散射膜日光温室中种植垄向对番茄生长和产量的影响
|
摘要
在普通薄膜覆盖下的中国日光温室中,普遍采用南北垄向的种植方式,但较短的南北种植距离限制了农机具的使用和作业效率的提高。该研究在散射光日光温室中(散射膜的雾度55%,透光率85%),对南北、东西2种垄向种植的番茄的光环境、生理和产量指标进行了测试分析,以探讨在散射光日光温室中采用东西种植垄向的可行性。结果表明:东西与南北垄向番茄冠层的光照累积量无显著性差异;东西和南北方向种植的番茄的叶面积指数(LAI)分别为4.34和4.29,SPAD值分别为(42.7±1.0)和(43.1±0.6),叶片净光合速率分别为12.8和12.4μmol/m~2·s,差异均不显著;2016年12月至2017年4月番茄的实测总产量,东西和南北垄向分为2 537.6和2 421.1 kg,也没有明显差异。因此,在散射光日光温室中种植垄向对番茄的生长和产量没有产生影响,可以采用东西垄向的种植方式来替代南北垄向进行番茄生产。
In the solar greenhouse,which was covered by ordinary film with small haze,the planting pattern of south-north ridge was used in common.In east-west ridge,there could be the shadow on the north side produced by south side of planting line,which caused some problems including that the distribution of light would be uneven,and the growth would be impacted.However,due to the current labor shortage and low production efficiency,there is urgent need for small agricultural machinery used in the solar greenhouse,while the shorter north-south planting ridge has limited the use of agricultural machinery and operation efficiency.Tomato("Gem 1") plants,were planted on September 20,2016 in glasshouse.The length of test greenhouse was 60 m,and the span was 8 m,which was located in Fengnan District,Tangshan City,Hebei Province.The greenhouse was covered by film with 55% haze and 85% light transmittance.This study aimed to analyze the effects of 2 planting ridges on tomato growth and yield.The photoperiod,and physiological and morphological indices of different height of canopy were studied with 2 kinds of tomatoes grown in north-south and east-west ridge,respectively,and the photosynthetic rate and yield were compared.The hypothesis is there exists the feasibility of using the east-west ridge in the scattered light solar greenhouse.To test this hypothesis,a study was conducted in glasshouses covered with scattering glass,converting a portion of the direct solar light into scattered light with different degrees of scattering,without affecting light transmission.Tomato was used in this study.The results showed that in the diffuse light environment,the tomatoes grown in the east-west ridge were the same as those in the north-south ridge,and the light intensity in the canopy increased with the height.And there was no significant difference in the light accumulation between the ridges of the east-west and north-south.In addition,the leaf area index(LAI) of tomato was 4.34 and 4.29 respectively,the chlorophyll SPAD(soil plant analysis development) content was 42.7±1.0 and 43.1±0.6 respectively for the east-west and north-south planting pattern,and the difference did not reach the significant level.In the east-west ridge,the distribution of leaves inclination angle was the same as that in the south-north ridge,concentrated between 60° and 80°.And the net photosynthetic rates of the leaves were 12.8 and 12.4 μmol/(m2·s),and the difference was not significant; from December 2016 to February 2017,the yield of tomato of east-west ridge was 2 537.6 kg,and the other was 2 421.1 kg,and the difference was not significant.It could be seen that there was no significant difference on the growth and yield of tomatoes between the east-west and south-north ridges in the solar greenhouse covered by film with 55% haze.Therefore,the effects of 2 kinds of planting ridges on the growth and yield of tomato in diffuse light in the Chinese solar greenhouse were not significant.Thus,in the solar greenhouse with diffuse light environment,we can not only use the east-west ridge instead of the north-south ridge for tomato planting pattern,but also use the east-west farming pattern for agricultural operation.
