云杉-白桦混交林结构特征分析
|
摘要
【目的】合理描述森林结构特征可为森林经营管理提供有效的指导。本文对长白山云杉-白桦混交林的结构特征进行研究,可为林分结构的优化调整提供参考。【方法】以云杉-白桦混交林为研究对象,研究区位于吉林省汪清县金沟岭林场。设置两块立地条件基本一致的云杉-白桦混交林样地(面积均为60 m×60 m),应用空间结构参数混交度、角尺度和大小比,建立空间结构参数的三元分布,描述整个林分和林分内云杉、白桦树种的空间结构特征。【结果】(1)林分中的云杉和白桦树种株数分布主要集中在6、8和10 cm径阶,林分密度较大。(2)随混交度的升高林木株数先增加后减少,林分整体处于中度混交状态,即绝大多数林木相邻4株树中有2株树为同种;随角尺度的升高林木株数先增加后减少,有1/2以上的林木处于随机分布,且处于随机分布状态的林木大多数为中度混交状态;不同优势度等级上,林木株数分布大致相同,优势木株数稍高于劣势木株数。林分在结构参数组合为中度混交、随机分布、亚优势状态时,株数分布最多。(3)云杉树种,在样地1中结构参数组合为中度混交、随机分布、亚优势状态时林木分布较多;在样地2中结构参数组合为零度混交、随机分布、优势状态的林木分布较多。(4)白桦树种,在样地1中结构参数组合为中度混交、随机分布、优势和亚优势状态时株数分布最多;在样地2中结构参数组合为中度混交、随机分布、劣势状态的株数分布最多。(5)林分中云杉树种的优势度整体高于白桦。【结论】结构参数的三元分布可以同时表达林木的混交度、角尺度和大小比数,蕴含着丰富的信息,可为云杉-白桦混交林的结构优化调整提供重要的参考信息。
[Objective] A reasonable description of the structure characteristics of forests can provide effective guidance for the forest management. The structural characteristics of Picea asperata-Betula platyphylla mixed forests in Changbai Mountain in northeastern China were studied to provide reference for the optimization and adjustment of the stand structure. [Method] In order to explore the structure characteristics of Picea asperata-Betula platyphylla mixed forests,two plots of Picea asperata-Betulaplatyphylla mixed forests were set in Jingouling Forest Farm in Wangqing County of Jilin Province,northeastern China. The spatial structure of the stand and individual levels was analyzed using a trivariate distribution of three commonly used diversity indices,i. e. mingling( M),uniform angle index( W),dominance( U). [Result] The results indicated that:( 1) the trees number distribution of Picea asperata and Betula platyphylla was mainly concentrated in 6,8 and 10 cm diameter steps. The stand density of two plots was high.( 2) With the increase of mingling,the number of trees increased first and then decreased,the vast majority of individual trees were surrounded by two other species among their nearest four neighbors; with the increase of uniform angle index,the number of trees increased first and then decreased. More than half of the trees in the two sample plots were in a random pattern,in which most trees were surrounded by two other species. With the increase of dominance,the number of trees was about the same. The number of dominant trees was slightly higher than the number of disadvantaged trees in two plots. When the structural parameters were combined into moderate mixed, random distribution and sub-dominant state,the number of trees was the largest.( 3) In the first sample plot,when the structural parameters were combined into moderate mixed, random distribution and subdominant state,the number of spruce was largest. In the second sample plot,when the structural parameters were combined into zero degree mixed,random distribution,and dominant state,the number of spruce was largest.( 4) When the structural parameters were combined into moderate mixed,random distribution,dominant and sub-dominant states,the number of birch was the largest in the first sample plot. When the structural parameters were combined into moderate mixed,random distribution,and inferior state,the number of birch was the largest in the second sample plot.( 5) The advantage degree of spruce tree species in the stand was higher than birch. [Conclusion] The trivariate distribution of structural parameters can simultaneously express the mingling,uniform angle index,dominance,and contains rich information,which can provide important reference information for structural optimization and adjustment of Picea asperata-Betula platyphylla mixed forests.
