播期温度对新疆膜下滴灌棉花出苗率及苗期生长的影响
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摘要
【目的】新疆膜下滴灌棉田普遍采用干土播种、滴水出苗技术,将棉花传统漫灌栽培条件下需要兼顾土壤墒情和气温状况转变为仅关注播期温度条件。论文根据棉花播种出苗对气温的要求,选择不同时期不同温度条件下播种,观测膜下滴灌棉花播种出苗及幼苗生长状况,分析播期温度变化对出苗率、苗期生长发育的影响及收获期产量的变化,为膜下滴灌棉花确定播种条件、实现一播全苗和培育壮苗提供理论依据。【方法】通过记载播种前气温及土壤温度的变化,以棉花种子发芽、出苗的生物学下限温度为最早播期,设置3—4个播期,调查不同播期下棉花出苗率,测定苗期株高、子叶节高度等形态指标和植株干物质累积量等,明确不同温度条件下播种对膜下滴灌棉花出苗和壮苗指标的影响。【结果】播前3 d膜下5 cm土壤温度18.7℃条件下棉花出苗速度快且出苗率最高;与温度较低条件下的早播相比,膜下5 cm土壤温度达24.7℃的晚播棉花出苗期至3叶期植株株高提高3.52%—8.64%、子叶节高度提高8.82%—20.59%、总根长增长1.79%—6.59%、比根长提高14.84%—25.93%;播前3 d膜下5 cm土壤温度9.5℃早播条件下,根干物质累积量较高、根冠比较大。【结论】棉花播前3 d平均气温稳定通过13.8℃—15.7℃,播后1周气温在16℃—18℃,出苗率可达90%以上;但平均气温在6.7℃—14.1℃、膜下5 cm平均地温9.5℃—17.6℃条件下播种,出苗至3叶期平均气温在18.5℃—19.5℃、有效积温在110℃—120℃,棉花幼苗单位株高干物质累积量较高,根系生长量大,幼苗健壮,单株结铃多,铃重较高。因此,适温早播为棉花产量形成奠定良好基础。
【Objective】Dry soil seeding with drip irrigation are widely used in field cotton in Xinjiang. And only seedling temperature has to be considered under dry soil seedling with drip irrigation. In this paper, according to the temperature requirement of cotton seedling, cotton was sown under different temperature conditions and different sowing dates. The emergence rate, seedling growth condition and yield of cotton under mulched drip irrigation were observed. The effects of sowing conditions on emergence rate, growth states and development of yield in harvest period were analyzed to provide theoretical basis for cultivating strong seedlings of cotton under mulched drip irrigation.【Method】According to the changes of air temperature and soil temperature, 3-4 sowing dates were set up. The earliest sowing date was based on the biological low temperature for cotton seeds germination and emergence. The morphological indexes, such as emergence rate, seedling height, cotyledon node height and total dry weight, were determined to demonstrate the effects of sowing under different temperature conditions on seedling indexes in cotton.【Result】Under "5 cm deep-18.7℃-3 days before sowing" condition, the germinate rate and emergence rate were the highest. Compared with early sowing at lower temperature treatment, the plant height under "5 cm deep-24.7℃-late sowing" condition was 3.52%-8.64% higher during seedling to three-leaf stage, the height of cotyledon section was 8.82%-20.59% higher, the total root length was 1.79%-6.59% longer, and the root length was 14.84%-25.93% greater. Under "5 cm deep-9.5℃-3 days before sowing" condition, the root dry matter accumulation was higher, and the ratio of root to shoot was the maximum.【Conclusion】Under "5 cm deep-3 days before sowing" condition steady passage 13.8℃-15.7℃, if the average temperature was in 16℃-18℃ after sowing 1 week, the cotton seedling emergence rate could be more than 90%. But if the air temperature was in 6.7℃-14.1℃ under "5 cm deep-9.5℃-17.6℃-3 days before sowing" condition, the average temperature was 18.5℃-19.5℃ and air accumulated temperature was in 110℃-120℃ during the emergence stage to trilobites stage, the unit of cotton seedling dry matter accumulation would be larger with stronger root and increasing boll number and single boll weight. Therefore, earlier sowing could support a good foundation for cotton yield.
