土壤阻抗角的频率特性及其影响因素
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摘要
土壤的阻抗特性直接决定了接地系统的性能,为此通过搭建土壤导电的频率特性试验电路,测量了我国常见的黄土壤、赤红壤和红壤这3种典型土壤的阻抗角随频率的变化规律,以及水分质量分数、土壤粒径对土壤阻抗角频率特性的影响。研究发现:当电流频率较低时,土壤试样的阻抗角总小于0,呈现为容性特征,且随着频率的增加,其阻抗角快速上升;但当频率上升到1 000 Hz以上时,土壤阻抗角的变化速度变缓;当水分质量分数较高时,土壤试样的阻抗角总小于0,且随着水分质量分数的降低,其阻抗角先增大到大于0,然后随着频率的进一步上升逐渐下降到0。通过对该现象进行分析提出,土壤中离子在电场下的迁移运动是造成土壤阻抗容性特征的主要原因,孔隙水形成的离子通道的感抗是造成土壤阻抗感性特征的主要原因,二者共同作用形成了土壤阻抗角的频率特性。研究结果证明多孔介质具有独特的导电特性,其机理有待更为深入的研究。
The impedance characteristics of soil directly determine the performance of grounding system. By establishing a test circuit of frequency characteristics for soil electrical conductivity, we measured the variation laws of impedance angle of yellow soil, latosolic red soil and red soil with frequency, and analyzed the influences of water content on the frequency characteristics of soil impedance angle. It is found that when the current frequency is low, the impedance angle of the soil sample is always less than 0, which presents a capacitive characteristic, and with the increase of frequency, the soil impedance angle increases rapidly. However, when the frequency increases to above 1 000 Hz, the change of the soil impedance angle becomes slow. When the water content is high, the soil impedance angle is always less than 0, and with the decrease of water content, the impedance angle increases to more than 0 first, and then decreases to 0 gradually with the further increase of the frequency. Based on the analysis of the phenomenon, it is put forward that the migration of ions in soil under electric field is the main cause of capacitive characteristics of soil impedance, and the inductance of ion channels formed by pore water is the main reason of perceptual characteristics of soil impedance. The two factors interact to form the frequency characteristics of soil impedance angle. The results of this study show that the porous media have unique electrical properties, and its mechanism needs to be further studied.
The impedance characteristics of soil directly determine the performance of grounding system. By establishing a test circuit of frequency characteristics for soil electrical conductivity, we measured the variation laws of impedance angle of yellow soil, latosolic red soil and red soil with frequency, and analyzed the influences of water content on the frequency characteristics of soil impedance angle. It is found that when the current frequency is low, the impedance angle of the soil sample is always less than 0, which presents a capacitive characteristic, and with the increase of frequency, the soil impedance angle increases rapidly. However, when the frequency increases to above 1 000 Hz, the change of the soil impedance angle becomes slow. When the water content is high, the soil impedance angle is always less than 0, and with the decrease of water content, the impedance angle increases to more than 0 first, and then decreases to 0 gradually with the further increase of the frequency. Based on the analysis of the phenomenon, it is put forward that the migration of ions in soil under electric field is the main cause of capacitive characteristics of soil impedance, and the inductance of ion channels formed by pore water is the main reason of perceptual characteristics of soil impedance. The two factors interact to form the frequency characteristics of soil impedance angle. The results of this study show that the porous media have unique electrical properties, and its mechanism needs to be further studied.
引文
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[16]何金良,康鹏,曾嵘,等.青藏铁路110kV输变电工程五道梁和沱沱河变电站的接地系统设计[J].电网技术,2006,30(4):60-64.HE Jinliang,KANG Peng,ZENG Rong,et al.Grounding system design of Wudaoliang and Tuotuohe substations for 110 k V power transmission engineering of Qinghai-Tibet railway[J].Power System Technology,2006,30(4):60-64.
[17]张波,何金良,曾嵘.电力系统接地技术现状及展望[J].高电压技术,2015,41(8):2569-2582.ZHANG Bo,HE Jinliang,ZENG Rong.State of art and prospect of grounding technology in power system[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(8):2569-2582.
