灌溉方式和改良措施对河套灌区盐渍土氨挥发的影响
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摘要
以河套灌区盐渍化土壤为研究对象,采用田间土壤氨挥发原位测定法(通气法),研究膜下滴灌、黄河水漫灌下农民常规施肥(CK)、农民常规施肥+秸秆还田(SR)、农民常规施肥+生物炭(C)对土壤氨挥发和葵花产量的影响。结果表明:1)各处理氨挥发速率在施肥灌水后2～4 d出现峰值,随后逐渐减低。C、SR处理显著降低了氨挥发累积损失量(P<0.05),C处理滴灌、漫灌下较CK分别降低了57%、44%,SR处理降低了39%、34%。2)土壤p H值与氨挥发速率呈正相关性,C、SR处理下土壤盐分较CK显著下降(P<0.05)。3)不同灌溉方式下C处理葵花增产率均最高,SR增产效果不明显。4)同一改良措施下氨挥发损失率滴灌比漫灌降低10.7%～31%,C、SR处理的产量滴灌较漫灌分别高12.88%、2.02%。方差分析表明,改良措施对氨挥发、产量的影响极显著(P<0.01),灌溉方式对其影响显著(P<0.05)。综上所述C、SR均有效抑制了土壤氨挥发,滴灌模式下效果更为明显,但考虑到SR处理的葵花增产率较低,故滴灌下农民常规施肥+生物炭处理是目前较为合理的施肥措施。
The salinized soil in Hetao Irrigation District was taken as the research object,and the field soil ammonia volatilization in situ method(ventilation method)was used to study the effect of farmers' conventional fertilization(CK),farmers' conventional fertilization+straw returning(SR),farmers' conventional fertilization+biochar(C)on soil ammonia volatilization and sunflower yield under the flood irrigation with the Yellow River water and the underfilm drip irrigation.The results showed that:1)The ammonia volatilization rate of each treatment peaked 2 ～ 4 days after fertilization and then gradually decreased.C and SR treatment significantly reduced the cumulative loss of ammonia volatilization(P<0.05).C treatment under drip irrigation and flood irrigation decreased by 57% and 44%,respectively,and SR treatment decreased by 39% and 34%. 2)The soil pH was positively correlated with the ammonia volatilization rate. The soil salinity was significantly lower than that of CK under C and SR treatment(P<0.05).3)The yield increasing of C treatment was the highest under different irrigation methods,and the effect of SR on yield increasing was not obvious.4)The loss rate of ammonia volatilization under drip irrigation was 10.7% ～ 31% lower than that of flood irrigation,and the yield with C and SR treatment was 12.88% and 2.02% higher than that of flood irrigation.Analysis of variance showed that the effect of improvement measures on ammonia volatilization and yield was extremely significant(P<0.01),and the effect of irrigation method was significant(P<0.05).In summary,both C and SR effectively inhibited soil ammonia volatilization,and the effect was more obvious in drip irrigation mode.Considering that the yield of sunflower treated with SR is low,conventional fertilization and biochar treatment by farmers under drip irrigation are currently reasonable fertilization measures.
The salinized soil in Hetao Irrigation District was taken as the research object,and the field soil ammonia volatilization in situ method(ventilation method)was used to study the effect of farmers' conventional fertilization(CK),farmers' conventional fertilization+straw returning(SR),farmers' conventional fertilization+biochar(C)on soil ammonia volatilization and sunflower yield under the flood irrigation with the Yellow River water and the underfilm drip irrigation.The results showed that:1)The ammonia volatilization rate of each treatment peaked 2 ～ 4 days after fertilization and then gradually decreased.C and SR treatment significantly reduced the cumulative loss of ammonia volatilization(P<0.05).C treatment under drip irrigation and flood irrigation decreased by 57% and 44%,respectively,and SR treatment decreased by 39% and 34%. 2)The soil pH was positively correlated with the ammonia volatilization rate. The soil salinity was significantly lower than that of CK under C and SR treatment(P<0.05).3)The yield increasing of C treatment was the highest under different irrigation methods,and the effect of SR on yield increasing was not obvious.4)The loss rate of ammonia volatilization under drip irrigation was 10.7% ～ 31% lower than that of flood irrigation,and the yield with C and SR treatment was 12.88% and 2.02% higher than that of flood irrigation.Analysis of variance showed that the effect of improvement measures on ammonia volatilization and yield was extremely significant(P<0.01),and the effect of irrigation method was significant(P<0.05).In summary,both C and SR effectively inhibited soil ammonia volatilization,and the effect was more obvious in drip irrigation mode.Considering that the yield of sunflower treated with SR is low,conventional fertilization and biochar treatment by farmers under drip irrigation are currently reasonable fertilization measures.
引文
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[16]郭树芳,齐玉春,尹飞虎,等.不同灌溉方式对华北平原冬小麦田土壤CO2和N2O排放通量的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1881-1889.
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[18]谭军利,康跃虎,焦艳平,等.滴灌条件下种植年限对大田土壤盐分及pH值的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(9):43-50.
[19]倪康,丁维新,蔡祖聪.有机无机肥长期定位试验土壤小麦季氨挥发损失及其影响因素研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(12):2614-2622.
[20]徐万里,刘哗,张云舒.新疆盐渍化土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用特征[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(11):141-145.