【Objective】Dry soil seeding with drip irrigation are widely used in field cotton in Xinjiang. And only seedling temperature has to be considered under dry soil seedling with drip irrigation. In this paper, according to the temperature requirement of cotton seedling, cotton was sown under different temperature conditions and different sowing dates. The emergence rate, seedling growth condition and yield of cotton under mulched drip irrigation were observed. The effects of sowing conditions on emergence rate, growth states and development of yield in harvest period were analyzed to provide theoretical basis for cultivating strong seedlings of cotton under mulched drip irrigation.【Method】According to the changes of air temperature and soil temperature, 3-4 sowing dates were set up. The earliest sowing date was based on the biological low temperature for cotton seeds germination and emergence. The morphological indexes, such as emergence rate, seedling height, cotyledon node height and total dry weight, were determined to demonstrate the effects of sowing under different temperature conditions on seedling indexes in cotton.【Result】Under "5 cm deep-18.7℃-3 days before sowing" condition, the germinate rate and emergence rate were the highest. Compared with early sowing at lower temperature treatment, the plant height under "5 cm deep-24.7℃-late sowing" condition was 3.52%-8.64% higher during seedling to three-leaf stage, the height of cotyledon section was 8.82%-20.59% higher, the total root length was 1.79%-6.59% longer, and the root length was 14.84%-25.93% greater. Under "5 cm deep-9.5℃-3 days before sowing" condition, the root dry matter accumulation was higher, and the ratio of root to shoot was the maximum.【Conclusion】Under "5 cm deep-3 days before sowing" condition steady passage 13.8℃-15.7℃, if the average temperature was in 16℃-18℃ after sowing 1 week, the cotton seedling emergence rate could be more than 90%. But if the air temperature was in 6.7℃-14.1℃ under "5 cm deep-9.5℃-17.6℃-3 days before sowing" condition, the average temperature was 18.5℃-19.5℃ and air accumulated temperature was in 110℃-120℃ during the emergence stage to trilobites stage, the unit of cotton seedling dry matter accumulation would be larger with stronger root and increasing boll number and single boll weight. Therefore, earlier sowing could support a good foundation for cotton yield.
引文
[1]易福华.地膜内由温度梯度引起的土壤水分运动及其应用.中国农业科学,1988,21(1):27-32.YI F H.Water movement in soils covered with plastic film due to temperature gradients and its application in crop production.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1988,21(1):27-32.(in Chinese)
[2]董忠义,冯永平,苏彩虹.旱地棉花高产稳产抗逆栽培技术研究.干旱地区农业研究,1996,4(4):40-46.DONG Z Y,FENG Y Q,SU C H.Research on anti-reversibility cultivation technique of high-and stable-yielding cotton in rainfed land.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1996,4(4):40-46.(in Chinese)
[3]徐飞鹏,李云开,任树梅.新疆棉花膜下滴灌技术的应用与发展的思考.农业工程学报,2003,19(1):25-27.XU F P,LI Y K,REN S M.Investigation and discussion of drip irrigation under mulch in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2003,19(1):25-27.(in Chinese)
[4]张永玲,王兴鹏,肖让,丁强强.干播湿出棉田土壤温度及水分对出苗率的影响.节水灌溉,2013(10):11-13.ZHANG Y L,WANG X P,XIAO R,DING Q Q.Impacts of drip irrigation under mulch with dry sowing and wet seedling on soil temperature,water content and seedling emergence rate of cotton.Water Saving Irrigation,2013(10):11-13.(in Chinese)
[5]MOHAMMED O E,AHMED N E,ENEJI A E,MA Y Q,ALI M,INANAGA S,SUGIMOTO Y.Effect of sowing dates on the incidence of bacterial blight and yield of cotton.Basic&Applied Ecology,2003,4(5):433-440.
[6]HUANG J,FENG J.Effects of climate change on phenological trends and seed cotton yields in oasis of arid regions.International Journal of Biometeorology,2015,59(7):877-888.
[7]LYONS J M.Chilling injury in plants.Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1973,24(1):445-466.
[8]BOLEK Y,NAS M N,COKKIZGIN H.Hydropriming and hot water-induced heat shock increase cotton seed germination and seedling emergence at low temperature.Turkish Journal of Agriculture&Forestry,2013,37(3):300-306.
[9]?OKKIZGIN,HATICE,B?LEK Y.Priming treatments for improvement of germination and emergence of cotton seeds at low temperature.Plant Breeding&Seed Science,2015,71(1):121-134.
