MODIS LAI产品真实性检验与偏差分析
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摘要
当前对MODIS LAI产品的真实性检验工作中,更多的是关注遥感产品在数值与趋势上与地表真值的一致性程度,很少工作能够全面分析遥感LAI产品偏差来源以及不同来源的偏差对全局偏差的贡献率。本文在对MODIS LAI产品进行真实性检验基础之上,进一步分析了MODIS LAI产品偏差来源。将遥感产品真实性检验偏差来源分解为反演模型,反射率数据和冠层聚集效应3个方面,并定量分析各个偏差源对真实性检验结果的影响。以河北省怀来玉米为研究对象,结合实测LAI数据和Landsat 8 OLI(Operational Land Imager)数据建立NDVI LAI半经验模型,得到LAI参考数据,据此对MODIS LAI产品进行真实性检验及偏差分析。研究表明,该区域MODIS LAI产品存在明显的低估现象,参考数据和MODIS LAI数据均值分别为3.53 m2/m2和2.33 m2/m2,MODIS产品低估为34.14%。在各个偏差因素中,反射率数据的差异对结果影响最大,即MODIS地表反射率数据与Landsat 8 OLI地表反射率数据的差异造成的偏差占总偏差的57.50%;聚集效应的影响次之,占总偏差的28.33%;模型差异对结果的影响最小,占总偏差的14.17%。本研究对遥感产品真实性检验及其不确定性分析具有一定的借鉴意义。
An assessment of the MODIS Leaf Area Index(LAI) product shows a clear focus on the consistency in value and temporal trend between remote sensing products and the "ground truth." However, few studies have comprehensively analyzed the bias sources and quantified the contribution of different biases on the global deviation. The current study evaluates the MODIS LAI product by analyzing the MODIS LAI bias in terms of three aspects: algorithm, reflectance data, and clumping effect. We then quantify the individual influence. The bias analysis and validation of the MODIS LAI product are conducted by utilizing measured data of corn plants in a field in Huailai County,Hebei Province. Results indicate an evident underestimation of the MODIS LAI by as much as 34.14% in this area. The mean LAI values of the reference LAI and MODIS LAI are 3.53 m2/m2 and 2.33 m2/m2, respectively. The reflectance data in the bias analysis has the most significant effect on the total deviation. The bias caused by the difference between the MODIS reflectance and Landsat 8 OLI reflectance is57.50% of the total; the clumping effect accounts for 28.33% of the total; and the bias caused by algorithm is the smallest at only 14.17% of the total. The proposed method positively influences the validation of the remote sensing product and uncertainties analysis.
An assessment of the MODIS Leaf Area Index(LAI) product shows a clear focus on the consistency in value and temporal trend between remote sensing products and the "ground truth." However, few studies have comprehensively analyzed the bias sources and quantified the contribution of different biases on the global deviation. The current study evaluates the MODIS LAI product by analyzing the MODIS LAI bias in terms of three aspects: algorithm, reflectance data, and clumping effect. We then quantify the individual influence. The bias analysis and validation of the MODIS LAI product are conducted by utilizing measured data of corn plants in a field in Huailai County,Hebei Province. Results indicate an evident underestimation of the MODIS LAI by as much as 34.14% in this area. The mean LAI values of the reference LAI and MODIS LAI are 3.53 m2/m2 and 2.33 m2/m2, respectively. The reflectance data in the bias analysis has the most significant effect on the total deviation. The bias caused by the difference between the MODIS reflectance and Landsat 8 OLI reflectance is57.50% of the total; the clumping effect accounts for 28.33% of the total; and the bias caused by algorithm is the smallest at only 14.17% of the total. The proposed method positively influences the validation of the remote sensing product and uncertainties analysis.
