棉花对初蕾期物理伤害的调节补偿效应
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摘要
黄河流域棉区棉花在蕾期常遭遇冰雹所致的物理伤害,但棉花具有一定的调节补偿能力。明确棉花对不同程度物理伤害的补偿效应,对灾后棉田管理具有指导意义。以山东主栽棉花品种K836为材料,于2014—2015年棉花现蕾后第5天在山东省临清市设置去顶去叶(RTL)、去顶留1叶(RT+1LM)、去顶留叶(RT+ALM)、留顶去叶(TM+RL)、留顶留1叶(TM+1LM)以及未损伤的正常植株(CK) 6个处理,研究不同程度损伤对棉花生长发育、叶面积动态、净光合速率、生物量、棉柴比、产量及产量构成的影响。结果表明,对于棉花单株干物质量, TM+1LM处理在15 DAT和30DAT(物理伤害后天数)分别比CK降低59.0%和12.1%,但在45DAT和60DAT与CK无差异;其余伤害处理在15～60 DAT均不同程度降低。叶面积指数变化动态与干物质积累趋势一致。处理45 DAT内, RTL、RT+1LM、RT+ALM和TM+RL的净光合速率均低于对照,且高峰值出现时间推迟, TM+1LM的净光合速率变化趋势及高峰值出现时间与对照一致。TM+RL生物产量较CK降低18.2%,而RTL、RT+1LM、RT+ALM和TM+1LM的生物产量与CK相当; RTL、RT+1LM、RT+ALM和TM+RL的棉柴比分别比CK降低52.6%、47.3%、36.8%和23.7%,而TM+1LM的棉柴比与CK无明显差异。RTL、RT+1LM、RT+ALM和TM+RL单位面积铃数分别减少19.0%、7.2%、9.9%和15.6%,单铃重分别降低23.2%、8.9%、8.9%和19.6%,籽棉产量分别降低36.3%、17.5%、15.5%和31.9%,而TM+1LM的铃数和单铃重没有显著降低,籽棉产量与CK相当。据此,把蕾期物理损伤分为轻度损伤(TM+1LM)、中度损伤(RT+1LM、RT+ALM)和重度损伤(RTL、TM+RL),其减产幅度分别在5%以内、15%左右和30%以上。对于轻度和中度损伤棉田,宜加强水肥管理促进棉花补偿性生长,减少产量损失;对于重度损伤棉田,可以考虑改种其他短季作物。
Hail-caused physical damage on cotton often occurs at squaring in Yellow River basin. Cotton is characterized as inde-terminate growth habit as well as great compensatory ability. It is very important to determine the recovery potential after physical damage. A two-year(2014–2015) field experiment was carried out at Linqing of Shandong province with six treatments at five days after squaring, including removal of main-stem terminal and total leaves, RTL; removal of main-stem terminal but one leaf maintained, RT+1 LM; removal of main-stem terminal but total leaves maintained, RT+ALM; main-stem terminal maintained but removal of total leaves, TM+RL; main-stem terminal and one leaf maintained, TM+1 LM; and non-damaged, CK. A randomized blocks design was used for the study. Results showed that dry weight of single plant in RTL, RT+1 LM, RT+ALM and TM+RL was significantly reduced at 15–60 days after treatment(DAT) as compared with that of CK. Dry weight of single plant in TM+1 LM was reduced by 59.0% and 12.1% at 15 and 30 DAT, respectively, and slightly reduced at 45 and 60 DAT. LAI dynamics of six treatments were similar to those of biomass from 15 to 60 DAT. The leaf net photosynthetic rate of RTL, RT+1 LM, RT+ALM and TM+RL was lower than that of control from 15 to 45 DAT, and the peak occurrence of Pn was delayed, while the Pnof TM+1 LM and its peak period were similar to that of CK. Total biomass TM+RL was reduced by 18.2% in, but not changed in RTL, RT+1 LM, RT+ALM, and TM+1 LM compared with that of CK. Ratio of seedcotton to stalk of RTL, RT+1 LM, RT+ALM, and TM+RL was decreased by 52.6%, 47.3%, 36.8%, and 23.7% compared with that of CK, but not significantly changes in TM+1 LM. The number of bolls per unit land area in RTL, RT+1 LM, RT+ALM, and TM+RL decreased by 19%, 7.2%, 9.9%, and 15.6%, boll weight decreased by 23.2%, 8.9%, 8.9%, and 19.6%, and thus seedcotton yield decreased by 36.3%, 17.5%, 15.5%, and 31.9%, respectively. However, TM+1 LM did not significantly reduce the number of bolls and boll weight, and produced comparable yield to CK. The results of this study indicate that cotton plants have strong compensation effects on biological yield and economic yield owing to the indeterminate growth habit after physical damage at squaring stage, but the compensatory effects are varied by the extent of physical damage. Accordingly, the physical injury at squaring was divided into light injury(TM+1 LM), moderate injury(RT+1 LM, RT+ALM), and severe injury(RTL, TM+RL), in which the yield reduction was less than 5%, 15%, and more than 30%, respectively. For lightly and moderately damaged cotton fields, water and fertilizer management is strongly recommended to promote cotton compensatory growth and reduce yield losses, while for seriously damaged cotton fields, replanting other short-season crops could be considered.