[Objective] A reasonable description of the structure characteristics of forests can provide effective guidance for the forest management. The structural characteristics of Picea asperata-Betula platyphylla mixed forests in Changbai Mountain in northeastern China were studied to provide reference for the optimization and adjustment of the stand structure. [Method] In order to explore the structure characteristics of Picea asperata-Betula platyphylla mixed forests,two plots of Picea asperata-Betulaplatyphylla mixed forests were set in Jingouling Forest Farm in Wangqing County of Jilin Province,northeastern China. The spatial structure of the stand and individual levels was analyzed using a trivariate distribution of three commonly used diversity indices,i. e. mingling( M),uniform angle index( W),dominance( U). [Result] The results indicated that:( 1) the trees number distribution of Picea asperata and Betula platyphylla was mainly concentrated in 6,8 and 10 cm diameter steps. The stand density of two plots was high.( 2) With the increase of mingling,the number of trees increased first and then decreased,the vast majority of individual trees were surrounded by two other species among their nearest four neighbors; with the increase of uniform angle index,the number of trees increased first and then decreased. More than half of the trees in the two sample plots were in a random pattern,in which most trees were surrounded by two other species. With the increase of dominance,the number of trees was about the same. The number of dominant trees was slightly higher than the number of disadvantaged trees in two plots. When the structural parameters were combined into moderate mixed, random distribution and sub-dominant state,the number of trees was the largest.( 3) In the first sample plot,when the structural parameters were combined into moderate mixed, random distribution and subdominant state,the number of spruce was largest. In the second sample plot,when the structural parameters were combined into zero degree mixed,random distribution,and dominant state,the number of spruce was largest.( 4) When the structural parameters were combined into moderate mixed,random distribution,dominant and sub-dominant states,the number of birch was the largest in the first sample plot. When the structural parameters were combined into moderate mixed,random distribution,and inferior state,the number of birch was the largest in the second sample plot.( 5) The advantage degree of spruce tree species in the stand was higher than birch. [Conclusion] The trivariate distribution of structural parameters can simultaneously express the mingling,uniform angle index,dominance,and contains rich information,which can provide important reference information for structural optimization and adjustment of Picea asperata-Betula platyphylla mixed forests.
引文
[1]惠刚盈.基于相邻木关系的林分空间结构参数应用研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2013,35(4):1-9.Hui G Y. Studies on the application of stand spatial structure parameters based on the relationship of neighborhood trees[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2013,35(4):1--9.
[2]陈亚南.落叶松云冷杉林空间结构多样性及择伐模型的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.Chen Y N. Study on spatial structure diversity and selective cutting decision model of larch-spruce-fir stands[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2016.
[3]陈亚南,杨华,马士友,等.长白山2种针阔混交林空间结构多样性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(12):48--58.Chen Y N,Yang H,Ma S Y,et al. Spatial structure diversity of semi-natural and plantation stands of Larix gmelini in Changbai Mountains,northeastern China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2015,37(12):48-58
[4]彭辉,周红敏,王宏翔,等. BCI 50 hm2森林大样地2010年活立木空间结构分析[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(6):895-901.Peng H,Zhou H M,Wang H X,et al. Research on spatial structure of 50 hm2forest plot at Barro Colorado Island in 2010[J]. Forest Research,2017,30(6):895-901.
[5]张连金,赖光辉,封焕英,等.京西油松生态公益林空间结构评价[J].生态学杂志,2018,37(5):1316--1325.Zhang L J,Lai G H,Feng H Y,et al. Evaluation of the stand spatial structure of Pinus tabuliformis ecological forest in West Beijing[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2018,37(5):1316-1325.
[6]杨华,李艳丽,沈林,等.长白山云冷杉针阔混交林主要树种空间分布及其关联性[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4698-4706.Yang H,Li Y L,Shen L,et al. Spatial distributions and associations of main tree species in a spruce-fir forest in the Changbai Mountains area in northeastern China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(16):4698-4706.
[7]李际平,封尧,赵春燕,等.基于Voronoi图的杉木生态公益林空间结构量化分析[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(4):1--7.Li J P,Feng Y,Zhao C Y,et al. Quantitative analysis of stand spatial structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata non-commercial forest based on Voronoi diagram[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2014,36(4):1--7.
