1993—2016年我国职业中毒现状分析及防治对策
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摘要
为了全面了解我国职业中毒现状,进而制定更有针对性的防治对策,通过对1993—2016年国家卫生部公布的全国职业病数据进行统计分析,深入探讨我国职业中毒的发生状况及规律。分析结果显示:中国患职业病人数居高不下,呈波动上升趋势,2016年达31 789例;每年职业中毒病例占据职业病例3.7%~34.1%,是除尘肺病外发生次数最多的职业病;急性职业中毒病例在每年职业中毒病例中占据比例较小,而慢性职业中毒病例较多;引起急性职业中毒的化学品主要是CO和H2S,主要发病行业为化工、冶金、有色金属、轻工和煤炭等,而化工行业发病频率最高;铅及其化合物、苯以及三硝基甲苯是引起慢性职业中毒的主要危险化学品,发病主要集中在有色金属、冶金、机械和电子等行业。在以上分析结果基础上,建议监督管理部门加强对相关行业的监管,督促落实职业中毒防治措施,开展安全教育与培训,增强劳动者职业中毒的防范意识。
In order to fully understand the current situation of occupational poisoning in China,thus formulate the more targeted prevention and control countermeasures,the statistical analysis was carried out on the data of national occupational diseases released by the Ministry of Health of China from 1993 to 2016,and the occurrence status and laws of occupational poisoning in China were discussed deeply. The results showed that the number of people with the occupational diseases in China stayed at a high level and presented the trend of fluctuation rise,which reached 31789 in 2016. The cases of occupational poisoning accounted for 3. 7% ~ 34. 1% of the total cases of occupational diseases every year,and it was the occupational disease with the most frequency except the pneumoconiosis. The proportion of acute occupational poisoning was less in the annual occupational poisoning cases,while that of chronic occupational poisoning was more. The acute occupational poisoning was mainly caused by the chemical exposure such as CO and H2 S,and the major incidence industries included the chemical,township enterprises,light and coal industries,while the incidence frequency of the chemical industry was the largest.The lead and its compounds,benzene and trinitrotoluene were the main dangerous chemicals causing the chronic occupational poisoning,and the incidence mainly concentrated on the nonferrous metals,metallurgy,mechanical and electronic industries. On the basis of the above analysis results,it was suggested that the supervision and administration departments should strengthen the supervision on the related industries,supervise the implementation of the prevention and control measures of occupational poisoning,conduct the safety training and education,and enhance the prevention awareness of occupational poisoning for the workers.
In order to fully understand the current situation of occupational poisoning in China,thus formulate the more targeted prevention and control countermeasures,the statistical analysis was carried out on the data of national occupational diseases released by the Ministry of Health of China from 1993 to 2016,and the occurrence status and laws of occupational poisoning in China were discussed deeply. The results showed that the number of people with the occupational diseases in China stayed at a high level and presented the trend of fluctuation rise,which reached 31789 in 2016. The cases of occupational poisoning accounted for 3. 7% ~ 34. 1% of the total cases of occupational diseases every year,and it was the occupational disease with the most frequency except the pneumoconiosis. The proportion of acute occupational poisoning was less in the annual occupational poisoning cases,while that of chronic occupational poisoning was more. The acute occupational poisoning was mainly caused by the chemical exposure such as CO and H2 S,and the major incidence industries included the chemical,township enterprises,light and coal industries,while the incidence frequency of the chemical industry was the largest.The lead and its compounds,benzene and trinitrotoluene were the main dangerous chemicals causing the chronic occupational poisoning,and the incidence mainly concentrated on the nonferrous metals,metallurgy,mechanical and electronic industries. On the basis of the above analysis results,it was suggested that the supervision and administration departments should strengthen the supervision on the related industries,supervise the implementation of the prevention and control measures of occupational poisoning,conduct the safety training and education,and enhance the prevention awareness of occupational poisoning for the workers.
引文
[1]陈曙旸.1993年全国劳动卫生职业病报告发病情况[J].疾病监测,1994,9(7):193-194.CHEN Shuyang.The national occupational disease report on occupational diseases in 1993[J].Disease Surveillance,1994,9(7):193-194.