In the solar greenhouse,which was covered by ordinary film with small haze,the planting pattern of south-north ridge was used in common.In east-west ridge,there could be the shadow on the north side produced by south side of planting line,which caused some problems including that the distribution of light would be uneven,and the growth would be impacted.However,due to the current labor shortage and low production efficiency,there is urgent need for small agricultural machinery used in the solar greenhouse,while the shorter north-south planting ridge has limited the use of agricultural machinery and operation efficiency.Tomato("Gem 1") plants,were planted on September 20,2016 in glasshouse.The length of test greenhouse was 60 m,and the span was 8 m,which was located in Fengnan District,Tangshan City,Hebei Province.The greenhouse was covered by film with 55% haze and 85% light transmittance.This study aimed to analyze the effects of 2 planting ridges on tomato growth and yield.The photoperiod,and physiological and morphological indices of different height of canopy were studied with 2 kinds of tomatoes grown in north-south and east-west ridge,respectively,and the photosynthetic rate and yield were compared.The hypothesis is there exists the feasibility of using the east-west ridge in the scattered light solar greenhouse.To test this hypothesis,a study was conducted in glasshouses covered with scattering glass,converting a portion of the direct solar light into scattered light with different degrees of scattering,without affecting light transmission.Tomato was used in this study.The results showed that in the diffuse light environment,the tomatoes grown in the east-west ridge were the same as those in the north-south ridge,and the light intensity in the canopy increased with the height.And there was no significant difference in the light accumulation between the ridges of the east-west and north-south.In addition,the leaf area index(LAI) of tomato was 4.34 and 4.29 respectively,the chlorophyll SPAD(soil plant analysis development) content was 42.7±1.0 and 43.1±0.6 respectively for the east-west and north-south planting pattern,and the difference did not reach the significant level.In the east-west ridge,the distribution of leaves inclination angle was the same as that in the south-north ridge,concentrated between 60° and 80°.And the net photosynthetic rates of the leaves were 12.8 and 12.4 μmol/(m2·s),and the difference was not significant; from December 2016 to February 2017,the yield of tomato of east-west ridge was 2 537.6 kg,and the other was 2 421.1 kg,and the difference was not significant.It could be seen that there was no significant difference on the growth and yield of tomatoes between the east-west and south-north ridges in the solar greenhouse covered by film with 55% haze.Therefore,the effects of 2 kinds of planting ridges on the growth and yield of tomato in diffuse light in the Chinese solar greenhouse were not significant.Thus,in the solar greenhouse with diffuse light environment,we can not only use the east-west ridge instead of the north-south ridge for tomato planting pattern,but also use the east-west farming pattern for agricultural operation.
引文
[1]王静,崔庆法,林茂兹.不同结构日光温室光环境及补光研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(4):86-89.Wang Jing,Cui Qingfa,Lin Maozi.Illumination environment of different structural solar greenhouses and their supplement illumination[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2002,28(4):86-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]李汉生,徐永.光照对叶绿素合成的影响[J].现代农业科技,2014,1(21):161-164.Li Hansheng,Xu Yong.Effect of light on synthesis of chlorophylls[J].Modern agricultural science and technology,2014,1(21):161-164.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Durieux A.Effect of additional lighting on the production of vegetable crops[J].Acta-Horticulturae,1997,418(3):33-36.
[4]Kitaya Y,Niu G H,Kozai T,et al.Photosynthetic photon flux photo period and CO2 concentration affect growth and morphology of lettuce plug transplants[J].Hort-Science,1998,33(6):988-991.
[5]Hemming S,Braak N,Dueck T,et al.Filtering natural light by the greenhouse covering using model simulations-more production and better plant quality by diffuse light[J].Acta-Horticulturae,2006,711(3):105-110.
[6]Cockshull K E,Graves C J,Cave C R J.The influence of shading on yield of glasshouse tomatoes[J].Journal of Horticultural Science,1992,61(1):11-24.
[7]Marcelis L F M,Broekhuijsen A G M,Meinen E,et al.Quantification of the growth response to light quantity of greenhouse grown crops[J].Acta-Horticultural.2006,711(2006):97-103.
[8]Alton P B,North P R,Los S O.The impact of diffuse sunlight on canopy light-use efficiency,gross photosynthetic product and net ecosystem exchange in three forest biomes[J].Global Change Biology,2007,13(4):776-787.
[9]Li T,Heuvelink E,Dueck T A,et al.Enhancement of crop photosynthesis by diffuse light:Quantifying the contributing factors[J].Annals of Botany,2014,114(1):145-156.