[8]汤孟平,周国模,陈永刚,等.基于Voronoi图的天目山常绿阔叶林混交度[J].林业科学,2009,45(6):1--5.Tang M P,Zhou G M,Chen Y G,et al. Mingling of evergreen broad-leaved forests in Tianmu Mountain based on Voronoi diagram[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinica,2009,45(6):1-5.
[9]李际平,房晓娜,封尧,等.基于加权Voronoi图的林木竞争指数[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(3):61--68.Li J P,Fang X N,Feng Y,et al. Tree competition indexes based on weighted Voronoi diagram[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2015,37(3):61--68.
[10]赵中华,惠刚盈,胡艳波,等.基于大小比数的林分空间优势度表达方法及其应用[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(1):78-82.Zhao Z H,Hui G Y,Hu Y B,et al. Method and application of stand spatial advantage degree based on the neighborhood comparison[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2014,36(1):78--82.
[11]赵中华,惠刚盈,胡艳波,等.角尺度判断林木水平分布格局的新方法[J].林业科学,2016,52(2):10-16.Zhao Z H,Hui G Y,Hu Y B,et al. The new method judged horizontal distribution pattern by uniform angle index[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinica,2016,52(2):10-16.
[12]赵春燕,李际平,封尧,等.考虑k阶邻近林木的混交度[J].林业科学,2015,51(4):89--95.Zhao C Y,Li J P,Feng Y,et al. Mingling of considering k-order adjacent trees[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinica,2015,51(4):89-95.
[13]曹小玉,李际平,胡园杰,等.杉木生态林林分间伐空间结构优化模型[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(4):1134--1141.Chao X Y,Li J P,Hu Y J. et al. Spatial structure optimizing model of stand thinning of Cunninghamia lanceolata ecological forest[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(4):1134-1141.
[14]黎芳,潘萍,臧颢,等.赣南马尾松林分多功能经营空间结构优化模型研究[J].西南林业大学学报(自然科学),2017,37(6):141--147.Li F,Pan P,Zang H,et al. Spatial structure optimizing model of Pinus massoniana stand based on multi-function management in southern Jiangxi[J]. Journal of Southwest Forestry University(Natural Sciences),2017,37(6):141-147.
[15]宋放.将乐林场杉木人工林空间结构及其优化模型研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.Song F. Spatial structure and optimization models of Cunninghamia lanceolata in Jiangle Forestry Farm[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2016.
[16]吕忠爽,刘兆刚,董灵波,等.基于综合采伐指数的帽儿山阔叶混交林结构优化模拟[J].东北林业大学学报,2018,46(4):12-17,22.LüZ S,Liu Z G,Dong L B,et al. Simulation of mixed forest structure optimization with comprehensive cutting index in Maoer Mountain[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2018,46(4):12-17,22.
[17]惠刚盈,Von Gadow K,Albert M.一个新的林分空间结构参数:大小比数[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(1):4-9.Hui G Y,Von Gadow K,Albert M. A new parameter for stand spatial structure neighbourhood comparison[J]. Forest Research,1999,12(1):4--9.
[18]惠刚盈,李丽,赵中华,等.林木空间分布格局分析方法[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4717--4728.Hui G Y,Li L,Zhao Z H,et al. The comparison of methods in analysis of the trees patial distribution pattern[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(11):4717--4728.
[19]李建,彭鹏,何怀江,等.采伐对吉林蛟河针阔混交林空间结构的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):48-57.Li J,Peng P,He H J,et al. Effects of thinning intensity on spatial structure of multi-species temperate forest at Jiaohe in Jilin Province,northeastern China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(9):48--57.
[20]巫志龙,周成军,周新年,等.杉阔混交人工林林分空间结构分析[J].林业科学研究,2013,26(5):609-615.Wu Z L,Zhou C J,Zhou X N,et al. Analysis of stand spatial structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata-broadleaved mixed plantation[J]. Forest Research,2013,26(5):609-615.
