电力电子变压器在风力发电系统中的应用研究综述
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摘要
电力电子变压器不仅可以减小传统变压器磁性材料的用量,而且具有补偿无功功率、改善电能质量和限制故障电流等功能。优越的性能使其在交直流配电网与能源互联网中得到广泛研究,随着研究的深入,将其替代传统的工频变压器作为风力发电系统中电网和风力发电机组接口的研究,也逐渐引起关注。本文首先对应用于风力发电系统的电力电子变压器主电路拓扑结构进行了分析;然后总结了电力电子变压器的高质量供电与源荷友好接入特性,指出其在风力发电系统中的应用价值;重点对基于电力电子变压器接口的永磁风机和双馈风机风力发电系统的研究现状进行了较为全面地阐述,并对今后需要重点研究的问题提出了建议。
Power Electronic Transformer(PET) can fulfill the function of reactive power compensation, power quality improvement, fault current limitation and so forth, with reducing magnetic materials of traditional fundamental frequency transformer. In view of its superior performance, it has been widely studied in AC and DC distribution network and energy internet. Furthermore, it is gradually attracting more attention to make PET act as the key interface between the wind turbine and the grid, replacing traditional fundamental frequency transformer. First, this paper analyzes the existing topologies of PET main circuit which are applied to wind energy conversion systems. Then, the high quality power supply and source-load friendly interfaced characteristics of the PET are summarized, which verify its practical value in wind energy conversion systems. Meanwhile, the state-of-the-art technologies of the PET interfaced PMSG and DFIG wind energy conversion systems are elaborated profoundly. Finally, some suggestions on the key problems and technical trends are also given.
Power Electronic Transformer(PET) can fulfill the function of reactive power compensation, power quality improvement, fault current limitation and so forth, with reducing magnetic materials of traditional fundamental frequency transformer. In view of its superior performance, it has been widely studied in AC and DC distribution network and energy internet. Furthermore, it is gradually attracting more attention to make PET act as the key interface between the wind turbine and the grid, replacing traditional fundamental frequency transformer. First, this paper analyzes the existing topologies of PET main circuit which are applied to wind energy conversion systems. Then, the high quality power supply and source-load friendly interfaced characteristics of the PET are summarized, which verify its practical value in wind energy conversion systems. Meanwhile, the state-of-the-art technologies of the PET interfaced PMSG and DFIG wind energy conversion systems are elaborated profoundly. Finally, some suggestions on the key problems and technical trends are also given.
引文
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[2] Yuan X, Chai J,Li Y. A transformer-less high-power converter for large permanent magnet wind generator systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2012, 3(3): 318-329.
[3] Popat M, Wu B, Zargari N R. A novel decoupled interconnecting method for current-source converter-based offshore wind farms [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2012, 27(10): 4224-4233.
[4] Yuan Xibo. A set of multilevel modular medium-voltage high power converters for 10-MW wind turbines [J]. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2014, 5(2): 524-534.
[5] Gupta R K, Castelino G F, Mohapatra K K, et al. A novel integrated three-phase, switched multi-winding power electronic transformer converter for wind power generation system [A]. 2009 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics[C]. Porto, 2009. 4481-4486.
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[7] Harada K, Yamasaki F, Jinno K, et al. Intelligent transformer [A]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference[C]. 1996. 1337-1341.
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[9] 张明锐,陈洁,王之馨,等(Zhang Mingrui, Chen Jie, Wang Zhixin, et al.).一种新型的永磁同步风力发电机并网系统(A new permanent magnet synchronous wind-power generation grid-connected system) [J].电力系统保护与控制(Power System Protection and Control),2013,41(14):141-148.
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[11] Parseh N, Mohammadi M. Solid State Transformer (SST) interfaced Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbine [A]. 2017 Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE) [C]. Tehran, 2017. 1084-1089.
[12] Heinemann L, Mauthe G. The universal power electronics based distribution transformer, an unified approach [A]. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference[C]. Vancouver, BC, Cananda,2001,2: 504-509.
[13] Falcones S, Mao X, Ayyanar R. Topology comparison for solid state transformer implementation [A]. IEEE PES General Meeting[C]. Providence, RI, USA, 2010. 1-8.