[10]NABI G,MULINS C E.Soil temperature dependent growth of cotton seedlings before emergence.Pedosphere,2008,18(1):54-59.
[11]AOU-OUAD H E,MEDRANO H,LAMARTI A,GULIAS J.Seed germination at different temperatures and seedling emergence at different depths of Rhamnus spp.Central European Journal of Biology,2014,9(5):569-578.
[12]高云光,饶翠婷,贺海燕,郭仁松,武辉,魏红国,赵强,张巨松.铃期温度对不同棉花品种棉铃发育过程及纤维比强度的影响.棉花学报,2010,22(6):580-585.GAO Y G,RAO C T,HE H Y,GUO R S,WU H,WEI H G,ZHAO Q,ZHANG J S.Regulation effect of temperature on the boll dates for boll development and fiber strength.Cotton Science,2010,22(6):580-585.(in Chinese)
[13]PETTIGREW W T.Improved yield potential with an early planting cotton production system.Agronomy Journal,2002,94(5):997-1003.
[14]KILLI F,BOLEK Y.Timing of planting is crucial for cotton yield.Acta Agriculture Scandinavia,2006,56(2):155-160.
[15]BOQUET D J,CLAWSON E L.Cotton planting date:Yield,seedling survival,and plant growth.Agronomy Journal,2009,101(5):1123-1130.
[16]张立祯,曹卫星,张思平,罗卫红.基于生理发育时间的棉花生育期模拟模型.棉花学报,2003,15(2):97-103.ZHANG L Z,CAO W X,ZHANG S P,LUO W H.Simulation model for cotton development stages based on physiological development time.Cotton Science,2003,15(2):97-103.(in Chinese)
[17]NUTI R C,VIATOR R P,CASTEEL S N,EDMISTEN K L,WELLSR.Effect of planting date,mepiquat chloride,and glyphosate application to glyphosate-resistant cotton.Agronomy Journal,2006,98(6):1627-1633.
[18]DEOL J S,KAUR R,BRAR Z S.Growth and yield of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)as affected by sowing dates and plant spacings.Environment Ecology,2011,29:1886-1888.
[19]史俊东,李新民,辛永红,张建诚,许爱玲.低温持续期与低温强度对棉花种子发芽率的影响.北京农业,2014(21):5-6.SHI J D,LI X M,XIN Y H,ZHANG J C,XU A L.Effects of low temperature duration and intensity to germination rate of cotton.Beijing Agriculture,2014(21):5-6.(in Chinese)
[20]王延琴,杨伟华,周大云,许红霞,冯新爱,夏俊英.棉子营养成分与发芽率及出苗率的关系.棉花学报,2003,15(2):109-112.WANG Y Q,YANG W H,ZHOU D Y,XU H X,FENG X A,XIA J Y.Study on the relationships between the nutrient of cottonseed and germination and emergence percentage.Cotton Science,2003,15(2):109-112.(in Chinese)
[21]ZHENG G H.Physiological,biochemical and ultrastructural aspects of imbibitional chilling injury in seeds.Seed Science Research,1991,1(2):127-134.
[22]马树庆,王琪,于海,徐丽萍,张铁林,纪玲玲.东北地区玉米出苗速度与水热条件的关系及出苗期气象评估.生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2049-2055.MA S Q,WANG Q,YU H,XU L P,ZHANG T L,JI L L.Maize emergence speed and its relationships with water and heat conditions in Northeast China and meteorological assessment of the maize emergence period.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(8):2049-2055.(in Chinese)
[23]VANDELOOK F,ASSCHE J A V.Temperature requirements for seed germination and seedling development determine timing of seedling emergence of three monocotyledonous temperate forest spring geophytes.Annals of Botany,2008,102(5):865-875.