[21]吕延杰,杨华,张青,等.云冷杉天然林林分空间结构对胸径生长量的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):41--47.LüY J,Yang H,Zhang Q,et al. Effects of spatial structure on DBH increment of natural spruce-fir forest[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(9):41--47.
[22]董灵波,刘兆刚,李凤日,等.大兴安岭主要森林类型林分空间结构及最优树种组成[J].林业科学研究,2014,27(6):734--740.Dong L B,Liu Z G,Li F R,et al. Quantitative analysis of forest spatial structure and optimal species composition for the main forest types in Daxing'anling,Northeast China[J]. Forest Research,2014,27(6):734-740.
[23]李远发.林分空间结构参数二元分布的研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2013.Li Y F. The bivariate distribution of forest stand spatial structural parameters[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2013.
[24] Li Y F, Hui G Y, Zhao Z H,et al. Spatial structural characteristics of three hardwood species in Korean pine broadleaved forest:validating the bivariate distribution of structural parameters from the point of tree population[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2014,314:17-25.
[25] Li Y F,Ye S M,Hui G Y,et al. Spatial structure of timber harvested according to structure-based forest management[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,322:106--116.
[26]陈婷婷,徐辉,杨青,等.武夷山常绿阔叶林空间结构参数分布特征[J].生态学报,2018,38(5):1817--1825.Chen T T,Xu H,Yang Q,et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of an evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Wuyi Mountains,Fujian Province,southeastern China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(5):1817-1825.
[27]张岗岗,王得祥,柴宗政,等.小陇山2种典型天然林空间结构参数分布特征[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(4):531--537.Zhang G G,Wang D X,Chai Z Z,et al. Distribution characteristics of two typical natural forest spatial structure parameters in Xiaolongshan[J]. Forest Research,2015,28(4):531--537.
[28]张连金,胡艳波,赵中华,等.北京九龙山侧柏人工林空间结构多样性[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(1):60-69.Zhang L J,Hu Y B,Zhao Z H,et al. Spatial structure diversity of Platycladus orientalis plantation in Beijing Jiulong Mountain[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(1):60-69.
[29]白超.空间结构参数及其在锐齿栎天然林结构动态分析中的应用[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2016.Bai C. Spatial structure parameters and the application on studying structure dynamics of natural Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata forest[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2016.
[30]惠刚盈,胡艳波,赵中华.结构化森林经营研究进展[J].林业科学研究,2018,31(1):85-93.Hui G Y,Hu Y B,Zhao Z H. Research progress of structure-based forest management[J]. Forest Research,2018,31(1):85-93.
[31]惠刚盈,胡艳波.混交林树种空间隔离程度表达方式的研究[J].林业科学研究,2001,14(1):23--27.Hui G Y,Hu Y B. Measuring species spatial isolation in mixed forests[J]. Forest Research,2001,14(1):23--27.
[32]惠刚盈.角尺度:一个描述林木个体分布格局的结构参数[J].林业科学,1999,35(1):39-44.Hui G Y. The neighbourhood pattern:a new structure parameter for describing distribution of forest tree position[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinica,1999,35(1):39-44.
[33]惠刚盈,Von Gadow K,胡艳波,等.结构化森林经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007.Hui G Y,Von Gadow K,Hu Y B,et al. Structure-based forest management[M]. Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2007.
[2]陈亚南.落叶松云冷杉林空间结构多样性及择伐模型的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.Chen Y N. Study on spatial structure diversity and selective cutting decision model of larch-spruce-fir stands[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2016.
[3]陈亚南,杨华,马士友,等.长白山2种针阔混交林空间结构多样性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(12):48--58.Chen Y N,Yang H,Ma S Y,et al. Spatial structure diversity of semi-natural and plantation stands of Larix gmelini in Changbai Mountains,northeastern China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2015,37(12):48-58
[4]彭辉,周红敏,王宏翔,等. BCI 50 hm2森林大样地2010年活立木空间结构分析[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(6):895-901.Peng H,Zhou H M,Wang H X,et al. Research on spatial structure of 50 hm2forest plot at Barro Colorado Island in 2010[J]. Forest Research,2017,30(6):895-901.