引文
Baret F and Guyot G.1991.Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for LAI and APAR assessment.Remote Sensing of Environment35(2/3):161-173[DOI:10.1016/0034-4257(91)90009-U]
Chen J M and Black T A.1992.Defining leaf area index for non-fla leaves.Plant,Cell and Environment,15(4):421-429[DOI10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb00992.x]
Chen J M,Pavlic G,Brown L,Cihlar J,Leblanc S G,White H P,Hal R J,Peddle D R,King D J,Trofymow J A,Swift E,Van de Sanden J and Pellikka PKE.2002.Derivation and validation o Canada-wide coarse-resolution leaf area index maps using high resolution satellite imagery and ground measurements.Remote Sensing of environment,80(1):165-184[DOI:10.1016/S00344257(01)00300-5]
Fang X Q,Zhang W C and Liu S C.2004.The estimation of LAI in Heihe river basin using remotely sensed data.Remote Sensing fo Land and Resources,(1):27-31(方秀琴,张万昌,刘三超.2004黑河流域叶面积指数的遥感估算.国土资源遥感,(1):27-31)
Garrigues S,Allard D,Baret F and Weiss D.2006.Influence of land scape spatial heterogeneity on the non-linear estimation of lea area index from moderate spatial resolution remote sensing data Remote Sensing of Environment,105(4):286-298[DOI10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.013]
Hu S Y and Zhang W C.2005.A quality assessment of MODIS LAproduct in Heihe and Hanjiang river basins.Remote Sensing In formation,(4):22-27(胡少英,张万昌.2005.黑河及汉江流域MODIS叶面积指数产品质量评价.遥感信息,(4)22-27)
Jin H,Li A N,Bian J H,Lei G B,Tan J B and Xia H M.2014.Valida tion of MODISglobal LAI products in forested terrain//Proceed ings of the 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sens ing Symposium(IGARSS).Quebec City:IEEE:3053-3056[DOI10.1109/IGARSS.2014.6947121]
Li Z W,Tang H,Xin X P,Zhang B H and Wang D L.2014.Assess mentof the MODIS LAI product using ground measurement data and HJ-1A/1B imagery in the meadow steppe of Hulunber,China Remote Sensing,6(7):6242-6265[DOI:10.3390/rs6076242]
Liu L Y.2014.Simulation and correction of spatial scaling effects fo leaf area index.Journal of Remote Sensing,18(6):1158-1168(刘良云.2014.叶面积指数遥感尺度效应与尺度纠正.遥感学报18(6):1158-1168)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20144103]
Morisette J T,Baret F,Privette J L,Myneni R B,Nickeson J E,Gar rigues S,Shabanov N V,Weiss M,Fernandes R A,Leblanc S GKalacska M,Sanchez-Azofeifa G A,Chubey M,Rivard B,Sten berg P,Rautiainen M,Voipio P,Manninen T,Pilant A N,Lewis TE,Iiames J S,Colombo R,Meroni M,Busetto L,Cohen W BTurner D P,Warner E D,Petersen G W,Seufert G and Cook R2006.Validation of global moderate-resolution LAI products:a framework proposed within the CEOS land product validation subgroup.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing44(7):1804-1817[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2006.872529]
Pandya M R,Singh R P,Chauhari K N,Bairagi G D,Sharma R,Dadh wal V K and Parihar J S.2006.Leaf area index retrieval using IRSLISS-III sensor data and validation of the MODIS LAI produc over central India.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,44(7):1858-1865[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2006.876028]
Privette J L,Myneni R B,Knyazikhin Y,Mukelabai M,Roberts GTian Y,Wang Y and Leblanc S G.2002.Early spatial and tempor al validation of MODIS LAI product in the Southern Africa Kala hari.Remote Sensing of Environment,83(1/2):232-243[DOI10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00075-5]
Qu Y H,Wang J D,Dong J and Jiang F B.2012.Design and experi mentof crop structural parameters automatic measurement system Transaction of the CSAE,28(2):160-165(屈永华,王锦地,董健姜富斌.2012.农作物冠层结构参数自动测量系统设计与试验农业工程学报,28(2):160-165)
Qu Y H.2013.LAINet Datasets of Cron at Experiment Station at Huai ai,Hebei Province.Beijing:Beijing Normal University(屈永华2013.河北怀来试验站玉米LAINet观测数据集.北京:北京师范大学)