[21]张前兵,艾尼娃尔,艾合买提,等.绿洲区不同灌溉方式及灌溉量对首蓓田土壤盐分运移的影响[J].草业学报,2014,23(6):69-77.
[22]刘春卿,杨劲松,陈小兵,等.滴灌流量对上壤水盐运移及再分布的作用规律研究[J].土壤学报,2007,44(6):1061-1021.
[23]Taghizadeh-Toosi A,Clough T J,Sherlock R R,et al.A wood based low-temperature biochar captures NH3-N generated from ruminant urine-N retaining its bioavailability[J].Plant and Soil,2012,353(1-2):73-84.
[24]李琦,廖娜,张妮,等.棉花秸秆及其生物炭对滴灌棉田氨挥发的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1987-1994.
[25]何绪生,张树清,佘雕,等.生物炭对土壤肥料的作用及未来研究[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(15):16-25.
[26]Li B,Bi Z C,Xiong Z Q.Dynamic responses of nitrous oxide emission and nitrogen use efficiency to nitrogen and biochar amendment in an intensified vegetable field in southeastern China[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2017,9(2):400-413.
[27]王朝辉,田霄鸿,李生秀.冬小麦生长后期地上部分氮素的氨挥发损失[J].作物学报,2001,27(1):1-6.
[28]习金根,周建斌.不同灌溉施肥方式下尿素态氮在土壤中迁移转化特性的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(3):271-275.
[2]巨晓棠,刘学军,邹国元,等.冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中氮素的损失途径分析[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(12):1493-1499.
[3]Fangmeier A,Hadwiger-Fangxneier A,Van der Eerden L,et al.Effects of atmospheric ammonia on vegetation-a review[J].Environmental Pollution,1994,86(1):43-82.
[4]敖玉琴,张维,田玉华,等.脲胺氮肥对太湖地区稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响[J].土壤,2016,48(2):248-253.
[5]Taghizadeh-Toosi A,Clough T J,Sherlock R R,et al.Biochar adsorbed ammonia is bioavailable[J].Plant and Soil,2012,350(1-2):57-69.
[6]张庆利,张民,杨越超,等.碳酸氢铵和尿素在山东省主要土壤类型上的氨挥发特性研究[J].土壤通报,2002,33(1):32-34.
[7]李菊梅,徐明岗,秦道珠,等.有机肥无机肥配施对稻田氨挥发和水稻产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(1):51-56.
[8]苗庆丰.内蒙古河套灌区地面灌溉技术评价及优化决策研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2015.
[9]王振华.典型绿洲区长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分运移规律与灌溉调控研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[10]龚雪文,李仙岳,史海滨,等.番茄、玉米套种膜下滴灌条件下农田地温变化特征试验研究[J].生态学报,2015,35(2):1-13.
[11]侯慧芝,吕军峰,郭天文,等.西北黄土高原半干旱区全膜覆土穴播对土壤水热环境和小麦产量的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):5503-5513.
[12]王朝辉,刘学军,巨晓棠,等.田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定—通气法[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):205-209.
[13]董文旭,胡春胜,张玉铭.华北农田土壤氨挥发原位测定研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2006,14(3):46-48.
[14]马腾飞.不同灌溉方式下土壤氮素去向的研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2010.
[15]周广威,张文,闵伟,等.灌溉水盐度对滴灌棉田土壤氨挥发的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):413-420.
[16]郭树芳,齐玉春,尹飞虎,等.不同灌溉方式对华北平原冬小麦田土壤CO2和N2O排放通量的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1881-1889.
[17]张前兵,杨玲,孙兵,等.干旱区灌溉及施肥措施下棉田土壤的呼吸特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(14):77-84.
[18]谭军利,康跃虎,焦艳平,等.滴灌条件下种植年限对大田土壤盐分及pH值的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(9):43-50.
[19]倪康,丁维新,蔡祖聪.有机无机肥长期定位试验土壤小麦季氨挥发损失及其影响因素研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(12):2614-2622.
[20]徐万里,刘哗,张云舒.新疆盐渍化土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用特征[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(11):141-145.
[21]张前兵,艾尼娃尔,艾合买提,等.绿洲区不同灌溉方式及灌溉量对首蓓田土壤盐分运移的影响[J].草业学报,2014,23(6):69-77.
[22]刘春卿,杨劲松,陈小兵,等.滴灌流量对上壤水盐运移及再分布的作用规律研究[J].土壤学报,2007,44(6):1061-1021.
[23]Taghizadeh-Toosi A,Clough T J,Sherlock R R,et al.A wood based low-temperature biochar captures NH3-N generated from ruminant urine-N retaining its bioavailability[J].Plant and Soil,2012,353(1-2):73-84.
[24]李琦,廖娜,张妮,等.棉花秸秆及其生物炭对滴灌棉田氨挥发的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1987-1994.
[25]何绪生,张树清,佘雕,等.生物炭对土壤肥料的作用及未来研究[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(15):16-25.
[26]Li B,Bi Z C,Xiong Z Q.Dynamic responses of nitrous oxide emission and nitrogen use efficiency to nitrogen and biochar amendment in an intensified vegetable field in southeastern China[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2017,9(2):400-413.
[27]王朝辉,田霄鸿,李生秀.冬小麦生长后期地上部分氮素的氨挥发损失[J].作物学报,2001,27(1):1-6.
[28]习金根,周建斌.不同灌溉施肥方式下尿素态氮在土壤中迁移转化特性的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(3):271-275.