[18]孙为民,何金良,曾嵘,等.季节因素对发变电站接地系统安全性能的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2000,20(1):15-18.SUN Weimin,HE Jinliang,ZENG Rong,et al.Influence of seasonal factor on safety of grounding system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2000,20(1):15-18.
[19]VISACRO S,ALIPIO R,MURTA VALE M H,et al.The response of grounding electrodes to lightning currents:the effect of frequency-dependent soil resistivity and permittivity[J].IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,2011,53(2):401-406.
[20]司马文霞,唐妍,袁涛,等.土壤介电频变特性对接地极冲击散流的影响[J].高电压技术,2015,41(5):1512-1518.SIMA Wenxia,TANG Yan,YUAN Tao,et al.Influence of soil dielectric constant’s frequency-dependent characteristics on impact current dispersal of grounding electrode[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(5):1512-1518.
[21]杨帅,李超英,谭波,等.方框带射线型接地体冲击特性影响因素[J].高电压技术,2016,42(5):1548-1555.YANG Shuai,LI Chaoying,TAN Bo,et al.Influence factor of impulse characteristics of box and ray grounding device[J].High Voltage Engineering,2016,42(5):1548-1555.
[22]HE J L,ZHANG B P,KANG P,et al.Lightning impulse breakdown characteristics of frozen soil[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2008,23(4):2216-2223.
[23]曹晓斌,高竹青,马御棠,等.雷击下500kV杆塔接地装置的散流有效性[J].高电压技术,2017,43(5):1596-1601.CAO Xiaobin,GAO Zhuqing,MA Yutang,et al.Current divergence validity of 500kV tower grounding device under lightning stroke[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(5):1596-1601.
[24]司马文霞,艾琳丰,袁涛,等.土壤介电频变特性试验研究及其对接地极冲击特性的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(16):4247-4253.SIMA Wenxia,AI Linfeng,YUAN Tao,et al.Experimental study on the frequency characteristic of soil permittivity and the influence on impact characteristics of grounding electrode[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(16):4247-4253.
[2]李景丽,蒋建东,李丽丽.针刺式接地装置降阻机制的仿真和试验研究[J].电网技术,2013,37(1):211-217.LI Jingli,JIANG Jiandong,LI lili.Simulation and experiment study on resistance-reducing mechanism of grounding device with spicules[J].Power System Technology,2013,37(1):211-217.
[3]袁清云.特高压直流输电技术现状及在我国的应用前景[J].电网技术,2005,29(14):1-3.YUAN Qingyun.Present state and application prospect of ultra HVDCtransmission in China[J].Power System Technology,2005,29(14):1-3.
[4]曹晓斌,吴广宁,付龙海,等.温度对土壤电阻率影响的研究[J].电工技术学报,2007,22(9):1-6.CAO Xiaobin,WU Guangning,FU Longhai,et al.Study of the temperature impact on soil resistivity[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2007,22(9):1-6.
[5]YUAN R.Study on fluid flow passing through a porous media[J].Acta Analysis Functionalis Applicata,2011,13(4):357-365.
[6]王鹏,王晗,张建文,等.超级电容储能系统在风电系统低电压穿越中的设计及应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(10):1528-1537.WANG Peng,WANG Han,ZHANG Jianwen,et al.Design and application of supercapacitor energy storage system used in low voltage ride through of wind power generation system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(10):1528-1537.
[7]姚石伟.土壤介质电气参数的频率特性实验研究及其机理分析[D].成都:西南交通大学,2018.YAO Shiwei.Experimental study and mechanism analysis of the frequency characteristics of electrical parameters of soil medium[D].Chengdu,China:Southwest Jiao Tong University,2018.
[8]ALMEIRA J,ABOU-SHADY A.Enhancement of ion transport in porous media by the use of a continuously reoriented electric field[J].Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics&Engineering),2012,13(7):546-558.
[9]石雪.毛细管电泳-电化学检测联用技术及其应用研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2009.SHI Xue.Capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection and its application[D].Shanghai,China:East China Normal University,2009.
