低损伤组合式玉米脱粒分离装置设计与试验
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摘要
针对现有籽粒直收型玉米收获机脱粒分离装置在收获高含水率玉米时存在籽粒破碎率高、脱净率低、籽粒夹带损失大、玉米苞叶易堵塞凹板的问题,设计了一种低损伤圆头钉齿与分段组合式圆管型脱粒凹板相配合的脱粒分离装置。分析了脱粒元件与果穗、果穗与凹板之间的接触模型,确定了玉米脱粒装置最优脱粒元件的结构参数、最佳的凹板组合形式。以籽粒破碎率和未脱净率为试验指标,以脱粒元件排布方式和不同凹板组合形式为试验因素,进行了台架试验,确定了较优组合为:圆头钉齿等高排布且最优球头半径为12. 5 mm,凹板最佳组合形式为圆管右向+直圆管(前疏后密型),并与常规梯形杆齿和栅格式凹板组成的脱粒分离装置进行了田间对比试验。试验结果表明:籽粒破碎率由13. 73%降低至8. 64%,未脱净率由0. 6%降低至0. 2%;未出现玉米苞叶堵塞凹板问题。
The longitudinal axial flow corn kernel harvester threshing separation device has high grain breakage rate during the threshing process,low removal rate,large loss of grain entrainment,and problem of clogging the concave plate by corn leaf. Aiming at the above problems,based on the collision contact theory,a degranulation separation device with low-damage round head nail teeth and segmented combined round tube threshing concave plate was designed. Combined with the physical properties of corn kernels,the relative critical velocity of the mechanical stress damage of the corn,the structural parameters of the optimal threshing element and the optimal gravure combination were determined. Based on the test factors of grain breakage rate and free removal rate,a comparison test was carried out with a conventional threshing rod and grid concave plate. It was determined through experiments that the optimal threshing element was a round head nail( equal height) and the optimal ball head radius was 12. 5 mm.The best gravure combination form was the right pipe and straight pipe( front sparse and rear dense).Under the optimal combination of parameters,the grain breakage rate of the threshing device was decreased from 13. 73% to 8. 64%; the unremoved rate was decreased from 0. 6% to 0. 2%. The device offered an effective solution for the problem of conventional grid gravure blocked by corn stalks,which met the design requirements and provided theoretical guidance for the design of corn threshing separation.
The longitudinal axial flow corn kernel harvester threshing separation device has high grain breakage rate during the threshing process,low removal rate,large loss of grain entrainment,and problem of clogging the concave plate by corn leaf. Aiming at the above problems,based on the collision contact theory,a degranulation separation device with low-damage round head nail teeth and segmented combined round tube threshing concave plate was designed. Combined with the physical properties of corn kernels,the relative critical velocity of the mechanical stress damage of the corn,the structural parameters of the optimal threshing element and the optimal gravure combination were determined. Based on the test factors of grain breakage rate and free removal rate,a comparison test was carried out with a conventional threshing rod and grid concave plate. It was determined through experiments that the optimal threshing element was a round head nail( equal height) and the optimal ball head radius was 12. 5 mm.The best gravure combination form was the right pipe and straight pipe( front sparse and rear dense).Under the optimal combination of parameters,the grain breakage rate of the threshing device was decreased from 13. 73% to 8. 64%; the unremoved rate was decreased from 0. 6% to 0. 2%. The device offered an effective solution for the problem of conventional grid gravure blocked by corn stalks,which met the design requirements and provided theoretical guidance for the design of corn threshing separation.
引文
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[14]高连兴,李飞,张新伟,等.含水率对种子玉米脱粒性能的影响机理[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(12):92-96.GAO Lianxing,LI Fei,ZHANG Xinwei,et al.Mechanism of moisture content affect on corn seed threshing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(12):92-96.(in Chinese)
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[16]雷晓鹏.黄淮海地区玉米机械收获籽粒可行性研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2015.LEI Xiaopeng.Studies on the feasibility of maize mechanically harvesting grain in Huanghuaihai regions[D].Baoding:Agricultural University of Hebei,2015.(in Chinese)
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[19]李宝筏.农业机械学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003.
