssens IA,Carrara AR.2004.Annual Q10of soil respiration reflects plant phenological patterns as well as temperature sensitivity.Global Change Biology,10:161-169.
Zhao L,Li YN,Zhao XQ.2005.Comparative study of the net exchange of CO2in 3 types of vegetation ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Science Bulletin,50:1767-1774.
韩士杰,董云社,蔡祖聪,等.2008.中国陆地生态系统碳循环的生物地球化学过程.北京:科学出版社.
李娇,尹春英,周晓波,等.2014.施氮对青藏高原东缘窄叶鲜卑花灌丛土壤呼吸的影响.生态学报,34(19):5558-5569.
李娜,王根绪,杨燕,等.2011.短期增温对青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落结构和生物量的影响.生态学报,31(4):895-905.
梁艳,干珠扎布,曹旭娟,等.2017.模拟氮沉降对藏北高寒草甸温室气体排放的影响.生态学报,37(2):485-494.
莫江明,方运霆,徐国良,等.2005.鼎湖山苗圃和主要森林土壤CO2排放和CH4吸收对模拟N沉降的短期响应.生态学报,25(4):682-690.
潘新丽,林波,刘庆.2008.模拟增温对川西亚高山人工林土壤有机碳含量和土壤呼吸的影响.应用生态学报,19(8):1637-1643.
祁瑜,黄永梅,王艳,等.2011.施氮对几种草地植物生物量及其分配的影响.生态学报,31(18):5121-5129.
武倩,韩国栋,王忠武,等.2016.模拟增温和氮素添加对荒漠草原生态系统碳交换的影响.生态学杂志,35(6):1427-1434.
杨晓霞,任飞,周华坤,等.2014.青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落生物量对氮、磷添加的响应.植物生态学报,38(2):159-166.
于贵瑞,温学发,李庆康,等.2004.中国亚热带和温带典型森林生态系统呼吸的季节模式及环境响应特征.中国科学:地球科学,34(s2):84-94.
张璐,黄建辉,白永飞,等.2009.氮素添加对内蒙古羊草草原净氮矿化的影响.植物生态学报,33(6):563-569.
朱天鸿,程淑兰,方华军,等.2011.青藏高原高寒草甸土壤CO2排放对模拟氮沉降的早期响应.生态学报,31(10):2687-696.
宗宁,段呈,耿守保,等.2018.增温施氮对高寒草甸生产力及生物量分配的影响.应用生态学报,29(1):59-67.
宗宁,石培礼,蔣婧,等.2013.短期氮素添加和模拟放牧对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的影响.生态学报,33(19):6191-6201.
Andresen LC,Moser GZ,Seibert R,et al.2015.Permanent managed grassland at future climate change:Is there a connection between GHG emission and composition of plant and microbial communities.Procedia Environmental Sciences,29:156-157.
Atkin OK,Edwards EJ,Loveys BR.2000.Response of root respiration to changes in temperature and its relevance to global warming.New Phytologist,147:141-154.
Bokhorst S,Bjerke JW,Melillo J,et al.2010.Impacts of extreme winter warming events on litter decomposition in a sub-Arctic heathland.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,42:611-617.
Bowden RD,Davidson E,Savage K,et al.2004.Chronic nitrogen additions reduce total soil respiration and microbial respiration in temperate forest soils at the Harvard Forest.Forest Ecology and Management,196:43-56.
Cao GM,Tang YH,Mo WH,et al.2004.Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,36:237-243.
Chen J,Luo Y,Xia J,et al.2016.Differential responses of ecosystem respiration components to experimental warming in a meadow grassland on the Tibetan Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,220:21-29.
Cheng L,Fuchigami LH.2000.Rubisco activation state decreases with increasing nitrogen content in apple leaves.Journal of Experimental Botany,51:1687-1694.
Cui M,Ma A,Qi H,et al.2015.Warmer temperature accelerates methane emissions from the Zoige wetland on the Tibetan Plateau without changing methanogenic community composition.Scientific Reports,5:11616.
Deng BL,Li ZZ,Zhang L,et al.2016.Increases in soil CO2and N2O emissions with warming depend on plant species in restored alpine meadows of Wugong Mountain,China.Journal of Soils&Sediments,16:777-784.
Eliasson PE,Mcmurtrie RE,Pepper DA,et al.2005.The response of heterotrophic CO2flux to soil warming.Global Chang Biology,11:167-181.
Fang C,Ye JS,Gong Y,et al.2017.Seasonal responses of soil respiration to warming and nitrogen addition in a semi-arid alfalfa-pasture of the Loess Plateau,China.Science of the Total Environment,590:729-738.
Fang HJ,Cheng SL,Yu GR,et al.2012.Responses of CO2efflux from an alpine meadow soil on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau to multi-form and low-level N addition.Plant and Soil,351:177-190.