[10]CHOI J H,LEE B H.An analysis on the Frequency-dependent grounding impedance based on the ground current dissipation of counterpoises in the two-layered soils[J].Journal of Electrostatics,2012,70(2):184-191.
[11]朱彬.土壤电参数变化特性及其对接地装置性能的影响研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2015.ZHU Bin.Study on the variation characteristics of soil electrical parameters and the influence on grounding device’s performance[D].Chongqing,China:Chongqing University,2015.
[12]何金良,曾嵘.电力系统接地技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.HE Jinliang,ZENG Rong.Grounding technology of electric power system[M].Beijing,China:Science Press,2007.
[13]司马文霞,吴鹏,袁涛,等.采用变精度遗传算法的土壤结构逆问题求解[J].高电压技术,2016,42(5):1489-1496.SIMA Wenxia,WU Peng,YUAN Tao,et al.Solution of soil structure inverse problem by GA of variable precision[J].High Voltage Engineering,2016,42(5):1489-1496.
[14]周蜜,王建国,黄松波,等.土壤电阻率测量影响因素的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(11):3269-3275.ZHOU Mi,WANG Jianguo,HUANG Songbo,et al.Experimental investigation on influencing factors in soil resistivity measurement[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(11):3269-3275.
[15]邵明安,王全九,黄明斌.土壤物理[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.SHAO Mingan,WANG Quanjiu,HUANG Mingbin.Soil physics[M].Beijing,China:Higher Education Press,2006.
[16]何金良,康鹏,曾嵘,等.青藏铁路110kV输变电工程五道梁和沱沱河变电站的接地系统设计[J].电网技术,2006,30(4):60-64.HE Jinliang,KANG Peng,ZENG Rong,et al.Grounding system design of Wudaoliang and Tuotuohe substations for 110 k V power transmission engineering of Qinghai-Tibet railway[J].Power System Technology,2006,30(4):60-64.
[17]张波,何金良,曾嵘.电力系统接地技术现状及展望[J].高电压技术,2015,41(8):2569-2582.ZHANG Bo,HE Jinliang,ZENG Rong.State of art and prospect of grounding technology in power system[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(8):2569-2582.
[18]孙为民,何金良,曾嵘,等.季节因素对发变电站接地系统安全性能的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2000,20(1):15-18.SUN Weimin,HE Jinliang,ZENG Rong,et al.Influence of seasonal factor on safety of grounding system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2000,20(1):15-18.
[19]VISACRO S,ALIPIO R,MURTA VALE M H,et al.The response of grounding electrodes to lightning currents:the effect of frequency-dependent soil resistivity and permittivity[J].IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,2011,53(2):401-406.
[20]司马文霞,唐妍,袁涛,等.土壤介电频变特性对接地极冲击散流的影响[J].高电压技术,2015,41(5):1512-1518.SIMA Wenxia,TANG Yan,YUAN Tao,et al.Influence of soil dielectric constant’s frequency-dependent characteristics on impact current dispersal of grounding electrode[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(5):1512-1518.
[21]杨帅,李超英,谭波,等.方框带射线型接地体冲击特性影响因素[J].高电压技术,2016,42(5):1548-1555.YANG Shuai,LI Chaoying,TAN Bo,et al.Influence factor of impulse characteristics of box and ray grounding device[J].High Voltage Engineering,2016,42(5):1548-1555.
[22]HE J L,ZHANG B P,KANG P,et al.Lightning impulse breakdown characteristics of frozen soil[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2008,23(4):2216-2223.
[23]曹晓斌,高竹青,马御棠,等.雷击下500kV杆塔接地装置的散流有效性[J].高电压技术,2017,43(5):1596-1601.CAO Xiaobin,GAO Zhuqing,MA Yutang,et al.Current divergence validity of 500kV tower grounding device under lightning stroke[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(5):1596-1601.
[24]司马文霞,艾琳丰,袁涛,等.土壤介电频变特性试验研究及其对接地极冲击特性的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(16):4247-4253.SIMA Wenxia,AI Linfeng,YUAN Tao,et al.Experimental study on the frequency characteristic of soil permittivity and the influence on impact characteristics of grounding electrode[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(16):4247-4253.