[10]Li T,Heuvelink E,van Noort F,et al.Responses of two Anthurium cultivars to high daily integrals of diffuse light[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2014,179(1):306-313.
[11]孙士景,周清,范冰琳,等.散射光薄膜对番茄生长和果实品质的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2016(5):22-26.Sun Shijing,Zhou Qing,Fan Binglin,et al.Effect of diffuse light thin film on tomato growth and fruit quality[J].Chinese Vegetables,2016(5):22-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]范冰琳,赵淑梅,孙士景,等.散射光薄膜下黄瓜生长性状的初步试验研究[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2016,36(9):633-638.Fan Binglin,Zhao Shumei,Sun Shijing,et al.Preliminary research on growth of cucumber under the diffuse light film[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University:Natural Science Edition,2016,36(9):633-638.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]申晓慧,刘婧琪,姜成,等.大豆不同垄向栽培增产效果研究初探[J].农学学报,2011(8):8-11.Shen Xiaohui,Liu Jingqi,Jiang Cheng,et al.The research discussed on effect increasing yield of soybean with different ridges cultivation[J].Journal of Agriculture,2011(8):8-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]魏湜.三种播期条件下垄向对小麦生长、产量和产量构成因素的影响[J].耕作与栽培,1989(4):59-61.
[15]李炜,肖佳雷,谭贺,等.不同垄向栽培对作物净光合速率及产量的影响[J].农学学报,2010(11):24-25.Li Wei,Xiao Jialei,Tan He,et al.Study on crop net photosynthetic rate and yield under different ridge cultivation[J].Journal of Agriculture,2010(11):24-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]石绍河,刘宝海,符强,等.不同垄向对玉米增产效果的研究[J].黑龙江农业科学,2011(5):23-25.Shi Shaohe,Liu Baohai,Fu Qiang,et al.Research on effect of different direction of ridge in increasing yield of maize[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2011(5):23-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]陈丽君,赵凤芹,王艳华,等.温室机械化生产的制约因素及其对策研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2002,4(2):101-103.Chen Lijun,Zhao Fengqin,Wang Yanhua,et al.The restrictive factors of mechanization of glasshouse farm work and the relevant countermeasures[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2002,4(2):101-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李艳.日光温室蔬菜机械化生产的效益分析[J].中国农机化,2008(5):44-46.Li Yan.Benefit analysis of vegetable mechanization production in solar greenhouse[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2008(5):44-46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]刘力.浅论我国小型农业机械的现状与发展[J].中国林业产业,2016(1):47.
[20]马晓媛.日光温室蔬菜生产配套机械化技术应用[J].农机科技推广,2015(10):39-40.
[21]赵润华.蔬菜温室大棚微型旋耕机的研制[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2015.Zhao Runhua.Design and Experiment of Micro Rotary Tiller Used in Conservatory Big Shed of Vegetables[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]许丽佳,冉春森,王文娟,等.小型无线遥控和实时配药喷施机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(10):13-19.Xu Lijia,Ran Chunsen,Wang Wenjuan,et al.Development on small pesticide spraying machine with real-time mixing and remote-control spraying[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(10):13-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]冯杰明,郝东生,王项羽.小型农业机械在设施蔬菜省力化生产上的示范应用[J].中国蔬菜,2014,1(7):57-59.