Hail-caused physical damage on cotton often occurs at squaring in Yellow River basin. Cotton is characterized as inde-terminate growth habit as well as great compensatory ability. It is very important to determine the recovery potential after physical damage. A two-year(2014–2015) field experiment was carried out at Linqing of Shandong province with six treatments at five days after squaring, including removal of main-stem terminal and total leaves, RTL; removal of main-stem terminal but one leaf maintained, RT+1 LM; removal of main-stem terminal but total leaves maintained, RT+ALM; main-stem terminal maintained but removal of total leaves, TM+RL; main-stem terminal and one leaf maintained, TM+1 LM; and non-damaged, CK. A randomized blocks design was used for the study. Results showed that dry weight of single plant in RTL, RT+1 LM, RT+ALM and TM+RL was significantly reduced at 15–60 days after treatment(DAT) as compared with that of CK. Dry weight of single plant in TM+1 LM was reduced by 59.0% and 12.1% at 15 and 30 DAT, respectively, and slightly reduced at 45 and 60 DAT. LAI dynamics of six treatments were similar to those of biomass from 15 to 60 DAT. The leaf net photosynthetic rate of RTL, RT+1 LM, RT+ALM and TM+RL was lower than that of control from 15 to 45 DAT, and the peak occurrence of Pn was delayed, while the Pnof TM+1 LM and its peak period were similar to that of CK. Total biomass TM+RL was reduced by 18.2% in, but not changed in RTL, RT+1 LM, RT+ALM, and TM+1 LM compared with that of CK. Ratio of seedcotton to stalk of RTL, RT+1 LM, RT+ALM, and TM+RL was decreased by 52.6%, 47.3%, 36.8%, and 23.7% compared with that of CK, but not significantly changes in TM+1 LM. The number of bolls per unit land area in RTL, RT+1 LM, RT+ALM, and TM+RL decreased by 19%, 7.2%, 9.9%, and 15.6%, boll weight decreased by 23.2%, 8.9%, 8.9%, and 19.6%, and thus seedcotton yield decreased by 36.3%, 17.5%, 15.5%, and 31.9%, respectively. However, TM+1 LM did not significantly reduce the number of bolls and boll weight, and produced comparable yield to CK. The results of this study indicate that cotton plants have strong compensation effects on biological yield and economic yield owing to the indeterminate growth habit after physical damage at squaring stage, but the compensatory effects are varied by the extent of physical damage. Accordingly, the physical injury at squaring was divided into light injury(TM+1 LM), moderate injury(RT+1 LM, RT+ALM), and severe injury(RTL, TM+RL), in which the yield reduction was less than 5%, 15%, and more than 30%, respectively. For lightly and moderately damaged cotton fields, water and fertilizer management is strongly recommended to promote cotton compensatory growth and reduce yield losses, while for seriously damaged cotton fields, replanting other short-season crops could be considered.
