水环境中Cr(Ⅵ)对鱼类毒性机理研究进展
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摘要
随着工业,特别是不锈钢产业的迅速发展,环境中的铬污染问题日益严重,Cr(Ⅵ)能够很容易地透过细胞膜进入细胞和生物体内,其毒性远高于Cr(Ⅲ).铬作为变价金属,其在鱼类体内能够产生活性氧自由基(ROS),对机体产生氧化胁迫效应;此外,Cr(Ⅵ)在细胞还原作用下生成的中间产物[Cr(Ⅴ)、Cr(Ⅳ)等]会进一步和DNA结合,导致基因的损伤和突变,从而危害鱼类的生长发育和种群结构.本文在不同水平上,系统总结了Cr(Ⅵ)对鱼类的毒性效应,从多个层次(分子、细胞、组织、器官、个体)阐述了Cr(Ⅵ)的毒性作用机制和鱼类相应的毒性解毒机制,并对于Cr(Ⅵ)的毒性研究中尚不完全清楚、需要深入考察的方面进行了探讨.
With increasing consumption and applications of chromium in metallurgy,electroplating,tanning process and stainless steel industry,chromium contamination has become a global environmental problem. In general,Cr( Ⅵ) has higher permeability across the cell membrane than Cr( Ⅲ)and hence is considered more toxic than Cr( Ⅲ). Oxidative stress could be induced following reactive oxygen species( ROS) normally produced in fish under Cr( Ⅵ) exposure due to its variable valences. Furthermore,the intermediates of Cr,e. g. Cr( Ⅴ) and Cr( Ⅳ),produced by cellular reduction processes can bind with DNA and result in mutagenic effects. These combined effects will threaten the growth,development and population structure of different fish species. In this paper,we reviewed published results on the toxic effects of Cr( Ⅵ) in fish at levels of molecules,tissues,organs and individuals. The mechanisms of toxicity and detoxification of Cr( Ⅵ) in various aspects were discussed. In addition,we also put forward perspectives on the toxicity of chromium in aquatic organisms.
With increasing consumption and applications of chromium in metallurgy,electroplating,tanning process and stainless steel industry,chromium contamination has become a global environmental problem. In general,Cr( Ⅵ) has higher permeability across the cell membrane than Cr( Ⅲ)and hence is considered more toxic than Cr( Ⅲ). Oxidative stress could be induced following reactive oxygen species( ROS) normally produced in fish under Cr( Ⅵ) exposure due to its variable valences. Furthermore,the intermediates of Cr,e. g. Cr( Ⅴ) and Cr( Ⅳ),produced by cellular reduction processes can bind with DNA and result in mutagenic effects. These combined effects will threaten the growth,development and population structure of different fish species. In this paper,we reviewed published results on the toxic effects of Cr( Ⅵ) in fish at levels of molecules,tissues,organs and individuals. The mechanisms of toxicity and detoxification of Cr( Ⅵ) in various aspects were discussed. In addition,we also put forward perspectives on the toxicity of chromium in aquatic organisms.
引文
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[20]Gupta V,Pathania D,Agarwal S,et al.Removal of Cr(VI)onto Ficus carica biosorbent from water.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20:2632-2644
[21]Costa M.Potential hazards of hexavalent chromate in our drinking water.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,2003,188:1-5
[22]Svecevicˇius G.Use of behavioral responses of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in identifying sublethal exposure to hexavalent chromium.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2009,82:564-568
[23]Ramakrishnan A.Acute toxicity of mercury and chromium to Clarias batrachus(Linn).Bioresearch Bulletin,2011,1:368-372
[24]Mishra AK,Mohanty B.Acute toxicity impacts of hexavalent chromium on behavior and histopathology of gill,kidney and liver of the freshwater fish,Channa punctatus(Bloch).Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2008,26:136-141
[25]Zhu L(朱琳),Shi S-J(史淑洁).Utilization of embryo development technique of Brachydanio rerio to evaluate toxicity on various chemicals.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2002,13(2):252-254(in Chinese)
[26]Song Z-H(宋志慧),Wang Q-W(王庆伟).Study on joint toxicity and biological early warning of Cu2+,Cd2+and Cr6+using zebrafish.Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology(生态毒理学报),2011,6(4):361-366(in Chinese)
[27]Mu J-L(穆景利),Wang Y(王莹),Wang X-H(王新红),et al.Toxic effects of cadmium,mercury,chromium and lead on the early life stage of marine medaka(Oryzias melastigma).Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology(生态毒理学报),2011,6(4):352-360(in Chinese)
[28]Wang M,He Y,Xu Z,et al.Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on growth hormone secretion and pituitary mRNA expression in finishing pigs.Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2008,21:1033-1037
[29]Teles M,Pacheco M,Santos M,Physiological and genetic responses of European eel(Anguilla anguilla L.)to short-term chromium or copper exposure-Influence of preexposure to a PAH-like compound.Environmental Toxicology,2005,20:92-99
[30]Castro M,Moraes F,Fujimoto R,et al.Acute toxicity by water containing hexavalent or trivalent chromium in native brazilian fish,Piaractus mesopotamicus:Anatomopathological alterations and mortality.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2014,92:213-219
[31]Stohs S,Bagchi D.Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions.Free Radical Biology and Medicine,1995,18:321-336
[32]Lin Y-H(蔺玉华),Fu H-G(富惠光),Liang Z-L(梁志龙),et al.Effect of chromium on growth rate and feed conversion rate of common carp.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China(中国水产科学),2000,7(2):73-76(in Chinese)
[33]Pan Q(潘庆),Bi Y-Z(毕英佐),Yan X-L(颜惜玲),et al.Effect of organic chromium on growth and carbohyrate utilization in hybrid tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus×O.Aureus.Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica(水生生物学报),2004,26(4):393-399(in Chinese)
[34]Lin Y-H(蔺玉华),Lu J-M(卢健民),Fu H-G(富惠光),et al.Effect of chromium on growth and plasma biochemical indexes of Cyprinus carpio juveniles.Journal of Dalian Fisheries University(大连水产学院学报),2003,18(1):48-51(in Chinese)
[35]Tayybah S,Tanveer A,Chughtai MI,et al.Teratological effect of various sublethal concentrations of chromium hexavalent[Cr(VI)]on the gills of Cyprinus carpio.International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2012,14:318-320
[36]Velma V,Tchounwou PB.Chromium-induced biochemical,genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of goldfish,Carassius auratus.Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis,2010,698:43-51
[37]Mishra AK,Mohanty B.Effect of hexavalent chromium exposure on the pituitary-interrenal axis of a teleost,Channa punctatus(Bloch).Chemosphere,2009,76:982-988
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