[20]JOHNSON K L.接触力学[M].徐秉业,罗学富,刘信声,等,译.北京:高等教育出版社,1992.
[21]石林榕,吴建民,孙伟,等.基于离散单元法的水平圆盘式精量排种器排种仿真试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(8):40-48.SHI Linrong,WU Jianmin,SUN Wei,et al.Simulation test for metering process of horizontal disc precision metering device based on discrete element method[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(8):40-48.(in Chinese)
[22]王云霞,梁志杰,张东兴,等.基于离散元的玉米种子颗粒模型种间接触参数标定[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):36-42.WANG Yunxia,LIANG Zhijie,ZHANG Dongxing,et al.Calibration method of contact characteristic parameters for corn seeds based on EDEM[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(22):36-42.(in Chinese)
[23]李心平.种子玉米脱粒损伤机理及5TYZ-1型定向喂入式脱粒机研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2007.
[24]杨玉芬,张永丽,张本华,等.典型玉米种子籽粒的静压破损试验研究[J].农机化研究,2008,30(7):149-151.YANG Yufen,ZHANG Yongli,ZHANG Benhua,et al.Experimental study on static pressing typical corn seed kernel[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2008,30(7):149-151.(in Chinese)
[25]周海玲.玉米果穗物理力学性质研究及脱粒过程仿真分析[D].长春:吉林大学,2013.ZHOU Hailing.The physical and mechanical property research of corn ears and simulated analysis of corn threshing progress[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2013.(in Chinese)
[2]刘绍锋.玉米籽粒直收的推广迟缓原因分析[J].农机科技推广,2017(9):16.
[3]柳枫贺,王克如,李健,等.影响玉米机械收粒质量因素的分析[J].作物杂志,2013(4):116-119.LIU Fenghe,WANG Keru,LI Jian,et al.Factors affecting corn mechanically harvesting grain quality[J].Crops,2013(4):116-119.(in Chinese)
[4]李毅念,陈俊生,丁启朔,等.轴流式和切流式机械脱粒对稻谷损伤及加工品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(15):41-48.LI Yinian,CHEN Junsheng,DING Qishuo,et al.Effects of axial flow and tangential flow mechanical threshing on rice damage and milling quality[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(15):41-48.(in Chinese)
[5]王克如,李璐璐,郭银巧,等.不同机械作业对玉米子粒收获质量的影响[J].玉米科学,2016,24(1):114-116.WANG Keru,LI Lulu,GUO Yinqiao,et al.Effects of different mechanical operation on maize grain harvest quality[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2016,24(1):114-116.(in Chinese)
[6]谢瑞芝,雷晓鹏,王克如,等.黄淮海夏玉米子粒机械收获研究初报[J].作物杂志,2014(2):76-79.XIE Ruizhi,LEI Xiaopeng,WANG Keru,et al.Research on corn mechanically harvesting grain quality in Huanghuaihai plain[J].Crops,2014(2):76-79.(in Chinese)
[7]DUANE L,HARRY H,TED H,et al.Corn kernel damage due to high velocity impact[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1972,12(1):330-331.
[8]MAHMOUD A R,BUCHELE W F.Corn ear orientation effects on mechanical damage and forces on concave[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1975,18(3):444-447.
[9]PETKEVICHIUS S,SHPOKAS L,KUTZBACH H D.Investigation of the maize ear threshing process[J].Biosystems Engineering,2008,99(4):532-539.