[24]杨威,朱建强,吴启侠,王曾桢,杜世勇.涝害和高温下棉花苗期的生长生理代谢特征.农业工程学报,2015,31(22):98-104.YANG W,ZHU J Q,WU Q X,WANG Z Z,DU S Y.Growth and physiological metabolism characteristic of cotton seedlings under combination of waterlogging and heat stress.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(22):98-104.(in Chinese)
[25]卢合全,代建龙,李振怀,李维江,徐士振,唐薇,张冬梅,孔祥强,罗振,辛承松,董合忠.出苗期遇雨对不同播种方式棉花出苗及产量的影响.中国农业科学,2018,51(1):60-70.LU H Q,DAI J L,LI Z H,LI W J,XU S Z,TANG W,ZHANG D M,KONG X Q,LUO Z,XIN C S,DONG H Z.Effects of rainfall at emergence on stand establishment and yield of cotton under different seeding patterns.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(1):60-70.(in Chinese)
[26]陈冠文,张旺峰,郑德明,毕显杰,杨仁碧,刘梅,马丽.棉花超高产理论与苗情诊断指标的初步研究.新疆农垦科技,2007(3):18-20.CHEN G W,ZHANG W F,ZHENG D M,BI X J,YANG R B,LIU M,MA L.A preliminary study on the theory of cotton super high yield and the index of seedling diagnosis.Xinjiang Farmland Science and Technology,2007(3):18-20.(in Chinese)
[27]WRATHER J A,PHIPPS B J,STEVENS W E,PHILLIPS A S,VORIES E D.Cotton planting date and plant population effects on yield and fiber quality in the Mississippi delta.Journal of Cotton Science,2008,12(1):1-7.
[2]董忠义,冯永平,苏彩虹.旱地棉花高产稳产抗逆栽培技术研究.干旱地区农业研究,1996,4(4):40-46.DONG Z Y,FENG Y Q,SU C H.Research on anti-reversibility cultivation technique of high-and stable-yielding cotton in rainfed land.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1996,4(4):40-46.(in Chinese)
[3]徐飞鹏,李云开,任树梅.新疆棉花膜下滴灌技术的应用与发展的思考.农业工程学报,2003,19(1):25-27.XU F P,LI Y K,REN S M.Investigation and discussion of drip irrigation under mulch in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2003,19(1):25-27.(in Chinese)
[4]张永玲,王兴鹏,肖让,丁强强.干播湿出棉田土壤温度及水分对出苗率的影响.节水灌溉,2013(10):11-13.ZHANG Y L,WANG X P,XIAO R,DING Q Q.Impacts of drip irrigation under mulch with dry sowing and wet seedling on soil temperature,water content and seedling emergence rate of cotton.Water Saving Irrigation,2013(10):11-13.(in Chinese)
[5]MOHAMMED O E,AHMED N E,ENEJI A E,MA Y Q,ALI M,INANAGA S,SUGIMOTO Y.Effect of sowing dates on the incidence of bacterial blight and yield of cotton.Basic&Applied Ecology,2003,4(5):433-440.
[6]HUANG J,FENG J.Effects of climate change on phenological trends and seed cotton yields in oasis of arid regions.International Journal of Biometeorology,2015,59(7):877-888.
[7]LYONS J M.Chilling injury in plants.Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1973,24(1):445-466.
[8]BOLEK Y,NAS M N,COKKIZGIN H.Hydropriming and hot water-induced heat shock increase cotton seed germination and seedling emergence at low temperature.Turkish Journal of Agriculture&Forestry,2013,37(3):300-306.
[9]?OKKIZGIN,HATICE,B?LEK Y.Priming treatments for improvement of germination and emergence of cotton seeds at low temperature.Plant Breeding&Seed Science,2015,71(1):121-134.
[10]NABI G,MULINS C E.Soil temperature dependent growth of cotton seedlings before emergence.Pedosphere,2008,18(1):54-59.
[11]AOU-OUAD H E,MEDRANO H,LAMARTI A,GULIAS J.Seed germination at different temperatures and seedling emergence at different depths of Rhamnus spp.Central European Journal of Biology,2014,9(5):569-578.
[12]高云光,饶翠婷,贺海燕,郭仁松,武辉,魏红国,赵强,张巨松.铃期温度对不同棉花品种棉铃发育过程及纤维比强度的影响.棉花学报,2010,22(6):580-585.GAO Y G,RAO C T,HE H Y,GUO R S,WU H,WEI H G,ZHAO Q,ZHANG J S.Regulation effect of temperature on the boll dates for boll development and fiber strength.Cotton Science,2010,22(6):580-585.(in Chinese)
[13]PETTIGREW W T.Improved yield potential with an early planting cotton production system.Agronomy Journal,2002,94(5):997-1003.
[14]KILLI F,BOLEK Y.Timing of planting is crucial for cotton yield.Acta Agriculture Scandinavia,2006,56(2):155-160.
