中国谷物进口国营贸易扭曲评估:关税配额分配方式视角的实证分析
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摘要
针对中国谷物进口国营贸易的贸易扭曲及福利损失问题,借鉴不完全竞争市场的贸易扭曲测度理论,构建中国主要谷物进口国营贸易关税等值模型,利用1992—2017年度进口贸易和国内价格等数据,评估基于不同关税配额分配方式的中国小麦、大米和玉米进口国营贸易的贸易扭曲程度及社会福利损失程度。结果表明,追求利润最大化经营目标可以有效矫正和降低三大谷物进口国营贸易的贸易扭曲和福利损失;行政化配额分配方式形成谷物进口市场的不同垄断程度,导致小麦进口国营贸易的贸易扭曲和福利损失最为严重、玉米次之、大米最小。为此,从优化配额分配方式、深化国营贸易企业市场导向改革视角,提出有效降低贸易扭曲程度、改善社会福利的建议。
Focusing on the trade distortion and welfare loss caused by State trading in China's grain import,this paper undertakes an empirical analysis to assess the trade distortion and social welfare loss of China's wheat,rice and corn imports with import and domestic price data(1992-2017),by constructing a State trading tariff equivalent model in view of the calculation theory of the trade distortion effect under imperfect competition market.It is found that:(1)The trade distortion and welfare loss could be greatly corrected and eliminated by pursuing profit-maximization operation goals;(2)The administrative TRQ allocation method causes different monopolistic levels,which leads to the most serious distortion degree and welfare loss in the wheat market,less in the corn market and the least in the rice market.Therefore,this paper proposes to lower the level of trade distortion and improve social welfare from the perspectives of optimizing the allocation of TRQ and deepening market-oriented reforms of state trading corporations.
Focusing on the trade distortion and welfare loss caused by State trading in China's grain import,this paper undertakes an empirical analysis to assess the trade distortion and social welfare loss of China's wheat,rice and corn imports with import and domestic price data(1992-2017),by constructing a State trading tariff equivalent model in view of the calculation theory of the trade distortion effect under imperfect competition market.It is found that:(1)The trade distortion and welfare loss could be greatly corrected and eliminated by pursuing profit-maximization operation goals;(2)The administrative TRQ allocation method causes different monopolistic levels,which leads to the most serious distortion degree and welfare loss in the wheat market,less in the corn market and the least in the rice market.Therefore,this paper proposes to lower the level of trade distortion and improve social welfare from the perspectives of optimizing the allocation of TRQ and deepening market-oriented reforms of state trading corporations.
引文
[1] MACORRISTION S,MACLAREN D.Domestic and trade equivalences of state trading importers[J].Review of international economics,2013,21(5):1006-1020.
[2] YOON J H,LIM S S.Distortion effects of state trading in agriculture:issuers for the next round of potential trade distortion effects of state trading enterprises under the tariff-rate quota scheme[R/OL].[2018-02-08].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274178119_Potential_Trade_Distortion_Effects_of_State_Trading_Enterprises_under_the_Tariff-Rate_Quota_Scheme.
[3] HAZARD J N.State trading in history and theory[J].Law&contemporary problems,1959,24(2):243-255.
[4] GHAI D P G.State trading and regional economic integration:The East African experience[J].Journal of common market studies,1973,12(3):296-318.
[5] KOSTECKI M M.State trading by the advanced and developing countries:the background[C]//KOSTECKI M M.State trading in international markets.London:Palgrave Macmillan,1982:6-12.
[6] KOSTECKI M M.State trading in agricultural products by the advanced countries[C]//KOSTECKI M M.State trading in international markets.London:Palgrave Macmillan,1982:22-54.
[7] BERNIER I.State trading and the GATT[C]//KOSTECKI M M.State trading in international markets.London:Palgrave Macmillan,1982:245-260.
[8] LLOYD P J.State trading and the theory of international trade[C]//KOSTECKI M M.State trading in international markets.London:Palgrave Macmillan,1982:117-141.
[9] SORENSON V L,ROSSMILLER G E,HAROLD G A,et al.State trading in international agricultural markets:institutional dimensions and selected cases[EB/OL].[2018-02-04].http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2012/XL/XL201202800028.xml;XL2012002815.
[10]ACKERMAN K,DIXIT P,SIMONE M.State trading enterprises:their role in world markets[J].Agricultural outlook,1997,12(241):11-16.
[11]ACKERMAN K.State trading enterprises:their role as importers[J].Agricultural outlook,1997(246):31-37.
[12]VERNON O,RONINGEN,DIXIT P.A simple measure for agricultural trade distortion[R].Working papers,1991.
[13]ABBOTT C,LINDA Y.Wheat-importing state trading enterprises:impacts on the world wheat market[J].Canadian journal of agricultural economics,1998,47(2):119-136.