Qu Y H,Fu L Z,Han W C,Zhu Y Q and Wang J D.2014a.MLAOSamulti-point linear array of optical sensors for coniferous foliage clumping index measurement.Sensors,14(5):9271-9289[DOI10.3390/s140509271]
Qu Y H,Han W C,Fu L Z,Li C R,Song J L,Zhou H M,Bo Y Cand Wang J D.2014b.LAINet-A wireless sensor network fo coniferous forest leaf area index measurement:design,algorithm and validation.Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,108200-208[DOI:10.1016/j.compag.2014.08.003]
Qu Y H,Zhu Y Q,Han W C,Wang J D and Ma M G.2014c.Crop lea farea index observations with a wireless sensor network and its po tential for validating remote sensing products.IEEE Journal of Se lected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing7(2):431-444[DOI:10.1109/JSTARS.2013.2289931]
Ryu Y,Nilson T,Kobayashi H,Sonnentag O,Law B E and Baldocch DD.2010.On the correct estimation of effective leaf area index does it reveal information on clumping effects.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,150(3):463-472[DOI:10.1016/j.agrformet2010.01.009]
Serbin S P,Ahl D E and Gower S T.2013.Spatial and temporal valida tion of the MODIS LAI and FPAR products across a boreal fores wildfire chronosequence.Remote Sensing of Environment,13371-84[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.01.022]
Sun C X,Liu L Y,Guan L L,Jiao Q J and Peng D L.2014.Validation and error analysis ofthe MODIS LAI product in Xilinhot grass land.Journal of Remote Sensing,18(3):518-536(孙晨曦,刘良云,关琳琳,焦全军,彭代亮.2014.锡林浩特草原区域MODISLAI产品真实性检验与误差分析.遥感学报,18(3):518-536[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20143097]
Tian Y H,Woodcock C E,Wang Y J,Privette J L,Shabanov N VZhou L M,Zhang Y,Buermann W,Dong J R,Veikkanen B,H?me T,Andersson K,Ozdogan M,Knyazikhin Y and Myneni R B2002.Multiscale analysis and validation of the MODIS LAproduct:I.Uncertainty assessment.Remote Sensing of Environ ment,83(3):414-430[DOI:10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00047-0]
Wang Y J,Woodcock C E,Buermann W,Stenberg P,Voipio PSmolander P,H?me T,Tian Y H,Hu J N,Knyazikhin Y and Myneni R B.2004.Evaluation of the MODIS LAI algorithm at a coniferous forest site in Finland.Remote sensing of Environment91(1):114-127[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.007]
Wu X D,Xiao Q,Wen J G,Liu Q,Peng J J and Li X W.2014.Ad vancesin uncertainty analysis for the validation of remote sensing products:take leaf area index for example.Journal of Remote Sensing,18(5):1011-1023(吴小丹,肖青,闻建光,刘强,彭菁菁李小文.2014.遥感数据产品真实性检验不确定性分析研究进展.遥感学报,18(5):1011-1023)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20143332]
Yang F,Sun J L,Zhang B,Yao Z F,Wang Z M,Wang J L and Yue XF.2010.Assessment of MODIS LAI product accuracy based on the PROSAIL model,TM and field measurements.Transaction o the CSAE,26(4):192-197(杨飞,孙九林,张柏,姚作芳,王宗明王卷乐,乐夏芳.2010.基于PROSAIL模型及TM与实测数据的MODISLAI精度评价.农业工程学报,26(4):192-197)
Yang W Z,Tan B,Huang D,Rautiainen M,Shabanov N V,Wang Y JPrivette J L,Huemmrich K F,Fensholt R,Sandholt I,Weiss MAhl DE,Gower ST,Nemani RR,Knyazikhin Y and Myneni RB2006.MODIS leaf area index products:from validation to al gorithm improvement.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Re mote Sensing,44(7):1885-1898[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2006871215]
Zhang RH,Tian J,Li Z L,Su H B,Chen S H and Tang X Z.2010Principles andmethods for the validation of quantitativeremote sensing products.Science China Earth Sciences,53(5):741-751(张仁华,田静,李召良,苏红波,陈少辉.2010.定量遥感产品真实性检验的基础与方法.中国科学:地球科学,40(2):211-222[DOI:10.1007/s11430-010-0021-3]
Zhu X H,Feng X M,Zhao Y S and Song X N.2010.Scale effect and error analysis of crop LAI inversion.Journal of Remote Sensing,14(3):579-592(朱小华,冯晓明,赵英时,宋小宁.2010作物LAI的遥感尺度效应与误差分析.遥感学报,14(3)579-592)
