连作障碍消减措施对棉花产量形成和化感自毒作用的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究新疆塔里木盆地棉花在不同连作障碍消减措施下的化感自毒效应和评价方式。【方法】采用田间小区试验,研究不同消减措施对塔里木盆地棉花土壤养分净变化、植株生长、产量、种子发芽的化感自毒效应。【结果】不同的消减措施对棉花各项指标和化感综合指数有显著差异;CRI处理后土壤中碱解氮净变值最小,CRR处理后土壤速效磷减少量最大,而速效钾则是RIM处理下减少量最大,不论是0～20 cm土层还是20～40 cm土层均是如此; RIM和CM对棉花株高、果枝台数、籽棉产量都具有显著的促进作用,RIM对棉花单铃重具有显著的促进作用,微生物肥料在其中起到了重要的作用;碱解氮的净变值与棉花籽棉产量之间呈负相关关系,而速效磷和速效钾的净变值则与棉花籽棉产量呈负相关关系,其中二次多项式达到显著或极显著水平;将选择的各指标按公式进行RIs计算和比较,发现各消减措施都能表现出一定的化感促进作用,其中以RIM处理(棉花-油菜间作+微生物肥料)下的RIs最大,化感促进作用最强,而不同浸提浓度下则以1:10表现的最佳,RIs均为正值且化感综合指数最大。【结论】生产中采用棉花-油菜间作+微生物肥料是减轻棉花连作障碍有效和可行的方法。
【Objective】 To explore the cotton allelopathic autotoxicity effects and evaluation methods under different continuous cropping obstacle abatement measures in Tarim Basin, China.【Method】 The field plot tests were adopted and four measures, continuous cropping with microbial fertilizer(CM), cotton-rape rotation(CRR), cotton-rape intercropping(CRI) and cotton-rape intercropping with microbial fertilizer((RIM), were used in this experiment. Then, some effects of the abatement measures were concluded, and RIs index and evaluation results raised. 【Result】The results showed there were significant differences between different indexes and allelopathic synthetical index under different abatement measures. Both in the 0-20 cm soil layer and the 20-40 cm soil layer, the net change value of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil after CRI treatment was the minimum, and the decrease amount of readily available phosphorus in the soil after CRR treatment was the maximum, while the decrease amount of readily available potassium was the maximum under RIM treatment. RIM and CM had significant promoting effects on cotton plant height, number of fruit branches and cotton yield, meanwhile, RIM had significant promoting effects on single boll weight of cotton, among which microbial fertilizer played an important role. The net change of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen was negatively correlated with seed cotton yield, while the net change of readily available phosphorus and readily available potassium were negatively correlated with seed cotton yield, where the quadratic polynomial reached the significant or extremely significant level. After choosing the indexes according to the formula, RIs was calculated and compared, then it was found that there was a certain degree of allelopathy promoting effect under all the control measures, in which under RIM treatment(cotton-rape intercropping with microbial fertilizer), RIs was the largest and allelopathy promotion was the strongest, while it had the best effect and the largest RIs under the extracting concentration of 1∶10.【Conclusion】The way of cotton-rape intercropping with microbial fertilizer is an effective and feasible method to reduce the continuous cropping obstacles of cotton.
【Objective】 To explore the cotton allelopathic autotoxicity effects and evaluation methods under different continuous cropping obstacle abatement measures in Tarim Basin, China.【Method】 The field plot tests were adopted and four measures, continuous cropping with microbial fertilizer(CM), cotton-rape rotation(CRR), cotton-rape intercropping(CRI) and cotton-rape intercropping with microbial fertilizer((RIM), were used in this experiment. Then, some effects of the abatement measures were concluded, and RIs index and evaluation results raised. 【Result】The results showed there were significant differences between different indexes and allelopathic synthetical index under different abatement measures. Both in the 0-20 cm soil layer and the 20-40 cm soil layer, the net change value of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil after CRI treatment was the minimum, and the decrease amount of readily available phosphorus in the soil after CRR treatment was the maximum, while the decrease amount of readily available potassium was the maximum under RIM treatment. RIM and CM had significant promoting effects on cotton plant height, number of fruit branches and cotton yield, meanwhile, RIM had significant promoting effects on single boll weight of cotton, among which microbial fertilizer played an important role. The net change of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen was negatively correlated with seed cotton yield, while the net change of readily available phosphorus and readily available potassium were negatively correlated with seed cotton yield, where the quadratic polynomial reached the significant or extremely significant level. After choosing the indexes according to the formula, RIs was calculated and compared, then it was found that there was a certain degree of allelopathy promoting effect under all the control measures, in which under RIM treatment(cotton-rape intercropping with microbial fertilizer), RIs was the largest and allelopathy promotion was the strongest, while it had the best effect and the largest RIs under the extracting concentration of 1∶10.【Conclusion】The way of cotton-rape intercropping with microbial fertilizer is an effective and feasible method to reduce the continuous cropping obstacles of cotton.