[14] 李子欣,高范强,赵聪,等(Li Zixin, Gao Fanqiang, Zhao Cong, et al.).电力电子变压器技术研究综述(Research review of power electronic transformer technologies)[J].中国电机工程学报(Proceedings of the CSEE),2018, 38(5):1274-1289.
[15] Lai J S, Maitra A, Mansoor A, et al. Multilevel intelligent universal transformer for medium voltage applications[A]. Fourtieth Ias Meeting, Conference Record of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference. [C].2005, 3:1893-1899.
[16] 尹惠,刘桂英,陈冠军,等(Yin Hui, Liu Guiying, Chen Guanjun, et al.).基于固态变压器的风电并网系统建模与控制(Research on modeling and control for grid-connected wind power generation system based on SST)[J].电力科学与工程(Electric Power Science and Engineering),2014,30(9):46-52.
[17] Gao R, Husain I, Wang F, et al. Solid-state transformer interfaced PMSG wind energy conversion system [A]. 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) [C]. Charlotte, NC, USA, 2015. 1310-1317.
[18] Syed I, Khadkikar V. Replacing the grid interface transformer in wind energy conversion system with solid-state transformer [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2017, 32(3): 2152-2160.
[19] Zhao T, Wang G, Bhattacharya S, et al. Voltage and power balance control for a cascaded h-bridge converter-based solid-state transformer [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2013, 28(4): 1523-1532.
[20] She X, Lukic S, Huang A Q, et al. Performance evaluation of solid state transformer based microgrid in FREEDM systems [A]. 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)[C]. Fort Worth, TX, USA, 2011. 182-188.
[21] Lesnicar A, Marquardt R. An innovative modular multilevel converter topology suitable for a wide power range [A]. 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings [C]. Bologna, Italy, 2003, 3: 8117364.
[22] 王婷,王广柱,张勋(Wang Ting, Wang Guangzhu, Zhang Xun).基于模块化多电平矩阵变换器的电力电子变压器控制策略(The control strategy of power electronic transformer based on modular multilevel matrix converters)[J].电工技术学报(Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society),2016,31(18):108-115.
[23] Ortiz G, Leibl M G, Huber J E, et al. Design and experimental testing of a resonant DC-DC converter for solid-state transformers [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2017, 32(10):7534-7542.
[24] 李程,廖勇(Li Cheng, Liao Yong).用于DFIG风电场接入电网的固态变压器控制策略(Control strategy of solid-state transformer for DFIG-based wind farm grid integration)[J].电源学报(Journal of Power Supply),2014,(6):101-107,120.
[25] 张雪垠,徐永海,肖湘宁(Zhang Xueyin, Xu Yonghai, Xiao Xiangning).适用于中高压配电网的高功率密度谐振型级联H桥固态变压器(A high power density resonance cascaded h-bridge solid-state transformer for medium and high voltage distribution network)[J].电工技术学报(Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society),2018,33(2):310-321.
[26] López M, Briz F, Saeed M, et al. Comparative analysis of modular multiport power electronic transformer topologies [A]. 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)[C]. Milwaukee, WI, USA, 2016. 1-8.
[27] 李子欣,王平,楚遵方,等(Li Zixin, Wang Ping, Chu Zunfang, et al.).面向中高压智能配电网的电力电子变压器研究(Research on medium-and high-voltage smart distribution grid oriented power electronic transformer)[J].电网技术(Power System Technology),2013,37(9):2592-2601.
[28] 张怀天,荆龙,吴学智,等(Zhang Huaitian, Jing Long, Wu Xuezhi, et al.).电力电子变压器自治运行控制策略(Control strategy for autonomous operation of power electronic transformer)[J].电力系统自动化(Automation of Electric Power Systems), 2018,42(4):89-94.
[29] 王优,郑泽东,李永东(Wang You, Zheng Zedong, Li Yongdong). 中高压电力电子变压器拓扑与控制应用综述(Review of topology and control application of medium and high voltage power electronic transformer)[J]. 电工电能新技术(Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy), 2017, 36(5):1-10.