Chen J M and Black T A.1992.Defining leaf area index for non-fla leaves.Plant,Cell and Environment,15(4):421-429[DOI10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb00992.x]
Chen J M,Pavlic G,Brown L,Cihlar J,Leblanc S G,White H P,Hal R J,Peddle D R,King D J,Trofymow J A,Swift E,Van de Sanden J and Pellikka PKE.2002.Derivation and validation o Canada-wide coarse-resolution leaf area index maps using high resolution satellite imagery and ground measurements.Remote Sensing of environment,80(1):165-184[DOI:10.1016/S00344257(01)00300-5]
Fang X Q,Zhang W C and Liu S C.2004.The estimation of LAI in Heihe river basin using remotely sensed data.Remote Sensing fo Land and Resources,(1):27-31(方秀琴,张万昌,刘三超.2004黑河流域叶面积指数的遥感估算.国土资源遥感,(1):27-31)
Garrigues S,Allard D,Baret F and Weiss D.2006.Influence of land scape spatial heterogeneity on the non-linear estimation of lea area index from moderate spatial resolution remote sensing data Remote Sensing of Environment,105(4):286-298[DOI10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.013]
Hu S Y and Zhang W C.2005.A quality assessment of MODIS LAproduct in Heihe and Hanjiang river basins.Remote Sensing In formation,(4):22-27(胡少英,张万昌.2005.黑河及汉江流域MODIS叶面积指数产品质量评价.遥感信息,(4)22-27)
Jin H,Li A N,Bian J H,Lei G B,Tan J B and Xia H M.2014.Valida tion of MODISglobal LAI products in forested terrain//Proceed ings of the 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sens ing Symposium(IGARSS).Quebec City:IEEE:3053-3056[DOI10.1109/IGARSS.2014.6947121]
Li Z W,Tang H,Xin X P,Zhang B H and Wang D L.2014.Assess mentof the MODIS LAI product using ground measurement data and HJ-1A/1B imagery in the meadow steppe of Hulunber,China Remote Sensing,6(7):6242-6265[DOI:10.3390/rs6076242]
Liu L Y.2014.Simulation and correction of spatial scaling effects fo leaf area index.Journal of Remote Sensing,18(6):1158-1168(刘良云.2014.叶面积指数遥感尺度效应与尺度纠正.遥感学报18(6):1158-1168)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20144103]
Morisette J T,Baret F,Privette J L,Myneni R B,Nickeson J E,Gar rigues S,Shabanov N V,Weiss M,Fernandes R A,Leblanc S GKalacska M,Sanchez-Azofeifa G A,Chubey M,Rivard B,Sten berg P,Rautiainen M,Voipio P,Manninen T,Pilant A N,Lewis TE,Iiames J S,Colombo R,Meroni M,Busetto L,Cohen W BTurner D P,Warner E D,Petersen G W,Seufert G and Cook R2006.Validation of global moderate-resolution LAI products:a framework proposed within the CEOS land product validation subgroup.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing44(7):1804-1817[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2006.872529]
Pandya M R,Singh R P,Chauhari K N,Bairagi G D,Sharma R,Dadh wal V K and Parihar J S.2006.Leaf area index retrieval using IRSLISS-III sensor data and validation of the MODIS LAI produc over central India.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,44(7):1858-1865[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2006.876028]
Privette J L,Myneni R B,Knyazikhin Y,Mukelabai M,Roberts GTian Y,Wang Y and Leblanc S G.2002.Early spatial and tempor al validation of MODIS LAI product in the Southern Africa Kala hari.Remote Sensing of Environment,83(1/2):232-243[DOI10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00075-5]
Qu Y H,Wang J D,Dong J and Jiang F B.2012.Design and experi mentof crop structural parameters automatic measurement system Transaction of the CSAE,28(2):160-165(屈永华,王锦地,董健姜富斌.2012.农作物冠层结构参数自动测量系统设计与试验农业工程学报,28(2):160-165)
Qu Y H.2013.LAINet Datasets of Cron at Experiment Station at Huai ai,Hebei Province.Beijing:Beijing Normal University(屈永华2013.河北怀来试验站玉米LAINet观测数据集.北京:北京师范大学)