[5]张连金,赖光辉,封焕英,等.京西油松生态公益林空间结构评价[J].生态学杂志,2018,37(5):1316--1325.Zhang L J,Lai G H,Feng H Y,et al. Evaluation of the stand spatial structure of Pinus tabuliformis ecological forest in West Beijing[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2018,37(5):1316-1325.
[6]杨华,李艳丽,沈林,等.长白山云冷杉针阔混交林主要树种空间分布及其关联性[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4698-4706.Yang H,Li Y L,Shen L,et al. Spatial distributions and associations of main tree species in a spruce-fir forest in the Changbai Mountains area in northeastern China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(16):4698-4706.
[7]李际平,封尧,赵春燕,等.基于Voronoi图的杉木生态公益林空间结构量化分析[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(4):1--7.Li J P,Feng Y,Zhao C Y,et al. Quantitative analysis of stand spatial structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata non-commercial forest based on Voronoi diagram[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2014,36(4):1--7.
[8]汤孟平,周国模,陈永刚,等.基于Voronoi图的天目山常绿阔叶林混交度[J].林业科学,2009,45(6):1--5.Tang M P,Zhou G M,Chen Y G,et al. Mingling of evergreen broad-leaved forests in Tianmu Mountain based on Voronoi diagram[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinica,2009,45(6):1-5.
[9]李际平,房晓娜,封尧,等.基于加权Voronoi图的林木竞争指数[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(3):61--68.Li J P,Fang X N,Feng Y,et al. Tree competition indexes based on weighted Voronoi diagram[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2015,37(3):61--68.
[10]赵中华,惠刚盈,胡艳波,等.基于大小比数的林分空间优势度表达方法及其应用[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(1):78-82.Zhao Z H,Hui G Y,Hu Y B,et al. Method and application of stand spatial advantage degree based on the neighborhood comparison[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2014,36(1):78--82.
[11]赵中华,惠刚盈,胡艳波,等.角尺度判断林木水平分布格局的新方法[J].林业科学,2016,52(2):10-16.Zhao Z H,Hui G Y,Hu Y B,et al. The new method judged horizontal distribution pattern by uniform angle index[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinica,2016,52(2):10-16.
[12]赵春燕,李际平,封尧,等.考虑k阶邻近林木的混交度[J].林业科学,2015,51(4):89--95.Zhao C Y,Li J P,Feng Y,et al. Mingling of considering k-order adjacent trees[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinica,2015,51(4):89-95.
[13]曹小玉,李际平,胡园杰,等.杉木生态林林分间伐空间结构优化模型[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(4):1134--1141.Chao X Y,Li J P,Hu Y J. et al. Spatial structure optimizing model of stand thinning of Cunninghamia lanceolata ecological forest[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(4):1134-1141.
[14]黎芳,潘萍,臧颢,等.赣南马尾松林分多功能经营空间结构优化模型研究[J].西南林业大学学报(自然科学),2017,37(6):141--147.Li F,Pan P,Zang H,et al. Spatial structure optimizing model of Pinus massoniana stand based on multi-function management in southern Jiangxi[J]. Journal of Southwest Forestry University(Natural Sciences),2017,37(6):141-147.
[15]宋放.将乐林场杉木人工林空间结构及其优化模型研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.Song F. Spatial structure and optimization models of Cunninghamia lanceolata in Jiangle Forestry Farm[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2016.
[16]吕忠爽,刘兆刚,董灵波,等.基于综合采伐指数的帽儿山阔叶混交林结构优化模拟[J].东北林业大学学报,2018,46(4):12-17,22.LüZ S,Liu Z G,Dong L B,et al. Simulation of mixed forest structure optimization with comprehensive cutting index in Maoer Mountain[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2018,46(4):12-17,22.
[17]惠刚盈,Von Gadow K,Albert M.一个新的林分空间结构参数:大小比数[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(1):4-9.Hui G Y,Von Gadow K,Albert M. A new parameter for stand spatial structure neighbourhood comparison[J]. Forest Research,1999,12(1):4--9.