[30] Montoya R J G, Mallela A, Balda J C. An evaluation of selected solid-state transformer topologies for electric distribution systems [A]. 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)[C]. Charlotte, NC, USA, 2015. 1022-1029.
[31] 刘建华,侯川川,张满,等(Liu Jianhua, Hou Chuanchuan, Zhang Man, et al.).基于直流固态变压器的充电站研究(Research on charging station based on DC solid state transformer)[J].电力电子技术(Power Electronics),2016,50(11):104-106.
[32] Dujic D, Zhao C, Mester A, et al. Power electronic traction transformer: Low voltage prototype [J]. IEEE Trans actions on Power Electron, 2013, 28(12): 5522-5534.
[33] Brando G, Dannier A, Rizzo R. Power electronic application to grid connected photovoltaic systems[A]. 2009 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power [C]. 2009. 685-690.
[34] She X, Huang A Q, Wang F, et al. Wind energy system with integrated active power transfer, reactive power compensation, and voltage conversion functions [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2013, 60(10): 4512-4524.
[35] Hosseini S H, Sharifian M B B, Sabahi M, et al. Bi-directional power electronic transformer based compact dynamic voltage restorer [A]. 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting [C]. 2009. 1-5.
[36] Banaei M R, Salary E. Mitigation of current harmonics and unbalances using power electronic transformer[A]. Power Quality Conference [C]. 2010. 1.
[37] She X, Huang A Q, Lukic S, et al. On integration of solid state transformer with zonal DC microgrid[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2012, 3(2): 975-985.
[38] Huang A Q, Crow M L, Heydt G T, et al. The future renewable electric energy delivery and management System: the energy internet [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2011, 99(1): 133-148.
[39] 张明锐,黎娜,王之馨,等(Zhang Mingrui, Li Na, Wang Zhixin, et al.).新型永磁风电系统的低电压穿越性能研究(LVRT ability of PMSG wind power system)[J].电力自动化设备(Electric Power Automation Equipment),2014,34(1):128-134.
[40] Yan G, Zhang J, Jia Q, et al. Modeling and control of new wind power grid connected system[A]. IEEE International Conference on Energy Internet[C]. 2017.95-100.
[41] Tom B M, Ashok S. Solid state transformer for wind power interfacing [A]. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Informatics, Communication and Energy Systems (SPICES)[C]. 2017. 1-6.
[42] Zhao T, Wang G, Zeng J, et al. Voltage and power balance control for a cascaded multilevel solid state transformer [A]. 2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)[C]. Palm Springs, CA, 2010. 761-767.
[43] 张明锐,刘金辉,金鑫(Zhang Mingrui, Liu Jinhui, Jin Xin).应用于智能微网的SVPWM固态变压器研究(Research on the SVPWM solid state transformer applied in smart micro-grid)[J].电工技术学报(Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society),2012,27(1): 90-97.
[44] Syed I,Khadkikar V. Replacing the grid interface transformer in wind energy conversion system with solid-state transformer [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2017, 32(3): 2152-2160.
[2] Yuan X, Chai J,Li Y. A transformer-less high-power converter for large permanent magnet wind generator systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2012, 3(3): 318-329.
[3] Popat M, Wu B, Zargari N R. A novel decoupled interconnecting method for current-source converter-based offshore wind farms [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2012, 27(10): 4224-4233.
[4] Yuan Xibo. A set of multilevel modular medium-voltage high power converters for 10-MW wind turbines [J]. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2014, 5(2): 524-534.
[5] Gupta R K, Castelino G F, Mohapatra K K, et al. A novel integrated three-phase, switched multi-winding power electronic transformer converter for wind power generation system [A]. 2009 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics[C]. Porto, 2009. 4481-4486.
[6] Brooks J L. Solid state transformer concept development [J]. Nasa Sti/recon Technical Report N, 1980, 81.
[7] Harada K, Yamasaki F, Jinno K, et al. Intelligent transformer [A]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference[C]. 1996. 1337-1341.
[8] She X, Wang F, Burgos R, et al. Solid state transformer interfaced wind energy system with integrated active power transfer, reactive power compensation and voltage conversion functions[A]. 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)[C]. Raleigh, NC, 2012. 3140-3147.