引文
[1]Dai J L,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M,Li Z H,Lu H Q,Eneji A E,Dong H Z.Manipulation of dry matter accumulation and partitioning with plant density in relation to yield stability of cotton under intensive management.Field Crops Res,2015,180:207-215.
[2]Bednarz C W,Bridges D C,Brown S M.Analysis of cotton yield stability across population densities.Agron J,2000,92:128-135.
[3]Dong H Z,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M,Li Z H.Yield,quality and leaf senescence of cotton grown at varying planting dates and plant densities in the Yellow River Valley of China.Field Crops Res,2006,98:106-115.
[4]卢合全,李振怀,董合忠,李维江,唐薇,张冬梅.播种期对2个不同类型棉花品种产量和产量构成的影响.棉花学报,2012,24:312-317.Lu H Q,Li Z H,Dong H Z,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M.Effect of planting date on yield and yield components of two different cotton genotypes.Cotton Sci,2012,24:312-317(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]Dai J L,Luo Z,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M,Lu H Q,Li Z H,Xin C X,Kong X Q,Eneji A E,Dong H Z.A simplified pruning method for profitable cotton production in the Yellow River Valley of China.Field Crops Res,2014,164:22-29.
[6]Dong H Z,Niu Y H,Kong X Q,Luo Z.Effects of early-fruit removal on endogenous cytokinins and abscisic acid in relation to leaf senescence in cotton.Plant Growth Regul,2009,59:90-101.
[7]牛曰华,董合忠,李维江,粟红梅.去早果枝对抗虫棉产量、品质和早衰的影响.棉花学报,2007,19:52-56.Niu Y H,Dong H Z,Li W J,Su H M.Effects of removal of early fruiting branches on yield,fiber quality and premature senescence in Bt transgenic cotton.Cotton Sci,2007,19:52-56(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]Dong H Z,Kong X Q,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M.Effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on cotton yield and uptake of major nutrients in two fields with varying fertility.Field Crops Res,2010,119:106-113.
[9]Dong H Z,Li W J,Eneji A E,Zhang D M.Nitrogen rate and plant density effects on yield and late-season leaf senescence of cotton raised on a saline field.Field Crops Res,2012,126:137-144.
[10]Dai J L,Li W J,Zhang D M,Tang W,Li Z H,Lu H Q,Kong X Q,Luo Z,Xu S Z,Xin C S,Dong H Z.Competitive yield and economic benefits of cotton achieved through a combination of extensive pruning and a reduced nitrogen rate at high plant density.Field Crops Res,2017,209:65-72.
[11]Lu H Q,Dai J L,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M,Eneji A E,Dong HZ.Yield and economic benefits of late planted short-season cotton versus full-season cotton relayed with garlic.Field Crops Res,2017,200:80-87.
[12]张艳军,董合忠.棉花对淹水胁迫的适应机制.棉花学报,2015,27:80-88.Zhang Y J,Dong H Z.Mechanisms for adapting to waterlogging stress in cotton.Cotton Sci,2015,27:80-88(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]Zhang Y J,Song X Z,Yang G Z,Li Z H,Lu H Q,Kong X Q,Eneji A E,Dong H Z.Physiological and molecular adjustment of cotton to waterlogging at peak-flowering in relation to growth and yield.Field Crops Res,2015,179:164-172.
[14]Zhang Y Z,Chen Y Z,Lu H Q,Kong X Q,Dai J L,Li Z H,Dong HZ.Growth,lint yield and changes in physiological attributes of cotton under temporal waterlogging.Field Crops Res,2016,194:83-93.
[15]Sadras V O,Wilson L J.Recovery of cotton crops after early season damage by thrips(Thysanoptera).Crop Sci,1998,38:399-409.
[16]Terry L I.Effect of early season insecticide use and square removal on fruiting patterns and fiber quality of cotton.J Econ Entomol,1992,85:1402-1412.
[17]Brook K D,Hearn A B,Kelly C F.Response of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L.,to damage by insect pests in Australia:manual simulation of damage.J Econ Entomol,1992,85:1368-1377.