[14]INGCO M,NG G.Distortion effects of state trading in agriculture:issues for the next round of multilateral trade negotiations[J/OL].Social science electronic publishing,1998(2):324-367[2018-02-28].http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=D4C3238B4B4503313F24A74C2495E259?doi=10.1.1.202.8072&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[15]HARRY M.K,KOUSHI MAEDA M,NOBUHIRO S.Measuring the effects of eliminating state trading enterprises on the world wheat sector[R].Working paper,2001.
[16]ACKERMAN K,DIXIT P.An introduction to state trading in agriculture[R].Working paper,1999.
[17]COLIN A,CARTER.State trading enterprise,marketing orders,and trade related distortions in downstream product markets when quality matters:an example from agriculture[R].Paper presented at the Agriculture Policy Reform and the WTO:where are we heading?Capri:2003.
[18]ANDERSON K.Measuring Effects of trade policy distortions:how far have we come?[J].The world economy,2003,26(4):413-440.
[19]MARGHERITA S.Tariff rate quotas endogenous mode of competition:the case of the EU import regimes for bananas[R].Working papers,2008-01/2009-03.
[20]MACORRISTION S.MACLAREN D.Single-desk state trading exporters[J].European journal of political economy,2005,21(2):503-524.
[21]MACORRISTION S,MACLAREN D.State trading,the WTO and GATT Article XVII[J].The world economy,2002,25(1):107-135.
[22]MACORRISTION S,MACLAREN D.The trade distorting effect of state trading enterprises in importing countries[J].European economic review,2005,49(7):1693-1715.
[23]MACORRISTION S,MACLAREN D.Do state trading exporters distort trade?[J].European economic review,2007,51(1):225-246.
[24]吕东辉,许頔,于延良,等.跨国粮食企业培育:中粮与ADM、邦吉经营模式的比较研究[J].农业技术经济,2015(4):12-18.
[25]李宇,杨敬.创新型农业产业价值链整合模式研究——产业融合视角的案例分析[J].中国软科学,2017(3):27-36.
[26]任腾飞,赵双连.中粮将在更高层次实现重塑[J].国资报告,2018(2):38-41.
[27]陈瑞剑,张陆彪,柏娜.海外并购推动农业走出去的思考[J].农业经济问题,2017,38(10):62-68.
[28]范黎波,张岚.中国企业LPSS能力与制度的双维共变——以中粮集团为例[J].中国工业经济,2012(9):135-147.
[29]MACORRISTION S,MACLAREN D.The trade and welfare effects of state trading in China with reference to COFCO[J].The world economy,2010,33(4):615-632.
[30]钟超,祁春节.玉米价格波动与小麦、稻谷、大豆价格波动的相关性研究[J].价格理论与实践,2017(2):81-83.
[31]毛学峰,杨军.价格联系、市场边界与政府干预——以小麦、玉米和食糖价格联系为例[J].中国农村经济,2015(8):33-43.
[32]曹慧,张玉梅,孙昊.粮食最低收购价政策改革思路与影响分析[J].中国农村经济,2017(11):33-46.
[33]李雪,韩一军,付文阁.最低收购价政策对小麦市场价格波动影响的实证分析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2018(2):1-7,154.
(1)中国海关信息网(http://www.haiguani.nfo/)。
(2)联合国贸易统计数据库(https://comtrade.un.org/)。
(3)联合国粮农组织GIEWS数据库(http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/)。
(4)中华人民共和国农业农村部数据频道(http://zdscxx.moa.gov.cn:8080/misportal/public/dataChannelRedStylej.sp)。
(5)中国畜牧网(http://www.chinafarming.com/)。
(6)国家统计局(http://data.stats.gov.cn/)。
(7)联合国粮农组织AMIS数据库(http://statistics.amis-outlook.org/data/index.html)。
(8)世界银行数据库(https://data.worldbank.org.cn/)。
[2] YOON J H,LIM S S.Distortion effects of state trading in agriculture:issuers for the next round of potential trade distortion effects of state trading enterprises under the tariff-rate quota scheme[R/OL].[2018-02-08].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274178119_Potential_Trade_Distortion_Effects_of_State_Trading_Enterprises_under_the_Tariff-Rate_Quota_Scheme.
[3] HAZARD J N.State trading in history and theory[J].Law&contemporary problems,1959,24(2):243-255.
[4] GHAI D P G.State trading and regional economic integration:The East African experience[J].Journal of common market studies,1973,12(3):296-318.
[5] KOSTECKI M M.State trading by the advanced and developing countries:the background[C]//KOSTECKI M M.State trading in international markets.London:Palgrave Macmillan,1982:6-12.
[6] KOSTECKI M M.State trading in agricultural products by the advanced countries[C]//KOSTECKI M M.State trading in international markets.London:Palgrave Macmillan,1982:22-54.
[7] BERNIER I.State trading and the GATT[C]//KOSTECKI M M.State trading in international markets.London:Palgrave Macmillan,1982:245-260.