Qu Y H,Fu L Z,Han W C,Zhu Y Q and Wang J D.2014a.MLAOSamulti-point linear array of optical sensors for coniferous foliage clumping index measurement.Sensors,14(5):9271-9289[DOI10.3390/s140509271]
Qu Y H,Han W C,Fu L Z,Li C R,Song J L,Zhou H M,Bo Y Cand Wang J D.2014b.LAINet-A wireless sensor network fo coniferous forest leaf area index measurement:design,algorithm and validation.Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,108200-208[DOI:10.1016/j.compag.2014.08.003]
Qu Y H,Zhu Y Q,Han W C,Wang J D and Ma M G.2014c.Crop lea farea index observations with a wireless sensor network and its po tential for validating remote sensing products.IEEE Journal of Se lected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing7(2):431-444[DOI:10.1109/JSTARS.2013.2289931]
Ryu Y,Nilson T,Kobayashi H,Sonnentag O,Law B E and Baldocch DD.2010.On the correct estimation of effective leaf area index does it reveal information on clumping effects.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,150(3):463-472[DOI:10.1016/j.agrformet2010.01.009]
Serbin S P,Ahl D E and Gower S T.2013.Spatial and temporal valida tion of the MODIS LAI and FPAR products across a boreal fores wildfire chronosequence.Remote Sensing of Environment,13371-84[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.01.022]
Sun C X,Liu L Y,Guan L L,Jiao Q J and Peng D L.2014.Validation and error analysis ofthe MODIS LAI product in Xilinhot grass land.Journal of Remote Sensing,18(3):518-536(孙晨曦,刘良云,关琳琳,焦全军,彭代亮.2014.锡林浩特草原区域MODISLAI产品真实性检验与误差分析.遥感学报,18(3):518-536[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20143097]
Tian Y H,Woodcock C E,Wang Y J,Privette J L,Shabanov N VZhou L M,Zhang Y,Buermann W,Dong J R,Veikkanen B,H?me T,Andersson K,Ozdogan M,Knyazikhin Y and Myneni R B2002.Multiscale analysis and validation of the MODIS LAproduct:I.Uncertainty assessment.Remote Sensing of Environ ment,83(3):414-430[DOI:10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00047-0]
Wang Y J,Woodcock C E,Buermann W,Stenberg P,Voipio PSmolander P,H?me T,Tian Y H,Hu J N,Knyazikhin Y and Myneni R B.2004.Evaluation of the MODIS LAI algorithm at a coniferous forest site in Finland.Remote sensing of Environment91(1):114-127[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.007]
Wu X D,Xiao Q,Wen J G,Liu Q,Peng J J and Li X W.2014.Ad vancesin uncertainty analysis for the validation of remote sensing products:take leaf area index for example.Journal of Remote Sensing,18(5):1011-1023(吴小丹,肖青,闻建光,刘强,彭菁菁李小文.2014.遥感数据产品真实性检验不确定性分析研究进展.遥感学报,18(5):1011-1023)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20143332]
Yang F,Sun J L,Zhang B,Yao Z F,Wang Z M,Wang J L and Yue XF.2010.Assessment of MODIS LAI product accuracy based on the PROSAIL model,TM and field measurements.Transaction o the CSAE,26(4):192-197(杨飞,孙九林,张柏,姚作芳,王宗明王卷乐,乐夏芳.2010.基于PROSAIL模型及TM与实测数据的MODISLAI精度评价.农业工程学报,26(4):192-197)
Yang W Z,Tan B,Huang D,Rautiainen M,Shabanov N V,Wang Y JPrivette J L,Huemmrich K F,Fensholt R,Sandholt I,Weiss MAhl DE,Gower ST,Nemani RR,Knyazikhin Y and Myneni RB2006.MODIS leaf area index products:from validation to al gorithm improvement.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Re mote Sensing,44(7):1885-1898[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2006871215]
Zhang RH,Tian J,Li Z L,Su H B,Chen S H and Tang X Z.2010Principles andmethods for the validation of quantitativeremote sensing products.Science China Earth Sciences,53(5):741-751(张仁华,田静,李召良,苏红波,陈少辉.2010.定量遥感产品真实性检验的基础与方法.中国科学:地球科学,40(2):211-222[DOI:10.1007/s11430-010-0021-3]
Zhu X H,Feng X M,Zhao Y S and Song X N.2010.Scale effect and error analysis of crop LAI inversion.Journal of Remote Sensing,14(3):579-592(朱小华,冯晓明,赵英时,宋小宁.2010作物LAI的遥感尺度效应与误差分析.遥感学报,14(3)579-592)