[18]惠刚盈,李丽,赵中华,等.林木空间分布格局分析方法[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4717--4728.Hui G Y,Li L,Zhao Z H,et al. The comparison of methods in analysis of the trees patial distribution pattern[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(11):4717--4728.
[19]李建,彭鹏,何怀江,等.采伐对吉林蛟河针阔混交林空间结构的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):48-57.Li J,Peng P,He H J,et al. Effects of thinning intensity on spatial structure of multi-species temperate forest at Jiaohe in Jilin Province,northeastern China[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(9):48--57.
[20]巫志龙,周成军,周新年,等.杉阔混交人工林林分空间结构分析[J].林业科学研究,2013,26(5):609-615.Wu Z L,Zhou C J,Zhou X N,et al. Analysis of stand spatial structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata-broadleaved mixed plantation[J]. Forest Research,2013,26(5):609-615.
[21]吕延杰,杨华,张青,等.云冷杉天然林林分空间结构对胸径生长量的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):41--47.LüY J,Yang H,Zhang Q,et al. Effects of spatial structure on DBH increment of natural spruce-fir forest[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(9):41--47.
[22]董灵波,刘兆刚,李凤日,等.大兴安岭主要森林类型林分空间结构及最优树种组成[J].林业科学研究,2014,27(6):734--740.Dong L B,Liu Z G,Li F R,et al. Quantitative analysis of forest spatial structure and optimal species composition for the main forest types in Daxing'anling,Northeast China[J]. Forest Research,2014,27(6):734-740.
[23]李远发.林分空间结构参数二元分布的研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2013.Li Y F. The bivariate distribution of forest stand spatial structural parameters[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2013.
[24] Li Y F, Hui G Y, Zhao Z H,et al. Spatial structural characteristics of three hardwood species in Korean pine broadleaved forest:validating the bivariate distribution of structural parameters from the point of tree population[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2014,314:17-25.
[25] Li Y F,Ye S M,Hui G Y,et al. Spatial structure of timber harvested according to structure-based forest management[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,322:106--116.
[26]陈婷婷,徐辉,杨青,等.武夷山常绿阔叶林空间结构参数分布特征[J].生态学报,2018,38(5):1817--1825.Chen T T,Xu H,Yang Q,et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of an evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Wuyi Mountains,Fujian Province,southeastern China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(5):1817-1825.
[27]张岗岗,王得祥,柴宗政,等.小陇山2种典型天然林空间结构参数分布特征[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(4):531--537.Zhang G G,Wang D X,Chai Z Z,et al. Distribution characteristics of two typical natural forest spatial structure parameters in Xiaolongshan[J]. Forest Research,2015,28(4):531--537.
[28]张连金,胡艳波,赵中华,等.北京九龙山侧柏人工林空间结构多样性[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(1):60-69.Zhang L J,Hu Y B,Zhao Z H,et al. Spatial structure diversity of Platycladus orientalis plantation in Beijing Jiulong Mountain[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(1):60-69.
[29]白超.空间结构参数及其在锐齿栎天然林结构动态分析中的应用[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2016.Bai C. Spatial structure parameters and the application on studying structure dynamics of natural Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata forest[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2016.
[30]惠刚盈,胡艳波,赵中华.结构化森林经营研究进展[J].林业科学研究,2018,31(1):85-93.Hui G Y,Hu Y B,Zhao Z H. Research progress of structure-based forest management[J]. Forest Research,2018,31(1):85-93.
[31]惠刚盈,胡艳波.混交林树种空间隔离程度表达方式的研究[J].林业科学研究,2001,14(1):23--27.Hui G Y,Hu Y B. Measuring species spatial isolation in mixed forests[J]. Forest Research,2001,14(1):23--27.
[32]惠刚盈.角尺度:一个描述林木个体分布格局的结构参数[J].林业科学,1999,35(1):39-44.Hui G Y. The neighbourhood pattern:a new structure parameter for describing distribution of forest tree position[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinica,1999,35(1):39-44.
[33]惠刚盈,Von Gadow K,胡艳波,等.结构化森林经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007.Hui G Y,Von Gadow K,Hu Y B,et al. Structure-based forest management[M]. Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2007.