[24]刘晓明.温室蔬菜生产机械化作业的可行性[J].农业工程,2013,3(S2):20-22.Liu Xiaoming.Feasibility of greenhouse vegetables production modernization[J].Agricultural Engineering,2013,3(S2):20-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]王蕊,吴海涵,李天来.日光温室番茄群体冠层内光能截获特征及其光环境分析[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2013,44(5):570-574.Wang Rui,Wu Haihan,Li Tianlai.Impact of the light directions on light distribution of tomato canopy in solar greenhouse[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2013,44(5):570-574.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]黄高宝.作物群体受光结构与作物生产力研究[J].生态学杂志,1999,18(1):59-65.Huang Gaobao.A review of the researches of crop colony structure and light distribution in relation to crop productivity[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1999,18(1):59-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]陈友,宗亚平,毕宏文,等.大棚番茄群体结构及光分布特性与中早期产量形成关系的研究[J].农业工程学报,1990,6(2):50-55.Chen You,Zong Yaping,Bi Hongwen,et al.Study on the forming relationship between the tomato population structure and the light distribution characteristic in the plastic sheet shed and the yield during the middle-early stage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1990,6(2):50-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]李艳大,汤亮,张玉屏,等.水稻冠层光截获与叶面积和产量的关系[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(16):3296-3305.Li Yanda,Tang Liang,Zhang Yuping,et al.Relationship of PAR interception of canopy to leaf area and yield in rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(16):3296-3305.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]边江.番茄叶片动态光合的光响应特性研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2011.Bian Jiang.Research on Light Response Characteristics of Dynamic Photosynthetic of Tomato Leaf[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]曲佳,须晖,王蕊,等.日光温室番茄群体太阳总辐射量的分布规律及其与光合作用的关系[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2011,39(6):178-184.Qu Jia,Xu Hui,Wang Rui,et al.Solar radiation distribution and relationship between solar radiation and photosynthesis of tomato canopy in solar greenhouse[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat.Sci.Ed.),2011,39(6):178-184.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]李汉生,徐永.光照对叶绿素合成的影响[J].现代农业科技,2014,1(21):161-164.Li Hansheng,Xu Yong.Effect of light on synthesis of chlorophylls[J].Modern agricultural science and technology,2014,1(21):161-164.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Durieux A.Effect of additional lighting on the production of vegetable crops[J].Acta-Horticulturae,1997,418(3):33-36.
[4]Kitaya Y,Niu G H,Kozai T,et al.Photosynthetic photon flux photo period and CO2 concentration affect growth and morphology of lettuce plug transplants[J].Hort-Science,1998,33(6):988-991.
[5]Hemming S,Braak N,Dueck T,et al.Filtering natural light by the greenhouse covering using model simulations-more production and better plant quality by diffuse light[J].Acta-Horticulturae,2006,711(3):105-110.
[6]Cockshull K E,Graves C J,Cave C R J.The influence of shading on yield of glasshouse tomatoes[J].Journal of Horticultural Science,1992,61(1):11-24.
[7]Marcelis L F M,Broekhuijsen A G M,Meinen E,et al.Quantification of the growth response to light quantity of greenhouse grown crops[J].Acta-Horticultural.2006,711(2006):97-103.
[8]Alton P B,North P R,Los S O.The impact of diffuse sunlight on canopy light-use efficiency,gross photosynthetic product and net ecosystem exchange in three forest biomes[J].Global Change Biology,2007,13(4):776-787.
[9]Li T,Heuvelink E,Dueck T A,et al.Enhancement of crop photosynthesis by diffuse light:Quantifying the contributing factors[J].Annals of Botany,2014,114(1):145-156.
[10]Li T,Heuvelink E,van Noort F,et al.Responses of two Anthurium cultivars to high daily integrals of diffuse light[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2014,179(1):306-313.
[11]孙士景,周清,范冰琳,等.散射光薄膜对番茄生长和果实品质的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2016(5):22-26.Sun Shijing,Zhou Qing,Fan Binglin,et al.Effect of diffuse light thin film on tomato growth and fruit quality[J].Chinese Vegetables,2016(5):22-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]范冰琳,赵淑梅,孙士景,等.散射光薄膜下黄瓜生长性状的初步试验研究[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2016,36(9):633-638.Fan Binglin,Zhao Shumei,Sun Shijing,et al.Preliminary research on growth of cucumber under the diffuse light film[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University:Natural Science Edition,2016,36(9):633-638.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]申晓慧,刘婧琪,姜成,等.大豆不同垄向栽培增产效果研究初探[J].农学学报,2011(8):8-11.Shen Xiaohui,Liu Jingqi,Jiang Cheng,et al.The research discussed on effect increasing yield of soybean with different ridges cultivation[J].Journal of Agriculture,2011(8):8-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]魏湜.三种播期条件下垄向对小麦生长、产量和产量构成因素的影响[J].耕作与栽培,1989(4):59-61.
