水淹生境下秋华柳对Cd污染土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响
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摘要
三峡库区消落带面临水淹及Cd污染双重胁迫,为探究秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)在水淹条件下对Cd污染土壤的修复能力,以秋华柳扦插苗为试验材料,设置正常供水(CK)和水淹组(FL)两个水分处理方式,4个Cd浓度梯度:对照组(0mg/kg)、低浓度(0.5mg/kg)、中浓度(2mg/kg)及高浓度(10mg/kg),分别对处理60 d和120 d的土壤微生物数量及酶活性变化特征进行研究。试验结果表明:(1)Cd浓度处理均未显著影响土壤微生物数量(P>0.05),水淹显著降低处理60 d土壤细菌数、真菌数及处理120 d的土壤放线菌数及真菌数(P<0.05)。(2)种植秋华柳显著提高处理60 d土壤细菌数量(P<0.05),对土壤放线菌、真菌数量也有一定提升。(3)Cd浓度处理显著影响处理60 d土壤磷酸酶活性及处理120 d脲酶活性(P<0.05),水淹显著降低处理60 d土壤磷酸酶活性及处理120 d脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性(P<0.05)。(4)正常供水及水淹条件下,种植秋华柳对土壤酶活均有一定改善作用。种植秋华柳显著提高了处理60 d土壤磷酸酶活性以及处理120 d脲酶和蔗糖酶活性(P<0.05)。研究结果表明:水淹生境中,秋华柳对Cd污染土壤微生物数量及酶活性具有改善作用,在Cd污染土壤修复方面有一定应用前景。
The altered water regime and cadmium pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River,China,has caused many serious environmental problems. Consequently,it is of great importance to restore the riparian vegetation and soil. Salix variegata is potentially a suitable species for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated areas under environmental flooding conditions. To determine the microorganism community and enzymatic activity in Cd-contaminated soils under flooding conditions,an experiment with a factorial design was conducted. Treatments included two water regimes and fourCd concentrations. The water treatments were ambient water supply( CK) and light flooding( FL). In terms of cadmium,there was a control( 0 mg/kg),and cadmium treatments with low( 0. 5 mg/kg),moderate( 2 mg/kg),and high concentrations( 10 mg/kg). Each cadmium treatment was conducted with and without S. variegata. Soil samples were collected on the 60 thand 120thday following treatment,and the characteristics of soil microorganisms and enzymatic activities were determined. The results showed that:( 1) S. variegata plantings significantly increased the quantity of bacteria in the soils on the 60thday( P < 0.05) and slightly increased the quantity of actinomycetes and fungi.( 2) The quantity of soil microorganisms under flooding conditions was much lower than that in the normal water supply groups. Flooding significantly decreased the quantity of bacteria and fungi on the 60 thday,and the quantity of actinomycetes and fungi on the 120 thday compared with that of the normal water supply groups( P < 0.05).( 3) The Cd treatments had little effect on the quantity of soil microorganisms( P > 0. 05). The primary reason may be the relatively low concentrations of Cd in this study.( 4)Planting S. variegata significantly improved the activity of phosphatase in the soils on the 60 thday and the activities of urease and invertase in the soils on the 120thday( P < 0.05).( 5) The activity of phosphatase on the 60 thday,and the activity of urease,invertase,and phosphatase on the 120 thday were significantly reduced by flooding.( 6) The activity of phosphatase on the 60 thday and the activity of urease on the 120 thday were significantly reduced by Cd stress. In summary,microorganisms and enzymatic activity in soils,which were sensitive to Cd stress and flooding,could be used to estimate the effect of phytoremediation on Cd-contaminated soils in the riparian area of Three Gorges Reservoir. Planting S. variegata could improve the status of microorganisms and enzymatic activity in Cd-contaminated soils under flooding conditions.S. variegata has significant potential to improve Cd-contaminated soils in a flooded environment.