引文
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[2] 王璞,赵秀琴.几种化感物质对棉花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2001,6(3):26-31.WANG Pu,ZHAO Xiu-qin.( 2001).Effect of allelochemicals on cotton seed germination and seedling growth [J].Journal of China Agricultural University,6 (3):26-31.(in Chinese)
[3] Jiang G Y,Li Y B,Liu J G.(2013).Autotoxicity potential of cotton tissues and root exudates and identification of its autotoxins.Allelopathy Journal,32(2):279-288.
[4] 李艳宾,张琴,万传星,等.棉秆腐解物的化感作用及其主要化学成分分析[J].棉花学报,2009,21(6):497-502.LI Yan-bin,ZHANG Qin ,WAN Chuan-xing,et al.(2009).Allelopathy and chemical constituents of decomposing products from cotton stalk [J].Cotton Science,21(6):497-502.(in Chinese)
[5] Li,Y.,Zhang,Q.(2016).Effects of naturally and microbially decomposed cotton stalks on cotton seedling growth.Archives of Agronomy & Soil Science,62(9):1,264-1,270.
[6]王曌,刘连涛,孙红春,等.棉花腐殖质中主要化感物质对棉花幼苗生长发育的影响[J].华北农学报,2013,28(S1):192-195.WANG Zhao,LIU Lian-tao,SUN Hong-chun,et al.(2013).Effect of cotton seeding growth and development by main allelochemicals in cotton humus[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-simica,28(S1):192-195.(in Chinese)
[7] 施宠,梁智,徐万里,等.不同连作年限棉田土壤微生物和酶的特征[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(1):163-167.SHI Chong,LIANG Zhi,XU Wan-li,et al.(2010).Effects of cotton cropping cotton soil on microorganism and soil enzyme activity[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,47(1):163-167.(in Chinese)
[8] 乔清华,张传云,袁哲诚,等.多年连作土壤中棉花根际细菌群落结构及其动态[J].棉花学报,2018,30(2):128-135.QIAO Qing-hua,ZHANG Chuan-yun,YUAN Zhe-cheng,et al.(2018).Dynamics of cotton rhizosphere bacterial community structure in cotton continuous cropping field soil [J].Cotton Science,30(2):128-135.(in Chinese)
[9] 刘军,唐志敏,刘建国,等.长期连作及秸秆还田对棉田土壤微生物量及种群结构的影响[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(8):1 418-1 422.LIU Jun,TANG Zhi-min,LIU Jian-guo,et al.(2012).Effects of cotton continuous cropping and returning stalks to soil on the quantities and community structure of soil microbes [J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,21(8):1,418-1,422.(in Chinese)
[10]Acosta-Martiìnez,V.,Bell,C.W.,Morris,B.E.L.,Zak.J.,& Allen,V.G.(2010).Long-term soil microbial community and enzyme activity responses to an integrated cropping-livestock system in a semi-arid region.Agriculture,ecosystems & environment,137(3):231-240 .
[11] 韩光明,陈全求,张淑芳,等.生物炭对不同连作年限棉田土壤微生物数量的影响[J].棉花科学,2017,39(5):7-12.HAN Guang-ming,CHEN Quan-qiu,ZHANG Shu-fang,et al.(2017).Effects of biochar on soil microbial biomass in cotton fields with different continuous cropping years [J].Cotton Science,39(5):7-12 (in Chinese)
[12] 顾美英,唐光木,刘洪亮,等.施用棉秆炭对新疆连作棉花根际土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):173-181.GU Mei-ying ,TANG Guang-mu,LIU Hong-liang,et al.(2016).Effects of cotton stalk biochar on microbial community structure and function of continuous cropping cotton rhizosphere soil in Xinjiang,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,27(1):173-181 .(in Chinese)
[13]李银平,徐文修,陈冰,等.绿肥种植模式对连作棉田土壤肥力及棉花产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(9):149-153.LI Yin-ping,XU Wen-xiu,CHEN Bin,et al.(2010).Effect of different planting patterns of green manureson soil fertility and cotton yield[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,19(9):149-153 .(in Chinese)
[14]孙新展.不同种植模式对缓解棉花连作障碍的化感作用机制[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学硕士论文,2018.SUN Xin-zhan.(2018).Allelopathy mechanism of different cropping patterns on alleviating continuous cropping obstacle of cotton [D].Master Dissertation.Shihezi University,Shihezi.(in Chinese)
[15] 李彦斌,刘建国,李凤,等.棉花植株水浸提液化感效应的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,(6):1 489-1 494.LI Yan-bin,LIU Jian-guo,LI Feng,et al.(2008).Allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of cotton[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,(6):1,489-1,494.(in Chinese)
[16] 张国伟.棉花秸秆浸提液对小麦生长的化感效应[C]//.中国作物学会.2014年全国青年作物栽培与生理学术研讨会论文集.中国作物学会:中国作物学会,2014.ZHANG Guo-wei.(2014).Allelopathic effect of cotton straw extract on wheat growth [C]//.China crop society.Proceedings of 2014 national youth crop cultivation and physiology symposium .China Crop Society.(in Chinese)
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