[8] LLOYD P J.State trading and the theory of international trade[C]//KOSTECKI M M.State trading in international markets.London:Palgrave Macmillan,1982:117-141.
[9] SORENSON V L,ROSSMILLER G E,HAROLD G A,et al.State trading in international agricultural markets:institutional dimensions and selected cases[EB/OL].[2018-02-04].http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2012/XL/XL201202800028.xml;XL2012002815.
[10]ACKERMAN K,DIXIT P,SIMONE M.State trading enterprises:their role in world markets[J].Agricultural outlook,1997,12(241):11-16.
[11]ACKERMAN K.State trading enterprises:their role as importers[J].Agricultural outlook,1997(246):31-37.
[12]VERNON O,RONINGEN,DIXIT P.A simple measure for agricultural trade distortion[R].Working papers,1991.
[13]ABBOTT C,LINDA Y.Wheat-importing state trading enterprises:impacts on the world wheat market[J].Canadian journal of agricultural economics,1998,47(2):119-136.
[14]INGCO M,NG G.Distortion effects of state trading in agriculture:issues for the next round of multilateral trade negotiations[J/OL].Social science electronic publishing,1998(2):324-367[2018-02-28].http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=D4C3238B4B4503313F24A74C2495E259?doi=10.1.1.202.8072&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[15]HARRY M.K,KOUSHI MAEDA M,NOBUHIRO S.Measuring the effects of eliminating state trading enterprises on the world wheat sector[R].Working paper,2001.
[16]ACKERMAN K,DIXIT P.An introduction to state trading in agriculture[R].Working paper,1999.
[17]COLIN A,CARTER.State trading enterprise,marketing orders,and trade related distortions in downstream product markets when quality matters:an example from agriculture[R].Paper presented at the Agriculture Policy Reform and the WTO:where are we heading?Capri:2003.
[18]ANDERSON K.Measuring Effects of trade policy distortions:how far have we come?[J].The world economy,2003,26(4):413-440.
[19]MARGHERITA S.Tariff rate quotas endogenous mode of competition:the case of the EU import regimes for bananas[R].Working papers,2008-01/2009-03.
[20]MACORRISTION S.MACLAREN D.Single-desk state trading exporters[J].European journal of political economy,2005,21(2):503-524.
[21]MACORRISTION S,MACLAREN D.State trading,the WTO and GATT Article XVII[J].The world economy,2002,25(1):107-135.
[22]MACORRISTION S,MACLAREN D.The trade distorting effect of state trading enterprises in importing countries[J].European economic review,2005,49(7):1693-1715.
[23]MACORRISTION S,MACLAREN D.Do state trading exporters distort trade?[J].European economic review,2007,51(1):225-246.
[24]吕东辉,许頔,于延良,等.跨国粮食企业培育:中粮与ADM、邦吉经营模式的比较研究[J].农业技术经济,2015(4):12-18.
[25]李宇,杨敬.创新型农业产业价值链整合模式研究——产业融合视角的案例分析[J].中国软科学,2017(3):27-36.
[26]任腾飞,赵双连.中粮将在更高层次实现重塑[J].国资报告,2018(2):38-41.
[27]陈瑞剑,张陆彪,柏娜.海外并购推动农业走出去的思考[J].农业经济问题,2017,38(10):62-68.
[28]范黎波,张岚.中国企业LPSS能力与制度的双维共变——以中粮集团为例[J].中国工业经济,2012(9):135-147.
[29]MACORRISTION S,MACLAREN D.The trade and welfare effects of state trading in China with reference to COFCO[J].The world economy,2010,33(4):615-632.
[30]钟超,祁春节.玉米价格波动与小麦、稻谷、大豆价格波动的相关性研究[J].价格理论与实践,2017(2):81-83.
[31]毛学峰,杨军.价格联系、市场边界与政府干预——以小麦、玉米和食糖价格联系为例[J].中国农村经济,2015(8):33-43.
[32]曹慧,张玉梅,孙昊.粮食最低收购价政策改革思路与影响分析[J].中国农村经济,2017(11):33-46.
[33]李雪,韩一军,付文阁.最低收购价政策对小麦市场价格波动影响的实证分析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2018(2):1-7,154.
(1)中国海关信息网(http://www.haiguani.nfo/)。
(2)联合国贸易统计数据库(https://comtrade.un.org/)。
(3)联合国粮农组织GIEWS数据库(http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/)。
(4)中华人民共和国农业农村部数据频道(http://zdscxx.moa.gov.cn:8080/misportal/public/dataChannelRedStylej.sp)。
(5)中国畜牧网(http://www.chinafarming.com/)。
(6)国家统计局(http://data.stats.gov.cn/)。
(7)联合国粮农组织AMIS数据库(http://statistics.amis-outlook.org/data/index.html)。
(8)世界银行数据库(https://data.worldbank.org.cn/)。