[2]高耘.1994年全国劳动卫生职业病报告发病情况分析[J].疾病监测,1995(4):109.GAO Yun.The analysis of national occupational disease report on occupational diseases in 1994[J].Disease Surveillance,1995(4):109.
[3]陈曙旸,王鸿飞,高耘.1995年全国劳动卫生职业病报告发病情况分析[J].疾病监测,1996(4):143.CHEN Shuyang,WANG Hongfei,GAO Yun.The analysis of national occupational disease report on occupational diseases in 1995[J].Disease Surveillance,1996(4):143.
[4]陈曙旸,王鸿飞.1996年全国劳动卫生职业病报告发病情况分析[J].中国卫生监督杂志,1997(4):164-165.CHEN Shuyang,WANG Hongfei.The analysis of national occupational disease report on occupational diseases in 1996[J].Chinese Journal of Health Inspection,1997(4):164-165.
[5]陈曙旸,王鸿飞.1997年全国劳动卫生监督监测、职业病报告发病状况[J].中国卫生监督杂志,1998(3):113-115.CHEN Shuyang,WANG Hongfei.The status of the national labor health supervision and monitoring and the occupational disease report in 1997[J].Chinese Journal of Health Inspection,1998(3):113-115.
[6]1998年全国各类职业病的病种(类)分布[J].中国卫生统计,1999(5):28.Kinds of occupational diseases in China in 1998[J].Chinese Journal of Health Statistics,1999(5):28.
[7]2001年全国职业病发病情况通报[J].劳动保护,2002(5):43.The report of the national occupational diseases in 2001[J].labour protection,2002(5):43.
[8]王鸿飞.2002年全国职业病报告发病情况分析[J].中国职业医学,2006,33(1):46-47.WANG Hongfei.Analysis on the occupational diseases reported in China,2002[J].China Occupational Medicine,2006,33(1):46-47.
[9]尹萸,陈曙旸,王鸿飞.2003年全国劳动卫生监督监测和职业病报告发病状况[J].中国卫生监督杂志,2005,12(4):276-278.YIN Yu,CHEN Shuyang,WANG Hongfei.The status of the national labor health supervision and monitoring and the occupational disease report in 2003[J].Chinese Journal of Health Inspection,2005,12(4):276-278.
[10]裴雪松,尹萸,金连梅,等.2004—2009年全国急性职业中毒事件分析[J].疾病监测,2010,25(6):499-501,508.PEI Xuesong,YIN Yu,JIN Lianmei,et al.The analysis of the national acute occupational poisoning accidents from 2004 to 2009[J].Disease Surveillance,2010,25(6):499-501,508.
[11]徐桂芹.2000-2009年全国职业中毒状况规律分析和对策探讨[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2011,7(5):96-100.XU Guiqin.Analysis and control proposal of occupational poisoning from 2000 to 2009 in China[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2011,7(5):96-100.
[12]张兴,吉俊敏,张正东.2007-2012年全国职业病发病情况及趋势分析[J].职业与健康,2014,30(22):3187-3189.ZHANG Xing,JI Junmin,ZHANG Zhengdong.Analysis on epidemiological characteristics and trends of occupational diseases in China from 2007 to 2012[J].Occupation and Health,2014,30(22):3187-3189.
[13]樊晶光,王海椒,李晗.我国职业中毒现状及防治建议[J].伤害医学(电子版),2017,6(2):1-4.FAN Jingguang,WANG Haijiao,LI Han.Current status and proposal of preventing and controlling occupational poisoning in China[J].Injury Medicine,2017,6(2):1-4.
[14]杨小兵,房鹤,袁晓华,等.呼吸器标准中的泄漏率与实验室呼吸防护水平[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2012,8(5):58-63.YANG Xiaobing,FANG He,YUAN Xiaohua,et al.A brief review of inward leakage and laboratory respirator protection level in respirator standards[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2012,8(5):58-63.
[15]丁洁瑾,孙宝林,郝鹏鹏,等.我国职业中毒的现状分析及防治对策[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2008,4(1):63-66.DING Jiejin,SUN Baolin,HAO Pengpeng,et al.Status analysis and control proposal of occupational poisoning in China[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2008,4(1):63-66.