The altered water regime and cadmium pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River,China,has caused many serious environmental problems. Consequently,it is of great importance to restore the riparian vegetation and soil. Salix variegata is potentially a suitable species for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated areas under environmental flooding conditions. To determine the microorganism community and enzymatic activity in Cd-contaminated soils under flooding conditions,an experiment with a factorial design was conducted. Treatments included two water regimes and fourCd concentrations. The water treatments were ambient water supply( CK) and light flooding( FL). In terms of cadmium,there was a control( 0 mg/kg),and cadmium treatments with low( 0. 5 mg/kg),moderate( 2 mg/kg),and high concentrations( 10 mg/kg). Each cadmium treatment was conducted with and without S. variegata. Soil samples were collected on the 60 thand 120thday following treatment,and the characteristics of soil microorganisms and enzymatic activities were determined. The results showed that:( 1) S. variegata plantings significantly increased the quantity of bacteria in the soils on the 60thday( P < 0.05) and slightly increased the quantity of actinomycetes and fungi.( 2) The quantity of soil microorganisms under flooding conditions was much lower than that in the normal water supply groups. Flooding significantly decreased the quantity of bacteria and fungi on the 60 thday,and the quantity of actinomycetes and fungi on the 120 thday compared with that of the normal water supply groups( P < 0.05).( 3) The Cd treatments had little effect on the quantity of soil microorganisms( P > 0. 05). The primary reason may be the relatively low concentrations of Cd in this study.( 4)Planting S. variegata significantly improved the activity of phosphatase in the soils on the 60 thday and the activities of urease and invertase in the soils on the 120thday( P < 0.05).( 5) The activity of phosphatase on the 60 thday,and the activity of urease,invertase,and phosphatase on the 120 thday were significantly reduced by flooding.( 6) The activity of phosphatase on the 60 thday and the activity of urease on the 120 thday were significantly reduced by Cd stress. In summary,microorganisms and enzymatic activity in soils,which were sensitive to Cd stress and flooding,could be used to estimate the effect of phytoremediation on Cd-contaminated soils in the riparian area of Three Gorges Reservoir. Planting S. variegata could improve the status of microorganisms and enzymatic activity in Cd-contaminated soils under flooding conditions.S. variegata has significant potential to improve Cd-contaminated soils in a flooded environment.
引文
[1]储立民,常超,谢宗强,熊高明.三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤重金属的影响.土壤学报,2011,48(1):192-196.
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[5]王嘉,王仁卿,郭卫华.重金属对土壤微生物影响的研究进展.山东农业科学,2006(1):101-105.
[6]Giller K E,Witter E,Mcgrath S P.Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Microorganisms and Microbial Processes in Agricultural Soils:A Review.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1998,30(10/11):1389-1414.
[7]张妍,崔骁勇,罗维.重金属污染对土壤微生物生态功能的影响.生态毒理学报,2010,05(3):305-313.
[8]雷明,李昌晓,马朋,马骏.岸坡坡耕地不同耕地类型下土壤酶与土壤微生物的研究.北方园艺,2013(11):175-181.
[9]Yao X H,Min H,LüZ H,Yuan H P.Influence of acetamiprid on soil enzymatic activities and respiration.European Journal of Soil Biology,2006,42(2):120-126.
[10]Yang G,Zhou P,Liang M,Zhi Y E,Shi W J.Assessment of effects of heavy metals combined pollution on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure:modified ecological dose-response model and PCR-RAPD.Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,60(3):603-612.
[11]王涛,李惠民,史晓燕.重金属污染农田土壤修复效果评价指标体系分析.土壤通报,2016(3):725-729.
[12]Pezeshki S R,Delaune R D.Soil oxidation-reduction in wetlands and its impact on plant functioning..Biology,2012,1(2):196-221.
[13]Plekhanova I O.Effect of wetting conditions on the fractional composition of heavy metal compounds in agrosoddy-podzolic soils contaminated with sewage sludge.Eurasian Soil Science,2012,45(45):657-664.
[14]胡宁静,李泽琴,黄朋,陶成.贵溪市污灌水田重金属元素的化学形态分布.农业环境科学学报,2004.23(4):683-686.
[15]刘意章,肖唐付,宁增平,贾彦龙,黎华军,杨菲,姜涛,孙曼.三峡库区巫山建坪地区土壤镉等重金属分布特征及来源研究.环境科学,2013,34(6):2390-2398.
[16]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法.北京:农业出版社,1986.
[17]Balser T,Kinzig A,Firestone M.The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity.In:Kinzig A,Paeala S,Tilman D eds,The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity.Princeton:Princeton University Press,2002:265-239.
[18]Noah F,Joshua P S,Patrieia A H.Variations in Mierobial Community Composition Through two Soil Denth Profiles.Soils Biology&Biochemistry.2003,35(1):167-176.
[19]Ciarkowska K,Soek-Podwika K,Wieczorek J.Enzyme activity as an indicator of soil-rehabilitation processes at a zinc and lead ore mining and processing area.Journal of Environmental Management,2014,132(132C):250-256.
[20]杨文浩.镉污染/镉—锌—铅复合污染土壤植物提取修复的根际微生态效应研究[D].浙江大学,2014.