[18]Bednarz C W,Roberts P M.Spatial yield distribution in cotton following early-season floral bud removal.Crop Sci,2001,41:1800-1808.
[19]Pettigrew W T,Heitholt J J,Meredith W R.Early season floral bud removal and cotton growth,yield,and fiber quality.Agron J,1992,84:209-214.
[20]Stewart S D,Layton M B,Williams M R,Ingram D,Maily W.Response of cotton to pre-bloom square loss.J Econ Entomol,2001,94:388-396.
[21]Kerby T A,Buxton D R.Competition between adjacent fruiting forms in cotton.Agron J,1981,73:867-871.
[22]Kletter E,Wallach D.Effects of fruiting form removal on cotton reproductive development.Field Crops Res,1982,5:69-84.
[23]Kerns D L,Fromme D D,Baugh B A,Doederlein T.Ability of cotton on the Texas High Plains to compensate for pre-bloom square loss and impact on yield and fiber quality.J Cotton Sci,2016,20:103-115.
[24]Mo J H,McDougall S,Beaumont S,Munro S,Stevens M.Effects of simulated seedling defoliation on growth and yield of cotton in southern New South Wales.Crop Pasture Sci,2018,69:915-925.
[25]Zhang D M,Li W J,Tang W,Dong H Z.Fruiting-branch removal enhances endotoxin expression and lint yield in Bt cotton.Acta Agric Scand,2009,59:424-430.
[26]杨举善,戴敬.雹灾对棉花生育的影响及其补救措施的效应研究.耕作与栽培,1995,(4):25-27.Yang J S,Dai J.Study on the effects of hail impact on cotton growth and remedial measures.Till Cultiv,1995,(4):25-27(in Chinese).
[27]李明正,赵凤仙.不同程度雹灾对棉花生长和产量的影响.安徽农业科学,2006,34:649-673.Li M Z,Zhao F X.Effects of different degree hail on growth and yield of cotton.Anhui Agric Sci,2006,34:649-673(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]杨媛媛,徐文修,张巨松.冰雹灾害对不同棉花品种(系)生长发育及产量的影响.新疆农业科学,2004,41:402-406.Yang Y Y,Xu W X,Zhang J S.Effects of hail calamity on growth and yield of different breeds of cotton.Xinjiang Agric Sci,2004,41:402-406(in Chinese with English abstract).
[29]赵金涛,岳耀杰,王静爱,尹圆圆,冯红英.1950-2009年中国大陆地区冰雹灾害的时空格局分析.中国农业气象,2015,36:83-92.Zhao J T,Yue Y J,Wang J A,Yin Y Y,Feng H Y.Study on spatio-temporal pattern of hail disaster in China mainland from 1950to 2009.Chin J Agrometeorol,2015,36:83-92(in Chinese with English abstract).
[30]马红彬,谢应忠.不同放牧强度下荒漠草原植物的补偿性生长.中国农业科学,2008,41:3645-3650.Ma H B,Xie Y Z.Plant compensatory growth under different grazing intensities in desert steppe.Sci Agric Sin,2008,41:3645-3650(in Chinese with English abstract).
[31]赵丽英,邓西平,山仑.水分亏缺下作物补偿效应类型及机制研究概述.应用生态学报,2004,15:523-526.Zhao L Y,Deng X P,Shan L.A review on types and mechanism of compensation effect of crops under water deficit.Chin J Appl Ecol,2004,15:523-526(in Chinese with English abstract).
[32]王志贤,李新裕,贺志强.不同密度长绒棉蕾期受害后的产量补偿能力模拟试验.湖北农业科学,2006,45:302-304.Wang Z X,Li X Y,He Z Q.Imitative test on the output compensation ability of long-staple cotton with the different density after suffering injury in the bud period.Hubei Agric Sci,2006,45:302-304(in Chinese with English abstract).
[33]Wilson L J,Sadras V O,Heimoana S C,Gibb D.How to succeed by doing nothing:cotton compensation after simulated early season pest damage.Crop Sci,2003,43:2125-2134.
[34]Wilson L J,Lei T T,Sadras V O,Wilson L T,Heimoana S C.Undamaged cotton plants yield more if their neighbour is damaged:implications for pest management.Bull Entomol Res,2009,99:467-478.