[15]李炜,肖佳雷,谭贺,等.不同垄向栽培对作物净光合速率及产量的影响[J].农学学报,2010(11):24-25.Li Wei,Xiao Jialei,Tan He,et al.Study on crop net photosynthetic rate and yield under different ridge cultivation[J].Journal of Agriculture,2010(11):24-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]石绍河,刘宝海,符强,等.不同垄向对玉米增产效果的研究[J].黑龙江农业科学,2011(5):23-25.Shi Shaohe,Liu Baohai,Fu Qiang,et al.Research on effect of different direction of ridge in increasing yield of maize[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2011(5):23-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]陈丽君,赵凤芹,王艳华,等.温室机械化生产的制约因素及其对策研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2002,4(2):101-103.Chen Lijun,Zhao Fengqin,Wang Yanhua,et al.The restrictive factors of mechanization of glasshouse farm work and the relevant countermeasures[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2002,4(2):101-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李艳.日光温室蔬菜机械化生产的效益分析[J].中国农机化,2008(5):44-46.Li Yan.Benefit analysis of vegetable mechanization production in solar greenhouse[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2008(5):44-46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]刘力.浅论我国小型农业机械的现状与发展[J].中国林业产业,2016(1):47.
[20]马晓媛.日光温室蔬菜生产配套机械化技术应用[J].农机科技推广,2015(10):39-40.
[21]赵润华.蔬菜温室大棚微型旋耕机的研制[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2015.Zhao Runhua.Design and Experiment of Micro Rotary Tiller Used in Conservatory Big Shed of Vegetables[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]许丽佳,冉春森,王文娟,等.小型无线遥控和实时配药喷施机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(10):13-19.Xu Lijia,Ran Chunsen,Wang Wenjuan,et al.Development on small pesticide spraying machine with real-time mixing and remote-control spraying[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(10):13-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]冯杰明,郝东生,王项羽.小型农业机械在设施蔬菜省力化生产上的示范应用[J].中国蔬菜,2014,1(7):57-59.
[24]刘晓明.温室蔬菜生产机械化作业的可行性[J].农业工程,2013,3(S2):20-22.Liu Xiaoming.Feasibility of greenhouse vegetables production modernization[J].Agricultural Engineering,2013,3(S2):20-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]王蕊,吴海涵,李天来.日光温室番茄群体冠层内光能截获特征及其光环境分析[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2013,44(5):570-574.Wang Rui,Wu Haihan,Li Tianlai.Impact of the light directions on light distribution of tomato canopy in solar greenhouse[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2013,44(5):570-574.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]黄高宝.作物群体受光结构与作物生产力研究[J].生态学杂志,1999,18(1):59-65.Huang Gaobao.A review of the researches of crop colony structure and light distribution in relation to crop productivity[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1999,18(1):59-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]陈友,宗亚平,毕宏文,等.大棚番茄群体结构及光分布特性与中早期产量形成关系的研究[J].农业工程学报,1990,6(2):50-55.Chen You,Zong Yaping,Bi Hongwen,et al.Study on the forming relationship between the tomato population structure and the light distribution characteristic in the plastic sheet shed and the yield during the middle-early stage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1990,6(2):50-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]李艳大,汤亮,张玉屏,等.水稻冠层光截获与叶面积和产量的关系[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(16):3296-3305.Li Yanda,Tang Liang,Zhang Yuping,et al.Relationship of PAR interception of canopy to leaf area and yield in rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(16):3296-3305.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]边江.番茄叶片动态光合的光响应特性研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2011.Bian Jiang.Research on Light Response Characteristics of Dynamic Photosynthetic of Tomato Leaf[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]曲佳,须晖,王蕊,等.日光温室番茄群体太阳总辐射量的分布规律及其与光合作用的关系[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2011,39(6):178-184.Qu Jia,Xu Hui,Wang Rui,et al.Solar radiation distribution and relationship between solar radiation and photosynthesis of tomato canopy in solar greenhouse[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat.Sci.Ed.),2011,39(6):178-184.(in Chinese with English abstract)