旱地与水浇地冬小麦生产的资源环境影响评价
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摘要
以山西省闻喜县冬小麦生产体系为例,以生产1 t小麦籽粒产量为评价单元,运用生命周期评价方法,对比评价水浇地与旱地种植冬小麦生命周期的资源环境影响。结果表明,旱地与水浇地不同耕地类型种植冬小麦会影响籽粒产量、资源消耗和污染物排放量。水浇地种植冬小麦能大幅度提高产量,比旱地高51.22%。冬小麦生命周期中环境影响潜力因子从大到小依次是富营养化、环境酸化、土地利用、温室效应和能源消耗,旱地种植的环境影响指数均大于水浇地;环境影响综合指数旱地是0.445 2,水浇地是0.395 5,旱地种植方式比水浇地种植造成的环境压力更大,造成环境影响的主要原因是化肥施用过量且不合理。因此,保障研究区域生态环境和粮食生产安全的关键是因地制宜地增加水浇地面积、合理施用化肥、节水灌溉、提高水肥利用效率。
Life cycle assessment(LCA)method was used to compare the resource and environmental impact of the life cycle of winter wheat planted in irrigated land and dry land in Wenxi county of Shanxi province, and the production of 1 t wheat grain yield was used as the evaluation unit. The results showed that planting winter wheat on different types of cultivated land in dry land and irrigated land would affect grain yield, resource consumption and pollutant discharge. Planting irrigated winter wheat could significantly increase the yield, which was 51.22% higher than dry land. The most significant environmental impact potential in the winter wheat life cycle followed by eutrophication, environmental acidification, land use, greenhouse effect and energy consumption. The index of environmental impact during dry land cultivation was higher than that of irrigated land. The comprehensive index of environmental impact of dry land was 0.445 2, and irrigated land was 0.395 5. Dry land was more environmentally stressed than irrigated land. The main reason for the environmental impact was excessive and irrational use of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the key to control the impact of the ecological environment in the study area and ensuring the safety of food production is to increase the area of irrigated land reasonably, to apply chemical fertilizers reasonably, to carry out water-saving irrigation and to improve the use efficiency of water and fertilizer according to local circumstances.
Life cycle assessment(LCA)method was used to compare the resource and environmental impact of the life cycle of winter wheat planted in irrigated land and dry land in Wenxi county of Shanxi province, and the production of 1 t wheat grain yield was used as the evaluation unit. The results showed that planting winter wheat on different types of cultivated land in dry land and irrigated land would affect grain yield, resource consumption and pollutant discharge. Planting irrigated winter wheat could significantly increase the yield, which was 51.22% higher than dry land. The most significant environmental impact potential in the winter wheat life cycle followed by eutrophication, environmental acidification, land use, greenhouse effect and energy consumption. The index of environmental impact during dry land cultivation was higher than that of irrigated land. The comprehensive index of environmental impact of dry land was 0.445 2, and irrigated land was 0.395 5. Dry land was more environmentally stressed than irrigated land. The main reason for the environmental impact was excessive and irrational use of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the key to control the impact of the ecological environment in the study area and ensuring the safety of food production is to increase the area of irrigated land reasonably, to apply chemical fertilizers reasonably, to carry out water-saving irrigation and to improve the use efficiency of water and fertilizer according to local circumstances.
引文
[1]李贞宇,王旭,高志岭,等.我国不同区域小麦施肥资源环境影响的生命周期评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(7):1417-1422.
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[3]杨肖,钟方雷,郭爱君,等.干旱区绿洲制种玉米生命周期环境影响评价:以张掖市为例[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(8):1664-1671.
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[8]刘洪涛,陈同斌,郑国砥,等.有机肥与化肥的生产能耗、投入成本和环境效益比较分析:以污泥堆肥生产有机肥为例[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(4):1000-1003.
[9]王利.中国化肥产业体系养分资源流动规律与管理策略研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2008:43-46.
[10]孟磊,蔡祖聪,丁维新,等.长期施肥对华北典型潮土N分配和N2O排放的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(12):6199-6176.
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[12]叶桂香,史永晖,王良,等.秸秆还田的小麦—玉米农田N2O周年排放的量化分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(3):589-596.
[13]彭小瑜,吴喜慧,吴发启,等.陕西关中地区冬小麦—夏玉米轮作系统生命周期评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(4):809-816.
[14]张玉铭,张佳宝,胡春胜,等.华北太行山前平原农田土壤水分动态与氮素的淋溶损失[J].土壤学报,2006(1):17-25.
[15]TAGHAVIFAR H,MARDANI A.Energy consumption analysis of wheat production in West Azarbayjan utilizing life cycle assessment(LCA)[J].Renewable Energy,2015,74:208-213.
[16]ISO(International Organization for Standardization).Environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework ISO 14040[S].Geneva:ISO,2006.
[17]王明新,包永红,吴文良,等.华北平原冬小麦生命周期环境影响评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5):1127-1132.
[18]WANG MX,WU W L,LIU W N,et al.Life cycle assessment of the winter wheat-summer maize production system on the North China Plain[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2007,14:400-407.
