基于连锁故障网络图和不同攻击方式的输电线路脆弱性分析
|
摘要
现有输电线路脆弱性评估方法不能揭示线路故障的传播机理,针对以上问题,依据连锁故障的传播特点,提出了基于连锁故障网络图(cascading fault graph,CFG)的输电线路脆弱性评估方法。首先,介绍了CFG的形成算法。其次,利用复杂网络理论相关指标,度、入度及出度分析了线路的脆弱性,进一步提出了基于分阶段的CFG,以分析不同时段线路的脆弱性。最后,采用IEEE 118节点算例,通过对线路同时攻击和时序攻击表明,CFG具有无标尺特性,即蓄意攻击时电网具有很高的脆弱性,随机攻击具有很高的鲁棒性。分析方法将具有空间特性的电网转化成具有时序特性的CFG,不仅直观地反映了线路脆弱性,而且揭示了线路之间故障传播的时序关系。
As existing methods of transmission network vulnerability assessment cannot reveal the mechanism of fault propagation, in this paper a new cascading fault graph(CFG) method was proposed based on the propagation characteristics of cascading failures. Firstly, the method of generating the CFG was introduced. Secondly, indices of node degree, in-degree and out-degree were employed to analyze the vulnerability of transmission networks with considerations of different cascading stages in the CFG. Finally, simulations using the IEEE 118-bus system show that CFGs are scale-free networks which indicates the system is robust under random vertexes attack, but it is highly vulnerable under deliberate attack. On this basis, critical lines are identified under synchronous attacks and sequential attacks. The proposed method can reveal not only the vulnerability of branches intuitively, but also the temporal relations of fault propagation among branches.
As existing methods of transmission network vulnerability assessment cannot reveal the mechanism of fault propagation, in this paper a new cascading fault graph(CFG) method was proposed based on the propagation characteristics of cascading failures. Firstly, the method of generating the CFG was introduced. Secondly, indices of node degree, in-degree and out-degree were employed to analyze the vulnerability of transmission networks with considerations of different cascading stages in the CFG. Finally, simulations using the IEEE 118-bus system show that CFGs are scale-free networks which indicates the system is robust under random vertexes attack, but it is highly vulnerable under deliberate attack. On this basis, critical lines are identified under synchronous attacks and sequential attacks. The proposed method can reveal not only the vulnerability of branches intuitively, but also the temporal relations of fault propagation among branches.
引文
[1]Bompard Ettore,Napoli Roberto,Xue Fei.Extended topological approach for the assessment of structural vulnerability in transmission networks[J].IET Generation Transmission&Distribution,2010,4(6):716-724.
[2]冀星沛,王波,董朝阳,等.电力信息-物理相互依存网络脆弱性评估及加边保护策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(6):1867-1873.Ji Xingpei,Wang bo,Dong Zhaoyang,et al.Vulnerability evaluation and link addition protection strategy research of electrical cyber-physical interdependent networks[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(06):1867-1873(in Chinese).
[3]Silva Armando Martins Leite da,Jardim Jorge Luiz,et al.A method for ranking critical nodes in power networks including load uncertainties[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2016,31(2):1341-1349.
[4]Huang Tao,Bompard Ettore,Yan Zheng.Congestion management impacts on bilateral electricity markets under strategic negotiation[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2011,81(5):1161-1170.
[5]Rosascasals Marti,Valverde Sergi.Topological vulnerability of the European power grid under errors and attacks[J].International Journal of Bifurcation&Chaos,2007,17(7):2465-2475.
[6]丁明,韩平平.基于小世界拓扑模型的大型电网脆弱性评估算法[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(8):7-10.Ding Ming,Han Pingping.Small-world topological model based vulnerability assessment algorithm for large-scale power prid[J].Automation of Electric Power systems,2006,30(8):7-10(in Chinese).
[7]Dwivedi Ajendra,Yu Xinhuo,Sokolowski Peter.Identifying vulnerable lines in a power network using complex network theory[C]//Proceedings of IEEEInternational Symposium on Industrial Electronics,Seoul,Korea,2009.
[8]刘文颖,梁才,徐鹏,等.基于潮流介数的电力系统关键线路辨识[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(31):90-98.Liu Wenying,Liang Cai,Xu Peng,et al.Identification of critical line in power systems based flow betweenness[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(31):90-98(in Chinese).
[9]许立雄,刘俊勇,刘洋,等.节点重要度的分类综合评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(10):1609-1617.Xu Lixiong,Liu Junyong,Liu Yang,et al.Node importance classified comprehensive assessment[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(10):1609-1617(in Chinese).
[10]徐林,王秀丽,王锡凡.电气介数及其在电力系统关键线路识别中的应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(1):33-39.Xu Lin,Wang Xiuli,Wang Xifan.Electric Betweenness and its application in vulnerable line identification in power system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(1):33-39(in Chinese).