[21]王启兰,曹广民,王长庭.高寒草甸不同植被土壤微生物数量及微生物生物量的特征.生态学杂志,2007,26(7):1002-1008.
[22]Trasar-Cepeda C,Leirós M C,Seoane S,Gil-Sotres F.Limitations of soil enzymes as indicators of soil pollution.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2000,32(13):1867-1875.
[23]Freeman C,Liska G,Ostle N J.Microbial activity and enzymic decomposition processes following peatland water table drawdown.Plant&Soil,1996,180(180):121-127.
[24]Kang H,Freeman C.Phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities in wetland soils:annual variation and controlling factors.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1999,31(3):449-454.
[25]马朋,任庆水,李昌晓,杨予静,马骏.模拟水淹干旱胁迫对2年生水杉(Metasequoia gly ptostroboides)幼树盆栽土壤酶活性的影响.西南大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(2):24-31.
[26]高焕梅,孙燕,和林涛.重金属污染对土壤微生物种群数量及活性的影响.江西农业学报,2007,19(8):83-85.
[27]陆文龙,徐松巍,李英华.重金属镉对土壤呼吸和土壤微生物群落的影响研究.吉林化工学院学报,2013,30(7):65-67.
[28]罗虹,刘鹏,宋小敏.重金属镉、铜、镍复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响.水土保持学报,2006,20(2):94-96.
[29]李廷强,舒钦红,杨肖娥.不同程度重金属污染土壤对东南景天根际土壤微生物特征的影响.浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2008,34(6):692-698.
[30]李伟,韦晶晶,刘爱民,王友保,朱志鹏,王兴飞.吊兰生长对锌污染土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响.水土保持学报,2013,27(2):276-281.
[31]Abou-Shanab R I,Delorme T A,Angle J S,Chaney R L,Ghanem K,Moawad H,Ghozlan H A..Phenotypic Characterization of Microbes in the Rhizosphere of Alyssum murale.International Journal of Phytoremediation,2003,5(4):367-379.
[32]Delorme T A,Gagliardi J V,Angle J S,Chaney R L.Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J.&C.Presl.and the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L.on soil microbial populations.Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2001,47(47):773-776.
[33]贾中民,魏虹,孙晓灿,李昌晓,孟翔飞,谢小红.秋华柳和枫杨幼苗对镉的积累和耐受性.生态学报,2011,31(1):107-114.
[34]朱姗姗.水稻根际土壤重金属形态分布及其对酶活性的影响[D].中南林业科技大学,2013.
[35]胡开辉,罗庆国,汪世华,林旋,林文雄.化感水稻根际微生物类群及酶活性变化.应用生态学报,2006,17(6):1060-1064.
[36]杜琳倩,何钢,王静,王蕾.水淹胁迫下新型氧肥对土壤脲酶活性的影响.中南林业科技大学学报,2013,33(4):66-69.
[2]唐将.三峡库区镉等重金属元素迁移富集及转化规律[D].成都理工大学,2005.
[3]David E.S,Blaylock M,Kumar N P.B.A.,Dushenkov V,Ensley B D,Chet I,Raskln I.Phytoremediation:a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants.Biotechnology,1995,13,468-474.
[4]曾成城,陈锦平,马文超,刘媛,贾中民,魏虹,王婷.水淹生境下秋华柳对镉污染土壤修复能力的研究.生态学报.2016.36(13):3978-3986.
[5]王嘉,王仁卿,郭卫华.重金属对土壤微生物影响的研究进展.山东农业科学,2006(1):101-105.
[6]Giller K E,Witter E,Mcgrath S P.Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Microorganisms and Microbial Processes in Agricultural Soils:A Review.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1998,30(10/11):1389-1414.
[7]张妍,崔骁勇,罗维.重金属污染对土壤微生物生态功能的影响.生态毒理学报,2010,05(3):305-313.
[8]雷明,李昌晓,马朋,马骏.岸坡坡耕地不同耕地类型下土壤酶与土壤微生物的研究.北方园艺,2013(11):175-181.
[9]Yao X H,Min H,LüZ H,Yuan H P.Influence of acetamiprid on soil enzymatic activities and respiration.European Journal of Soil Biology,2006,42(2):120-126.
[10]Yang G,Zhou P,Liang M,Zhi Y E,Shi W J.Assessment of effects of heavy metals combined pollution on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure:modified ecological dose-response model and PCR-RAPD.Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,60(3):603-612.
[11]王涛,李惠民,史晓燕.重金属污染农田土壤修复效果评价指标体系分析.土壤通报,2016(3):725-729.