[2]Bednarz C W,Bridges D C,Brown S M.Analysis of cotton yield stability across population densities.Agron J,2000,92:128-135.
[3]Dong H Z,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M,Li Z H.Yield,quality and leaf senescence of cotton grown at varying planting dates and plant densities in the Yellow River Valley of China.Field Crops Res,2006,98:106-115.
[4]卢合全,李振怀,董合忠,李维江,唐薇,张冬梅.播种期对2个不同类型棉花品种产量和产量构成的影响.棉花学报,2012,24:312-317.Lu H Q,Li Z H,Dong H Z,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M.Effect of planting date on yield and yield components of two different cotton genotypes.Cotton Sci,2012,24:312-317(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]Dai J L,Luo Z,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M,Lu H Q,Li Z H,Xin C X,Kong X Q,Eneji A E,Dong H Z.A simplified pruning method for profitable cotton production in the Yellow River Valley of China.Field Crops Res,2014,164:22-29.
[6]Dong H Z,Niu Y H,Kong X Q,Luo Z.Effects of early-fruit removal on endogenous cytokinins and abscisic acid in relation to leaf senescence in cotton.Plant Growth Regul,2009,59:90-101.
[7]牛曰华,董合忠,李维江,粟红梅.去早果枝对抗虫棉产量、品质和早衰的影响.棉花学报,2007,19:52-56.Niu Y H,Dong H Z,Li W J,Su H M.Effects of removal of early fruiting branches on yield,fiber quality and premature senescence in Bt transgenic cotton.Cotton Sci,2007,19:52-56(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]Dong H Z,Kong X Q,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M.Effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on cotton yield and uptake of major nutrients in two fields with varying fertility.Field Crops Res,2010,119:106-113.
[9]Dong H Z,Li W J,Eneji A E,Zhang D M.Nitrogen rate and plant density effects on yield and late-season leaf senescence of cotton raised on a saline field.Field Crops Res,2012,126:137-144.
[10]Dai J L,Li W J,Zhang D M,Tang W,Li Z H,Lu H Q,Kong X Q,Luo Z,Xu S Z,Xin C S,Dong H Z.Competitive yield and economic benefits of cotton achieved through a combination of extensive pruning and a reduced nitrogen rate at high plant density.Field Crops Res,2017,209:65-72.
[11]Lu H Q,Dai J L,Li W J,Tang W,Zhang D M,Eneji A E,Dong HZ.Yield and economic benefits of late planted short-season cotton versus full-season cotton relayed with garlic.Field Crops Res,2017,200:80-87.
[12]张艳军,董合忠.棉花对淹水胁迫的适应机制.棉花学报,2015,27:80-88.Zhang Y J,Dong H Z.Mechanisms for adapting to waterlogging stress in cotton.Cotton Sci,2015,27:80-88(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]Zhang Y J,Song X Z,Yang G Z,Li Z H,Lu H Q,Kong X Q,Eneji A E,Dong H Z.Physiological and molecular adjustment of cotton to waterlogging at peak-flowering in relation to growth and yield.Field Crops Res,2015,179:164-172.
[14]Zhang Y Z,Chen Y Z,Lu H Q,Kong X Q,Dai J L,Li Z H,Dong HZ.Growth,lint yield and changes in physiological attributes of cotton under temporal waterlogging.Field Crops Res,2016,194:83-93.
[15]Sadras V O,Wilson L J.Recovery of cotton crops after early season damage by thrips(Thysanoptera).Crop Sci,1998,38:399-409.
[16]Terry L I.Effect of early season insecticide use and square removal on fruiting patterns and fiber quality of cotton.J Econ Entomol,1992,85:1402-1412.
[17]Brook K D,Hearn A B,Kelly C F.Response of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L.,to damage by insect pests in Australia:manual simulation of damage.J Econ Entomol,1992,85:1368-1377.
[18]Bednarz C W,Roberts P M.Spatial yield distribution in cotton following early-season floral bud removal.Crop Sci,2001,41:1800-1808.