[10]邸志峰,崔中凯,张华,等.纹杆块与钉齿组合式轴流玉米脱粒滚筒的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):28-34.DI Zhifeng,CUI Zhongkai,ZHANG Hua,et al.Design and experiment of rasp bar and nail tooth combined axial flow corn threshing cylinder[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(1):28-34.(in Chinese)
[11]李耀明,王建鹏,徐立章,等.联合收获机脱粒滚筒凹板间隙调节装置设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(8):68-75.LI Yaoming,WANG Jianpeng,XU Lizhang,et al.Design and experiment on adjusting mechanism of concave clearance of combine harvester cylinder[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(8):68-75.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20180808&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2018.08.008.(in Chinese)
[12]李心平,马义东,金鑫,等.玉米种子仿生脱粒机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):97-101.LI Xinping,MA Yidong,JIN Xin,et al.Design and test of corn seed bionic thresher[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(7):97-101.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150715&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.07.015.(in Chinese)
[13]高连兴,郑世妍,陈瑞祥,等.喂入辊轴流滚筒组合式大豆种子脱粒机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(1):112-118.GAO Lianxing,ZHENG Shiyan,CHEN Ruixiang,et al.Design and experiment on soybean breeding thresher of double feeding roller and combined threshing cylinder[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(1):112-118.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150117&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.01.017.(in Chinese)
[14]高连兴,李飞,张新伟,等.含水率对种子玉米脱粒性能的影响机理[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(12):92-96.GAO Lianxing,LI Fei,ZHANG Xinwei,et al.Mechanism of moisture content affect on corn seed threshing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(12):92-96.(in Chinese)
[15]刘继元,崔中凯,马继春,等.黄淮海地区小麦玉米接茬轮作机械化生产问题与对策[J].农机化研究,2016,38(5):259-263.LIU Jiyuan,CUI Zhongkai,MA Jichun,et al.Problems and countermeasures of wheat corn rotation production mechanization for main crops in Huanghuaihai region[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2016,38(5):259-263.(in Chinese)
[16]雷晓鹏.黄淮海地区玉米机械收获籽粒可行性研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2015.LEI Xiaopeng.Studies on the feasibility of maize mechanically harvesting grain in Huanghuaihai regions[D].Baoding:Agricultural University of Hebei,2015.(in Chinese)
[17]易克传,朱德文,张新伟,等.含水率对玉米籽粒机械化直接收获的影响[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(11):78-80.YI Kechuan,ZHU Dewen,ZHANG Xinwei,et al.Effect of moisture content on corn grain harvesting mechanization[J].Jouranal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2016,37(11):78-80.(in Chinese)
[18]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(下册)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2007.
[19]李宝筏.农业机械学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003.
[20]JOHNSON K L.接触力学[M].徐秉业,罗学富,刘信声,等,译.北京:高等教育出版社,1992.
[21]石林榕,吴建民,孙伟,等.基于离散单元法的水平圆盘式精量排种器排种仿真试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(8):40-48.SHI Linrong,WU Jianmin,SUN Wei,et al.Simulation test for metering process of horizontal disc precision metering device based on discrete element method[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(8):40-48.(in Chinese)
[22]王云霞,梁志杰,张东兴,等.基于离散元的玉米种子颗粒模型种间接触参数标定[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):36-42.WANG Yunxia,LIANG Zhijie,ZHANG Dongxing,et al.Calibration method of contact characteristic parameters for corn seeds based on EDEM[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(22):36-42.(in Chinese)
[23]李心平.种子玉米脱粒损伤机理及5TYZ-1型定向喂入式脱粒机研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2007.
[24]杨玉芬,张永丽,张本华,等.典型玉米种子籽粒的静压破损试验研究[J].农机化研究,2008,30(7):149-151.YANG Yufen,ZHANG Yongli,ZHANG Benhua,et al.Experimental study on static pressing typical corn seed kernel[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2008,30(7):149-151.(in Chinese)
[25]周海玲.玉米果穗物理力学性质研究及脱粒过程仿真分析[D].长春:吉林大学,2013.ZHOU Hailing.The physical and mechanical property research of corn ears and simulated analysis of corn threshing progress[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2013.(in Chinese)