[12]Pezeshki S R,Delaune R D.Soil oxidation-reduction in wetlands and its impact on plant functioning..Biology,2012,1(2):196-221.
[13]Plekhanova I O.Effect of wetting conditions on the fractional composition of heavy metal compounds in agrosoddy-podzolic soils contaminated with sewage sludge.Eurasian Soil Science,2012,45(45):657-664.
[14]胡宁静,李泽琴,黄朋,陶成.贵溪市污灌水田重金属元素的化学形态分布.农业环境科学学报,2004.23(4):683-686.
[15]刘意章,肖唐付,宁增平,贾彦龙,黎华军,杨菲,姜涛,孙曼.三峡库区巫山建坪地区土壤镉等重金属分布特征及来源研究.环境科学,2013,34(6):2390-2398.
[16]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法.北京:农业出版社,1986.
[17]Balser T,Kinzig A,Firestone M.The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity.In:Kinzig A,Paeala S,Tilman D eds,The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity.Princeton:Princeton University Press,2002:265-239.
[18]Noah F,Joshua P S,Patrieia A H.Variations in Mierobial Community Composition Through two Soil Denth Profiles.Soils Biology&Biochemistry.2003,35(1):167-176.
[19]Ciarkowska K,Soek-Podwika K,Wieczorek J.Enzyme activity as an indicator of soil-rehabilitation processes at a zinc and lead ore mining and processing area.Journal of Environmental Management,2014,132(132C):250-256.
[20]杨文浩.镉污染/镉—锌—铅复合污染土壤植物提取修复的根际微生态效应研究[D].浙江大学,2014.
[21]王启兰,曹广民,王长庭.高寒草甸不同植被土壤微生物数量及微生物生物量的特征.生态学杂志,2007,26(7):1002-1008.
[22]Trasar-Cepeda C,Leirós M C,Seoane S,Gil-Sotres F.Limitations of soil enzymes as indicators of soil pollution.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2000,32(13):1867-1875.
[23]Freeman C,Liska G,Ostle N J.Microbial activity and enzymic decomposition processes following peatland water table drawdown.Plant&Soil,1996,180(180):121-127.
[24]Kang H,Freeman C.Phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities in wetland soils:annual variation and controlling factors.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1999,31(3):449-454.
[25]马朋,任庆水,李昌晓,杨予静,马骏.模拟水淹干旱胁迫对2年生水杉(Metasequoia gly ptostroboides)幼树盆栽土壤酶活性的影响.西南大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(2):24-31.
[26]高焕梅,孙燕,和林涛.重金属污染对土壤微生物种群数量及活性的影响.江西农业学报,2007,19(8):83-85.
[27]陆文龙,徐松巍,李英华.重金属镉对土壤呼吸和土壤微生物群落的影响研究.吉林化工学院学报,2013,30(7):65-67.
[28]罗虹,刘鹏,宋小敏.重金属镉、铜、镍复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响.水土保持学报,2006,20(2):94-96.
[29]李廷强,舒钦红,杨肖娥.不同程度重金属污染土壤对东南景天根际土壤微生物特征的影响.浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2008,34(6):692-698.
[30]李伟,韦晶晶,刘爱民,王友保,朱志鹏,王兴飞.吊兰生长对锌污染土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响.水土保持学报,2013,27(2):276-281.
[31]Abou-Shanab R I,Delorme T A,Angle J S,Chaney R L,Ghanem K,Moawad H,Ghozlan H A..Phenotypic Characterization of Microbes in the Rhizosphere of Alyssum murale.International Journal of Phytoremediation,2003,5(4):367-379.
[32]Delorme T A,Gagliardi J V,Angle J S,Chaney R L.Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J.&C.Presl.and the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L.on soil microbial populations.Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2001,47(47):773-776.
[33]贾中民,魏虹,孙晓灿,李昌晓,孟翔飞,谢小红.秋华柳和枫杨幼苗对镉的积累和耐受性.生态学报,2011,31(1):107-114.
[34]朱姗姗.水稻根际土壤重金属形态分布及其对酶活性的影响[D].中南林业科技大学,2013.
[35]胡开辉,罗庆国,汪世华,林旋,林文雄.化感水稻根际微生物类群及酶活性变化.应用生态学报,2006,17(6):1060-1064.
[36]杜琳倩,何钢,王静,王蕾.水淹胁迫下新型氧肥对土壤脲酶活性的影响.中南林业科技大学学报,2013,33(4):66-69.