[9] 张明锐,陈洁,王之馨,等(Zhang Mingrui, Chen Jie, Wang Zhixin, et al.).一种新型的永磁同步风力发电机并网系统(A new permanent magnet synchronous wind-power generation grid-connected system) [J].电力系统保护与控制(Power System Protection and Control),2013,41(14):141-148.
[10] Gao R, She X, Husain I, et al. Solid-state-transformer-interfaced permanent magnet wind turbine distributed generation system with power management functions [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, 53(4): 3849-3861.
[11] Parseh N, Mohammadi M. Solid State Transformer (SST) interfaced Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbine [A]. 2017 Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE) [C]. Tehran, 2017. 1084-1089.
[12] Heinemann L, Mauthe G. The universal power electronics based distribution transformer, an unified approach [A]. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference[C]. Vancouver, BC, Cananda,2001,2: 504-509.
[13] Falcones S, Mao X, Ayyanar R. Topology comparison for solid state transformer implementation [A]. IEEE PES General Meeting[C]. Providence, RI, USA, 2010. 1-8.
[14] 李子欣,高范强,赵聪,等(Li Zixin, Gao Fanqiang, Zhao Cong, et al.).电力电子变压器技术研究综述(Research review of power electronic transformer technologies)[J].中国电机工程学报(Proceedings of the CSEE),2018, 38(5):1274-1289.
[15] Lai J S, Maitra A, Mansoor A, et al. Multilevel intelligent universal transformer for medium voltage applications[A]. Fourtieth Ias Meeting, Conference Record of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference. [C].2005, 3:1893-1899.
[16] 尹惠,刘桂英,陈冠军,等(Yin Hui, Liu Guiying, Chen Guanjun, et al.).基于固态变压器的风电并网系统建模与控制(Research on modeling and control for grid-connected wind power generation system based on SST)[J].电力科学与工程(Electric Power Science and Engineering),2014,30(9):46-52.
[17] Gao R, Husain I, Wang F, et al. Solid-state transformer interfaced PMSG wind energy conversion system [A]. 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) [C]. Charlotte, NC, USA, 2015. 1310-1317.
[18] Syed I, Khadkikar V. Replacing the grid interface transformer in wind energy conversion system with solid-state transformer [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2017, 32(3): 2152-2160.
[19] Zhao T, Wang G, Bhattacharya S, et al. Voltage and power balance control for a cascaded h-bridge converter-based solid-state transformer [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2013, 28(4): 1523-1532.
[20] She X, Lukic S, Huang A Q, et al. Performance evaluation of solid state transformer based microgrid in FREEDM systems [A]. 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)[C]. Fort Worth, TX, USA, 2011. 182-188.
[21] Lesnicar A, Marquardt R. An innovative modular multilevel converter topology suitable for a wide power range [A]. 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings [C]. Bologna, Italy, 2003, 3: 8117364.
[22] 王婷,王广柱,张勋(Wang Ting, Wang Guangzhu, Zhang Xun).基于模块化多电平矩阵变换器的电力电子变压器控制策略(The control strategy of power electronic transformer based on modular multilevel matrix converters)[J].电工技术学报(Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society),2016,31(18):108-115.
[23] Ortiz G, Leibl M G, Huber J E, et al. Design and experimental testing of a resonant DC-DC converter for solid-state transformers [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2017, 32(10):7534-7542.
[24] 李程,廖勇(Li Cheng, Liao Yong).用于DFIG风电场接入电网的固态变压器控制策略(Control strategy of solid-state transformer for DFIG-based wind farm grid integration)[J].电源学报(Journal of Power Supply),2014,(6):101-107,120.
[25] 张雪垠,徐永海,肖湘宁(Zhang Xueyin, Xu Yonghai, Xiao Xiangning).适用于中高压配电网的高功率密度谐振型级联H桥固态变压器(A high power density resonance cascaded h-bridge solid-state transformer for medium and high voltage distribution network)[J].电工技术学报(Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society),2018,33(2):310-321.