[11]刘群英,刘俊勇,刘起芳.节点势能架构下的电压脆弱性评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(25):30-37.Liu Qunying,Liu Junyong,Liu Qifang.Voltage vulnerability assessment in the node potential energy framework[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(25):30-37(in Chinese).
[12]李勇,刘俊勇,刘晓宇,等.基于广义支路能量时空分布熵测度的线路脆弱度评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(34):187-196.Liu Yong,Liu Junyong,Liu Xiaoyu,et al.Assessment of Vulnerable Lines in power grid based on entropy of generalized branch energy[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(34):187-196(in Chinese).
[13]刘友波,刘俊勇,王民昆,等.计及动能注入介数的线路暂态脆弱应性快速评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(13):40-47.Liu Youbo,Liu Junyong,Wang Minkun,et al.Fast assessment method for transient vulnerability of transmission lines based on kinetic energy injection betweenness[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(13):40-47(in Chinese).
[14]李勇,刘俊勇,刘晓宇,等.基于潮流熵的电网连锁故障传播元件的脆弱性评估[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(19):11-16.Liu Yong,Liu Junyong,Liu Xiaoyu,et al.Vulnerability assessment in power grid cascading failures based on entropy of power flow[J].Automation of Electric Power systems,2012,36(19):11-16(in Chinese).
[15]黄燕,李华强,黄涛,等.基于复杂网络和暂态能量函数的支路暂态脆弱性评估[J].电力系统保护与控制,2014,42(20):69-74.Huang Yan,Li Huaqiang,Huang Tao,et al.Branch transient vulnerability assessment based on the complex network and transient energy function[J].Power System Protection and Control,2014,42(20):69-74(in Chinese).
[16]Zhu Yihai,Yan Jun,Tang Yufei,et al.Resilience analysis of power grids under the sequential attack[J].IEEETransactions on Information Forensics and Security,2014,9(12):2340-2354.
[17]Huang Tao,Voronca Simona Louise and Purcarea Anca Alexandra,et al.Analysis of chain of events in major historic power outages[J].Advances in Electrical&Computer Engineering,2014,14(3):63-70.
[18]Estebsari Abouzar,Pons Enrico and Huang Tao,et al.Techno-economic impacts of automatic undervoltage load shedding under emergency[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2016,131:168-177.
[19]Bompard Ettore,Estebsari Abouzar,Huang Tao,et al.Aframework for analyzing cascading failure in large interconnected power systems:A post-contingency evolution simulator[J].International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2016,81:12-21.
[20]薛士敏,孙文鹏,高峰,等.基于精确隐性故障模型的输电系统连锁故障风险评估[J].电网技术,2016,40(4):1012-1017.Xue Shimin,Sun Wenpeng,Gao Feng,et al.Risk assessment of transmission system cascading failure based on accurate hidden failure model[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(4):1012-1017(in Chinese).
[21]程林,刘满君,易俊,等.基于运行可靠性模型的连锁故障模拟及薄弱环节分析[J].电网技术,2016,40(5):1488-1494.Cheng Lin,Liu Manjun,Yi Jun,et al.The power system cascading outage simulation and vulnerability analysis based on operational reliability model[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(5):1488-1494(in Chinese).
[22]丁明,逍遥张晶晶,等.基于事故链及动态故障树的电网连锁故障风险评估模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(4):821-829.Ding Ming,Xiao Yao,Zang Jinjin,et al.Risk assessment model of power grid cascading failures based on fault chain and dynamic fault tree[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(4):821-829(in Chinese).
[23]陈恩泽,刘涤泽,廖清芬,等.基于故障链的电网低频振荡及脆弱性分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(28):42-48.Chen Enze,Liu Dichen,Liao Qingfen,et al.Low frequency oscillation and vulnerability analysis of power grid based on the fault chains[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(28):42-48(in Chinese).
[2]冀星沛,王波,董朝阳,等.电力信息-物理相互依存网络脆弱性评估及加边保护策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(6):1867-1873.Ji Xingpei,Wang bo,Dong Zhaoyang,et al.Vulnerability evaluation and link addition protection strategy research of electrical cyber-physical interdependent networks[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(06):1867-1873(in Chinese).
[3]Silva Armando Martins Leite da,Jardim Jorge Luiz,et al.A method for ranking critical nodes in power networks including load uncertainties[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2016,31(2):1341-1349.
[4]Huang Tao,Bompard Ettore,Yan Zheng.Congestion management impacts on bilateral electricity markets under strategic negotiation[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2011,81(5):1161-1170.
[5]Rosascasals Marti,Valverde Sergi.Topological vulnerability of the European power grid under errors and attacks[J].International Journal of Bifurcation&Chaos,2007,17(7):2465-2475.
[6]丁明,韩平平.基于小世界拓扑模型的大型电网脆弱性评估算法[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(8):7-10.Ding Ming,Han Pingping.Small-world topological model based vulnerability assessment algorithm for large-scale power prid[J].Automation of Electric Power systems,2006,30(8):7-10(in Chinese).