Flanagan LB,Johnson BG.2005.Interacting effects of temperature,soil moisture and plant biomass production on ecosystem respiration in a northern temperate grassland.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,130:237-253.
Fu G,Shen ZX,Zhang X,et al.2013.Response of ecosystem respiration to experimental warming and clipping at daily time scale in an alpine meadow of Tibet.Journal of Mountain Science,10:455-463.
Grechi I,Vivin P,Hilbert G,et al.2007.Effect of light and nitrogen supply on internal C∶N balance and control of root-to-shoot biomass allocation in grapevine.Environmental and Experimental Botany,59:139-149.
IPCC.2013.Climate Change 2013:Scientific Basis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kato T,Tang Y,Song G,et al.2004.Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,124:121-134.
Li Y,Zhou G,Huang W,et al.2016.Potential effects of warming on soil respiration and carbon sequestration in a subtropical forest.Plant and Soil,409:1-11.
Liu W,Zhang Z,Wan S.2009.Predominant role of water in regulating soil and microbial respiration and their responses to climate change in a semiarid grassland.Global Change Biology,15:184-195.
Melillo JM,Steudler PA,Aber JD,et al.2002.Soil warming and carbon-cycle feedbacks to the climate system.Science,298:2173-2176.
Meziane D,Shipley B.1999.Interacting components of interspecific relative growth rate:Constancy and change under differing conditions of light and nutrient supply.Functional Ecology,13:611-622.
Mo J,Brown S,Xue J,et al.2007.Response of nutrient dynamics of decomposing pine(Pinus massoniana)needles to simulated N deposition in a disturbed and a rehabilitated forest in tropical China.Ecological Research,22:649-658.
Niu S,Sherry RA,Zhou X,et al.2013.Ecosystem carbon fluxes in response to warming and clipping in a tallgrass prairie.Ecosystems,16:948-961.
Oechel WC,Vourlitis GL,Hastings SJ,et al.2000.Acclimation of ecosystem CO2exchange in the Alaskan Arctic in response to decadal climate warming.Nature,406:978-981.
Reich PB,Walters MB,Ellsworth DS.1998.Relationships of leaf dark respiration to leaf nitrogen specific leaf area and leaf lifespan:A test across biomes and functional groups.Oecologia,114:471-482.
Samuelson L,Mathew R,Stokes T,et al.2009.Soil and microbial respiration in a loblolly pine plantation in response to seven years of irrigation and fertilization.Forest Ecology and Management,258:2431-2438.
Sandvik SM,Heegaard E,Elven R,et al.2004.Responses of alpine snowbed vegetation to long-term experimental warming.Ecoscience,11:150-159.
Thomas CD,Cameron A,Green RE,et al.2004.Extinction risk from climate change.Nature,427:145-148.
Vandernat FJW,Middelburg JJ.1998.Effects of two common macrophytes on methane dynamics in freshwater sediments.Biogeochemistry,43:79-104.
Wang G,Bai W,Li N,et al.2011.Climate changes and its impact on tundra ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Climatic Change,106:463-482.
Xia J,Han Y,Zhang Z,et al.2009.Effects of diurnal warming on soil respiration are not equal to the summed effects of day and night warming in a temperate steppe.Biogeosciences,6:1361-1370.
Xu MH,Peng F,You QG,et al.2015a.Year-round warming and autumnal clipping lead to downward transport of root biomass,carbon and total nitrogen in soil of an alpine meadow.Environmental and Experimental Botany,109:54-62.
Xu X,Shi Z,Li D,et al.2015b.Plant community structure regulates responses of prairie soil respiration to decadal experimental warming.Global Change Biology,21:3846-3853.
Xu ZZ,Zhou GS.2005.Effects of water stress and nocturnal temperature on carbon allocation in the perennial grass,Leymus chinensis.Physiologia Plantarum,123:272-280.
Yan LM,Chen SP,Huang JH,et al.2010.Differential responses of auto-and heterotrophic soil respiration to water and nitrogen addition in a semiarid temperate steppe.Global Change Biology,16:2345-2357.
Yao TD,Pu JC,Lu AX,et al.2007.Recent glacial retreat and its impact on hydrological processes on the Tibetan Plateau,China,and surrounding regions.Arctic,Antarctic,and Alpine Research,39:642-650.
Yuste JC,Janssens IA,Carrara AR.2004.Annual Q10of soil respiration reflects plant phenological patterns as well as temperature sensitivity.Global Change Biology,10:161-169.
Zhao L,Li YN,Zhao XQ.2005.Comparative study of the net exchange of CO2in 3 types of vegetation ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Science Bulletin,50:1767-1774.