[26] López M, Briz F, Saeed M, et al. Comparative analysis of modular multiport power electronic transformer topologies [A]. 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)[C]. Milwaukee, WI, USA, 2016. 1-8.
[27] 李子欣,王平,楚遵方,等(Li Zixin, Wang Ping, Chu Zunfang, et al.).面向中高压智能配电网的电力电子变压器研究(Research on medium-and high-voltage smart distribution grid oriented power electronic transformer)[J].电网技术(Power System Technology),2013,37(9):2592-2601.
[28] 张怀天,荆龙,吴学智,等(Zhang Huaitian, Jing Long, Wu Xuezhi, et al.).电力电子变压器自治运行控制策略(Control strategy for autonomous operation of power electronic transformer)[J].电力系统自动化(Automation of Electric Power Systems), 2018,42(4):89-94.
[29] 王优,郑泽东,李永东(Wang You, Zheng Zedong, Li Yongdong). 中高压电力电子变压器拓扑与控制应用综述(Review of topology and control application of medium and high voltage power electronic transformer)[J]. 电工电能新技术(Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy), 2017, 36(5):1-10.
[30] Montoya R J G, Mallela A, Balda J C. An evaluation of selected solid-state transformer topologies for electric distribution systems [A]. 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)[C]. Charlotte, NC, USA, 2015. 1022-1029.
[31] 刘建华,侯川川,张满,等(Liu Jianhua, Hou Chuanchuan, Zhang Man, et al.).基于直流固态变压器的充电站研究(Research on charging station based on DC solid state transformer)[J].电力电子技术(Power Electronics),2016,50(11):104-106.
[32] Dujic D, Zhao C, Mester A, et al. Power electronic traction transformer: Low voltage prototype [J]. IEEE Trans actions on Power Electron, 2013, 28(12): 5522-5534.
[33] Brando G, Dannier A, Rizzo R. Power electronic application to grid connected photovoltaic systems[A]. 2009 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power [C]. 2009. 685-690.
[34] She X, Huang A Q, Wang F, et al. Wind energy system with integrated active power transfer, reactive power compensation, and voltage conversion functions [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2013, 60(10): 4512-4524.
[35] Hosseini S H, Sharifian M B B, Sabahi M, et al. Bi-directional power electronic transformer based compact dynamic voltage restorer [A]. 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting [C]. 2009. 1-5.
[36] Banaei M R, Salary E. Mitigation of current harmonics and unbalances using power electronic transformer[A]. Power Quality Conference [C]. 2010. 1.
[37] She X, Huang A Q, Lukic S, et al. On integration of solid state transformer with zonal DC microgrid[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2012, 3(2): 975-985.
[38] Huang A Q, Crow M L, Heydt G T, et al. The future renewable electric energy delivery and management System: the energy internet [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2011, 99(1): 133-148.
[39] 张明锐,黎娜,王之馨,等(Zhang Mingrui, Li Na, Wang Zhixin, et al.).新型永磁风电系统的低电压穿越性能研究(LVRT ability of PMSG wind power system)[J].电力自动化设备(Electric Power Automation Equipment),2014,34(1):128-134.
[40] Yan G, Zhang J, Jia Q, et al. Modeling and control of new wind power grid connected system[A]. IEEE International Conference on Energy Internet[C]. 2017.95-100.
[41] Tom B M, Ashok S. Solid state transformer for wind power interfacing [A]. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Informatics, Communication and Energy Systems (SPICES)[C]. 2017. 1-6.
[42] Zhao T, Wang G, Zeng J, et al. Voltage and power balance control for a cascaded multilevel solid state transformer [A]. 2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)[C]. Palm Springs, CA, 2010. 761-767.
[43] 张明锐,刘金辉,金鑫(Zhang Mingrui, Liu Jinhui, Jin Xin).应用于智能微网的SVPWM固态变压器研究(Research on the SVPWM solid state transformer applied in smart micro-grid)[J].电工技术学报(Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society),2012,27(1): 90-97.
[44] Syed I,Khadkikar V. Replacing the grid interface transformer in wind energy conversion system with solid-state transformer [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2017, 32(3): 2152-2160.