[2]高耘.1994年全国劳动卫生职业病报告发病情况分析[J].疾病监测,1995(4):109.GAO Yun.The analysis of national occupational disease report on occupational diseases in 1994[J].Disease Surveillance,1995(4):109.
[3]陈曙旸,王鸿飞,高耘.1995年全国劳动卫生职业病报告发病情况分析[J].疾病监测,1996(4):143.CHEN Shuyang,WANG Hongfei,GAO Yun.The analysis of national occupational disease report on occupational diseases in 1995[J].Disease Surveillance,1996(4):143.
[4]陈曙旸,王鸿飞.1996年全国劳动卫生职业病报告发病情况分析[J].中国卫生监督杂志,1997(4):164-165.CHEN Shuyang,WANG Hongfei.The analysis of national occupational disease report on occupational diseases in 1996[J].Chinese Journal of Health Inspection,1997(4):164-165.
[5]陈曙旸,王鸿飞.1997年全国劳动卫生监督监测、职业病报告发病状况[J].中国卫生监督杂志,1998(3):113-115.CHEN Shuyang,WANG Hongfei.The status of the national labor health supervision and monitoring and the occupational disease report in 1997[J].Chinese Journal of Health Inspection,1998(3):113-115.
[6]1998年全国各类职业病的病种(类)分布[J].中国卫生统计,1999(5):28.Kinds of occupational diseases in China in 1998[J].Chinese Journal of Health Statistics,1999(5):28.
[7]2001年全国职业病发病情况通报[J].劳动保护,2002(5):43.The report of the national occupational diseases in 2001[J].labour protection,2002(5):43.
[8]王鸿飞.2002年全国职业病报告发病情况分析[J].中国职业医学,2006,33(1):46-47.WANG Hongfei.Analysis on the occupational diseases reported in China,2002[J].China Occupational Medicine,2006,33(1):46-47.
[9]尹萸,陈曙旸,王鸿飞.2003年全国劳动卫生监督监测和职业病报告发病状况[J].中国卫生监督杂志,2005,12(4):276-278.YIN Yu,CHEN Shuyang,WANG Hongfei.The status of the national labor health supervision and monitoring and the occupational disease report in 2003[J].Chinese Journal of Health Inspection,2005,12(4):276-278.
[10]裴雪松,尹萸,金连梅,等.2004—2009年全国急性职业中毒事件分析[J].疾病监测,2010,25(6):499-501,508.PEI Xuesong,YIN Yu,JIN Lianmei,et al.The analysis of the national acute occupational poisoning accidents from 2004 to 2009[J].Disease Surveillance,2010,25(6):499-501,508.
[11]徐桂芹.2000-2009年全国职业中毒状况规律分析和对策探讨[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2011,7(5):96-100.XU Guiqin.Analysis and control proposal of occupational poisoning from 2000 to 2009 in China[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2011,7(5):96-100.
[12]张兴,吉俊敏,张正东.2007-2012年全国职业病发病情况及趋势分析[J].职业与健康,2014,30(22):3187-3189.ZHANG Xing,JI Junmin,ZHANG Zhengdong.Analysis on epidemiological characteristics and trends of occupational diseases in China from 2007 to 2012[J].Occupation and Health,2014,30(22):3187-3189.
[13]樊晶光,王海椒,李晗.我国职业中毒现状及防治建议[J].伤害医学(电子版),2017,6(2):1-4.FAN Jingguang,WANG Haijiao,LI Han.Current status and proposal of preventing and controlling occupational poisoning in China[J].Injury Medicine,2017,6(2):1-4.
[14]杨小兵,房鹤,袁晓华,等.呼吸器标准中的泄漏率与实验室呼吸防护水平[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2012,8(5):58-63.YANG Xiaobing,FANG He,YUAN Xiaohua,et al.A brief review of inward leakage and laboratory respirator protection level in respirator standards[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2012,8(5):58-63.
[15]丁洁瑾,孙宝林,郝鹏鹏,等.我国职业中毒的现状分析及防治对策[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2008,4(1):63-66.DING Jiejin,SUN Baolin,HAO Pengpeng,et al.Status analysis and control proposal of occupational poisoning in China[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2008,4(1):63-66.