[15]BOQUET D J,CLAWSON E L.Cotton planting date:Yield,seedling survival,and plant growth.Agronomy Journal,2009,101(5):1123-1130.
[16]张立祯,曹卫星,张思平,罗卫红.基于生理发育时间的棉花生育期模拟模型.棉花学报,2003,15(2):97-103.ZHANG L Z,CAO W X,ZHANG S P,LUO W H.Simulation model for cotton development stages based on physiological development time.Cotton Science,2003,15(2):97-103.(in Chinese)
[17]NUTI R C,VIATOR R P,CASTEEL S N,EDMISTEN K L,WELLSR.Effect of planting date,mepiquat chloride,and glyphosate application to glyphosate-resistant cotton.Agronomy Journal,2006,98(6):1627-1633.
[18]DEOL J S,KAUR R,BRAR Z S.Growth and yield of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)as affected by sowing dates and plant spacings.Environment Ecology,2011,29:1886-1888.
[19]史俊东,李新民,辛永红,张建诚,许爱玲.低温持续期与低温强度对棉花种子发芽率的影响.北京农业,2014(21):5-6.SHI J D,LI X M,XIN Y H,ZHANG J C,XU A L.Effects of low temperature duration and intensity to germination rate of cotton.Beijing Agriculture,2014(21):5-6.(in Chinese)
[20]王延琴,杨伟华,周大云,许红霞,冯新爱,夏俊英.棉子营养成分与发芽率及出苗率的关系.棉花学报,2003,15(2):109-112.WANG Y Q,YANG W H,ZHOU D Y,XU H X,FENG X A,XIA J Y.Study on the relationships between the nutrient of cottonseed and germination and emergence percentage.Cotton Science,2003,15(2):109-112.(in Chinese)
[21]ZHENG G H.Physiological,biochemical and ultrastructural aspects of imbibitional chilling injury in seeds.Seed Science Research,1991,1(2):127-134.
[22]马树庆,王琪,于海,徐丽萍,张铁林,纪玲玲.东北地区玉米出苗速度与水热条件的关系及出苗期气象评估.生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2049-2055.MA S Q,WANG Q,YU H,XU L P,ZHANG T L,JI L L.Maize emergence speed and its relationships with water and heat conditions in Northeast China and meteorological assessment of the maize emergence period.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(8):2049-2055.(in Chinese)
[23]VANDELOOK F,ASSCHE J A V.Temperature requirements for seed germination and seedling development determine timing of seedling emergence of three monocotyledonous temperate forest spring geophytes.Annals of Botany,2008,102(5):865-875.
[24]杨威,朱建强,吴启侠,王曾桢,杜世勇.涝害和高温下棉花苗期的生长生理代谢特征.农业工程学报,2015,31(22):98-104.YANG W,ZHU J Q,WU Q X,WANG Z Z,DU S Y.Growth and physiological metabolism characteristic of cotton seedlings under combination of waterlogging and heat stress.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(22):98-104.(in Chinese)
[25]卢合全,代建龙,李振怀,李维江,徐士振,唐薇,张冬梅,孔祥强,罗振,辛承松,董合忠.出苗期遇雨对不同播种方式棉花出苗及产量的影响.中国农业科学,2018,51(1):60-70.LU H Q,DAI J L,LI Z H,LI W J,XU S Z,TANG W,ZHANG D M,KONG X Q,LUO Z,XIN C S,DONG H Z.Effects of rainfall at emergence on stand establishment and yield of cotton under different seeding patterns.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(1):60-70.(in Chinese)
[26]陈冠文,张旺峰,郑德明,毕显杰,杨仁碧,刘梅,马丽.棉花超高产理论与苗情诊断指标的初步研究.新疆农垦科技,2007(3):18-20.CHEN G W,ZHANG W F,ZHENG D M,BI X J,YANG R B,LIU M,MA L.A preliminary study on the theory of cotton super high yield and the index of seedling diagnosis.Xinjiang Farmland Science and Technology,2007(3):18-20.(in Chinese)
[27]WRATHER J A,PHIPPS B J,STEVENS W E,PHILLIPS A S,VORIES E D.Cotton planting date and plant population effects on yield and fiber quality in the Mississippi delta.Journal of Cotton Science,2008,12(1):1-7.