[7]Dwivedi Ajendra,Yu Xinhuo,Sokolowski Peter.Identifying vulnerable lines in a power network using complex network theory[C]//Proceedings of IEEEInternational Symposium on Industrial Electronics,Seoul,Korea,2009.
[8]刘文颖,梁才,徐鹏,等.基于潮流介数的电力系统关键线路辨识[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(31):90-98.Liu Wenying,Liang Cai,Xu Peng,et al.Identification of critical line in power systems based flow betweenness[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(31):90-98(in Chinese).
[9]许立雄,刘俊勇,刘洋,等.节点重要度的分类综合评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(10):1609-1617.Xu Lixiong,Liu Junyong,Liu Yang,et al.Node importance classified comprehensive assessment[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(10):1609-1617(in Chinese).
[10]徐林,王秀丽,王锡凡.电气介数及其在电力系统关键线路识别中的应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(1):33-39.Xu Lin,Wang Xiuli,Wang Xifan.Electric Betweenness and its application in vulnerable line identification in power system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(1):33-39(in Chinese).
[11]刘群英,刘俊勇,刘起芳.节点势能架构下的电压脆弱性评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(25):30-37.Liu Qunying,Liu Junyong,Liu Qifang.Voltage vulnerability assessment in the node potential energy framework[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(25):30-37(in Chinese).
[12]李勇,刘俊勇,刘晓宇,等.基于广义支路能量时空分布熵测度的线路脆弱度评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(34):187-196.Liu Yong,Liu Junyong,Liu Xiaoyu,et al.Assessment of Vulnerable Lines in power grid based on entropy of generalized branch energy[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(34):187-196(in Chinese).
[13]刘友波,刘俊勇,王民昆,等.计及动能注入介数的线路暂态脆弱应性快速评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(13):40-47.Liu Youbo,Liu Junyong,Wang Minkun,et al.Fast assessment method for transient vulnerability of transmission lines based on kinetic energy injection betweenness[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(13):40-47(in Chinese).
[14]李勇,刘俊勇,刘晓宇,等.基于潮流熵的电网连锁故障传播元件的脆弱性评估[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(19):11-16.Liu Yong,Liu Junyong,Liu Xiaoyu,et al.Vulnerability assessment in power grid cascading failures based on entropy of power flow[J].Automation of Electric Power systems,2012,36(19):11-16(in Chinese).
[15]黄燕,李华强,黄涛,等.基于复杂网络和暂态能量函数的支路暂态脆弱性评估[J].电力系统保护与控制,2014,42(20):69-74.Huang Yan,Li Huaqiang,Huang Tao,et al.Branch transient vulnerability assessment based on the complex network and transient energy function[J].Power System Protection and Control,2014,42(20):69-74(in Chinese).
[16]Zhu Yihai,Yan Jun,Tang Yufei,et al.Resilience analysis of power grids under the sequential attack[J].IEEETransactions on Information Forensics and Security,2014,9(12):2340-2354.
[17]Huang Tao,Voronca Simona Louise and Purcarea Anca Alexandra,et al.Analysis of chain of events in major historic power outages[J].Advances in Electrical&Computer Engineering,2014,14(3):63-70.
[18]Estebsari Abouzar,Pons Enrico and Huang Tao,et al.Techno-economic impacts of automatic undervoltage load shedding under emergency[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2016,131:168-177.
[19]Bompard Ettore,Estebsari Abouzar,Huang Tao,et al.Aframework for analyzing cascading failure in large interconnected power systems:A post-contingency evolution simulator[J].International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2016,81:12-21.
[20]薛士敏,孙文鹏,高峰,等.基于精确隐性故障模型的输电系统连锁故障风险评估[J].电网技术,2016,40(4):1012-1017.Xue Shimin,Sun Wenpeng,Gao Feng,et al.Risk assessment of transmission system cascading failure based on accurate hidden failure model[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(4):1012-1017(in Chinese).
[21]程林,刘满君,易俊,等.基于运行可靠性模型的连锁故障模拟及薄弱环节分析[J].电网技术,2016,40(5):1488-1494.Cheng Lin,Liu Manjun,Yi Jun,et al.The power system cascading outage simulation and vulnerability analysis based on operational reliability model[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(5):1488-1494(in Chinese).
[22]丁明,逍遥张晶晶,等.基于事故链及动态故障树的电网连锁故障风险评估模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(4):821-829.Ding Ming,Xiao Yao,Zang Jinjin,et al.Risk assessment model of power grid cascading failures based on fault chain and dynamic fault tree[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(4):821-829(in Chinese).
[23]陈恩泽,刘涤泽,廖清芬,等.基于故障链的电网低频振荡及脆弱性分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(28):42-48.Chen Enze,Liu Dichen,Liao Qingfen,et al.Low frequency oscillation and vulnerability analysis of power grid based on the fault chains[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(28):42-48(in Chinese).