[19]Pettigrew W T,Heitholt J J,Meredith W R.Early season floral bud removal and cotton growth,yield,and fiber quality.Agron J,1992,84:209-214.
[20]Stewart S D,Layton M B,Williams M R,Ingram D,Maily W.Response of cotton to pre-bloom square loss.J Econ Entomol,2001,94:388-396.
[21]Kerby T A,Buxton D R.Competition between adjacent fruiting forms in cotton.Agron J,1981,73:867-871.
[22]Kletter E,Wallach D.Effects of fruiting form removal on cotton reproductive development.Field Crops Res,1982,5:69-84.
[23]Kerns D L,Fromme D D,Baugh B A,Doederlein T.Ability of cotton on the Texas High Plains to compensate for pre-bloom square loss and impact on yield and fiber quality.J Cotton Sci,2016,20:103-115.
[24]Mo J H,McDougall S,Beaumont S,Munro S,Stevens M.Effects of simulated seedling defoliation on growth and yield of cotton in southern New South Wales.Crop Pasture Sci,2018,69:915-925.
[25]Zhang D M,Li W J,Tang W,Dong H Z.Fruiting-branch removal enhances endotoxin expression and lint yield in Bt cotton.Acta Agric Scand,2009,59:424-430.
[26]杨举善,戴敬.雹灾对棉花生育的影响及其补救措施的效应研究.耕作与栽培,1995,(4):25-27.Yang J S,Dai J.Study on the effects of hail impact on cotton growth and remedial measures.Till Cultiv,1995,(4):25-27(in Chinese).
[27]李明正,赵凤仙.不同程度雹灾对棉花生长和产量的影响.安徽农业科学,2006,34:649-673.Li M Z,Zhao F X.Effects of different degree hail on growth and yield of cotton.Anhui Agric Sci,2006,34:649-673(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]杨媛媛,徐文修,张巨松.冰雹灾害对不同棉花品种(系)生长发育及产量的影响.新疆农业科学,2004,41:402-406.Yang Y Y,Xu W X,Zhang J S.Effects of hail calamity on growth and yield of different breeds of cotton.Xinjiang Agric Sci,2004,41:402-406(in Chinese with English abstract).
[29]赵金涛,岳耀杰,王静爱,尹圆圆,冯红英.1950-2009年中国大陆地区冰雹灾害的时空格局分析.中国农业气象,2015,36:83-92.Zhao J T,Yue Y J,Wang J A,Yin Y Y,Feng H Y.Study on spatio-temporal pattern of hail disaster in China mainland from 1950to 2009.Chin J Agrometeorol,2015,36:83-92(in Chinese with English abstract).
[30]马红彬,谢应忠.不同放牧强度下荒漠草原植物的补偿性生长.中国农业科学,2008,41:3645-3650.Ma H B,Xie Y Z.Plant compensatory growth under different grazing intensities in desert steppe.Sci Agric Sin,2008,41:3645-3650(in Chinese with English abstract).
[31]赵丽英,邓西平,山仑.水分亏缺下作物补偿效应类型及机制研究概述.应用生态学报,2004,15:523-526.Zhao L Y,Deng X P,Shan L.A review on types and mechanism of compensation effect of crops under water deficit.Chin J Appl Ecol,2004,15:523-526(in Chinese with English abstract).
[32]王志贤,李新裕,贺志强.不同密度长绒棉蕾期受害后的产量补偿能力模拟试验.湖北农业科学,2006,45:302-304.Wang Z X,Li X Y,He Z Q.Imitative test on the output compensation ability of long-staple cotton with the different density after suffering injury in the bud period.Hubei Agric Sci,2006,45:302-304(in Chinese with English abstract).
[33]Wilson L J,Sadras V O,Heimoana S C,Gibb D.How to succeed by doing nothing:cotton compensation after simulated early season pest damage.Crop Sci,2003,43:2125-2134.
[34]Wilson L J,Lei T T,Sadras V O,Wilson L T,Heimoana S C.Undamaged cotton plants yield more if their neighbour is damaged:implications for pest management.Bull Entomol Res,2009,99:467-478.