[19]HUIJBREGTS MA J,BREEDVELD L,HUPPES G,et al.Normalization figuresfor environmental life-cycle assessment The Netherlands(1997/1998),Western Europe(1995)and the world(1990and 1995)[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11:737-748.
[20]梁龙,陈源泉,高旺盛.我国农业生命周期评价框架探索及其应用:以河北栾城冬小麦为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009,19(5):154-160.
[21]郑惠玲,武继承,潘晓莹,等.不同生育时期追施氮肥与补灌结合对小麦生长发育及产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,44(6):18-23.
[22]袁蕊,李萍,胡晓雪,等.干旱胁迫对小麦生理特性及产量的影响[J].山西农业科学,2016,44(10):1446-1449,1466.
[23]高鹏程,张一平.氨挥发与土壤水分散失关系的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2001,29(6):21-26.
[24]杨青林,桑利民,孙吉茹,等.我国肥料利用现状及提高化肥利用率的方法[J].山西农业科学,2011,39(7):690-692.
[25]侯现良,孙敏,王帅,等.2014年闻喜县旱地小麦肥料管理调查分析[J].山西农业科学,2015,43(8):959-961,967.
[2]周冉,班红勤,侯勇,等.京郊典型作物生产体系施肥环境影响的生命周期评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(5):1042-1051.
[3]杨肖,钟方雷,郭爱君,等.干旱区绿洲制种玉米生命周期环境影响评价:以张掖市为例[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(8):1664-1671.
[4]CONSOLI F,ALLEN D,BOUSTEAD I.Guidelines for life cycle assessment:A code of practice[M].Pensacola:Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry(SETAC),1993:1-3.
[5]REBITZER G,EKVALL T,FRISCHKNECHT R,et al.Life cycle assessment Part1:Framework,goal and scope definition,inventory analysis,and applica-tions[J].Environment International,2004,30:701-720.
[6]王明新,吴文良,夏训峰.华北高产粮区夏玉米生命周期环境影响评价[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(6):1339-1344.
[7]孟会生,王静,闫永康,等.灌溉和施肥对土地整理区小麦产量和土壤养分的影响[J].山西农业科学,2010,38(9):40-41,77.
[8]刘洪涛,陈同斌,郑国砥,等.有机肥与化肥的生产能耗、投入成本和环境效益比较分析:以污泥堆肥生产有机肥为例[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(4):1000-1003.
[9]王利.中国化肥产业体系养分资源流动规律与管理策略研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2008:43-46.
[10]孟磊,蔡祖聪,丁维新,等.长期施肥对华北典型潮土N分配和N2O排放的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(12):6199-6176.
[11]BRENTRUP F,K譈STERS J,LAMMEL J,et al.Environmental impact assessmentof agricultural production systems using the life cycle assessment(LCA)methodology II.The application to N fertilizer use in winter wheat production systems[J].European Journal Agronomy,2004,20:265-279.
[12]叶桂香,史永晖,王良,等.秸秆还田的小麦—玉米农田N2O周年排放的量化分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(3):589-596.
[13]彭小瑜,吴喜慧,吴发启,等.陕西关中地区冬小麦—夏玉米轮作系统生命周期评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(4):809-816.
[14]张玉铭,张佳宝,胡春胜,等.华北太行山前平原农田土壤水分动态与氮素的淋溶损失[J].土壤学报,2006(1):17-25.
[15]TAGHAVIFAR H,MARDANI A.Energy consumption analysis of wheat production in West Azarbayjan utilizing life cycle assessment(LCA)[J].Renewable Energy,2015,74:208-213.
[16]ISO(International Organization for Standardization).Environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework ISO 14040[S].Geneva:ISO,2006.
[17]王明新,包永红,吴文良,等.华北平原冬小麦生命周期环境影响评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5):1127-1132.
[18]WANG MX,WU W L,LIU W N,et al.Life cycle assessment of the winter wheat-summer maize production system on the North China Plain[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2007,14:400-407.
[19]HUIJBREGTS MA J,BREEDVELD L,HUPPES G,et al.Normalization figuresfor environmental life-cycle assessment The Netherlands(1997/1998),Western Europe(1995)and the world(1990and 1995)[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11:737-748.
[20]梁龙,陈源泉,高旺盛.我国农业生命周期评价框架探索及其应用:以河北栾城冬小麦为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009,19(5):154-160.
[21]郑惠玲,武继承,潘晓莹,等.不同生育时期追施氮肥与补灌结合对小麦生长发育及产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,44(6):18-23.
[22]袁蕊,李萍,胡晓雪,等.干旱胁迫对小麦生理特性及产量的影响[J].山西农业科学,2016,44(10):1446-1449,1466.
[23]高鹏程,张一平.氨挥发与土壤水分散失关系的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2001,29(6):21-26.
[24]杨青林,桑利民,孙吉茹,等.我国肥料利用现状及提高化肥利用率的方法[J].山西农业科学,2011,39(7):690-692.
[25]侯现良,孙敏,王帅,等.2014年闻喜县旱地小麦肥料管理调查分析[J].山西农业科学,2015,43(8):959-961,967.