阶层认知偏差对再分配偏好和幸福感的影响研究
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摘要
人们在客观阶层地位与主观阶层认知之间往往存在较为普遍的偏差。基于中国社会综合调查数据,使用潜类分析方法,从收入、职业声望和受教育程度三个方面生成客观的社会阶层,研究了阶层认知偏差对再分配偏好和幸福感的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,与阶层认知一致型相比,阶层认知下(上)偏对再分配偏好存在正(负)向影响;阶层认知下(上)偏对幸福感存在负(正)向影响。在尽量缓解遗漏解释变量和自选择引起的内生性问题以后,这一发现依然比较稳健。进一步的研究发现,公平感、对努力和运气的看法不仅是影响再分配偏好的因素,而且是阶层认知偏差影响再分配偏好的重要渠道。
There usually exists bias between the object strata status and the subject strata perception. Based on the data of Chinese Society Comprehensive Survey, this paper adopts the latent class analysis method to generate the object social strata from the three aspects of income, occupational prestige and education level. Then it investigates the impact and action mechanism of the biased perceptions of strata on the preference for redistribution and happiness. The findings show that, compared with the consonant perception of strata, the downward(upward) bias of strata perception has a positive(negative) effect on the preference for redistribution, and the downward(upward) bias of strata perception has a negative(positive) effect on the happiness. When the possible endogeneity problems that are caused by left-out explaining variables and self-selection are relieved as much as possible,this finding is still robust. The results of further investigation show that the sense of fairness and views of effort and luck are not only the factors influencing the preference for redistribution, but also the important channels through which biased status perception influences preference for redistribution.
There usually exists bias between the object strata status and the subject strata perception. Based on the data of Chinese Society Comprehensive Survey, this paper adopts the latent class analysis method to generate the object social strata from the three aspects of income, occupational prestige and education level. Then it investigates the impact and action mechanism of the biased perceptions of strata on the preference for redistribution and happiness. The findings show that, compared with the consonant perception of strata, the downward(upward) bias of strata perception has a positive(negative) effect on the preference for redistribution, and the downward(upward) bias of strata perception has a negative(positive) effect on the happiness. When the possible endogeneity problems that are caused by left-out explaining variables and self-selection are relieved as much as possible,this finding is still robust. The results of further investigation show that the sense of fairness and views of effort and luck are not only the factors influencing the preference for redistribution, but also the important channels through which biased status perception influences preference for redistribution.
引文
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[2]Dalton H.. The Measurement of Inequality of Income[J]. Economic Journal, 1920, 30:348-361.
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[16]韩钰,仇立平.中国城市居民阶层地位认同偏移研究[J].社会发展研究,2015,2(1):1-17+243.
[17]Gründler K., Kollner S.. Determinants of Governmental Redistribution:Income Distribution, Development Levels, and the Role of Perceptions[J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2017,45(4):930-962.
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[20]Boyce C. J., Brown G. D. A., Moore S C.. Money and Happiness:Rank of Income, not Income, Affects Life Satisfaction[J]. Psychological Science, 2010, 21(4):471-475.
[21]Perez-Truglia R.. The Effects of Income Transparency on Well-Being:Evidence from a Natural Experiment[EB/OL].Available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2657808,2016.
[22]Akerlof G A., Kranton R E.. Economics and Identity[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2000, 115(3):715-753.
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[24]Alesina A., La Ferrara E.. Preferences for Redistribution in the Land of Opportunities[J]. Journal of public Economics, 2005, 89(5):897-931.
[25]闰丙金.收入、社会阶层认同与主观幸福感[J].统计研究,2012,29(10):64-72.
[26]Chen Y., Williams M.. Subjective Well-Being in the New China:Religion, Social Capital, and Social Status[J]. The British Journal of Sociology, 2016, 67(4):719-746.
[27]Cai S., Wang J.. Less Advantaged, more Optimistic? Subjective Well-Being Among Rural, Migrant and Urban Populations in Contemporary China[J]. China Economic Review, 2018, 52:95-110.
[28]Lora E., Fajardo-González J.. Feeling Middle Class and Being Middle Class:What Do Subjective Perceptions Tell Us?[R]//Latin America’s Emerging Middle Classes. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015:173-185.
[29]Cai S., Park A.. Permanent Income and Subjective Well-Being[J]. Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,2016, 130:298-319.
[30]申广军,张川川.收入差距、社会分化与社会信任[J].经济社会体制比较, 2016,(1):121-136.
[31]Adler N. E., Epel E. S., Castellazzo G., et al. Relationship of Subjective and Objective Social Status With Psychological and Physiological Functioning:Preliminary Data in Healthy, White Women[J]. Health psychology, 2000, 19(6):586.
[32]Chen Y., Fan X.. Discordance between Subjective and Objective Social Status in Contemporary China[J]. The Journal of Chinese Sociology, 2015, 2(1):1-20.
[33]Alesina A., Giuliano P.. Chapter 4:Preferences for Redistribution[J]. Handbook of Social Economics, 2011, 1(3):93-131.
[34]Page L., Goldstein D. G.. Erratum to:The Role of Subjective Beliefs in Preferences for Redistribution[J]. Social Choice and Welfare, 2016, 47(1):63-63.
[35]Cattaneo M D.. Efficient Semiparametric Estimation of Multi-Valued Treatment Effects Under Ignorability[J]. Journal of Econometrics, 2010, 155(2):138-154.
[36]Bénabou R., Ok E. AV. Social Mobility and the Demand for Redistribution:the POUM Hypothesis[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2001, 116(2):447-487.
[37]Bjornskov C., Dreher A., Fischer J. A. V., et al. Inequality and Happiness:When Perceived Social Mobility and Economic Reality Do Not Match[J]. Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization, 2013, 91(7):75-92.
(1)图略,有需要可与作者联系索取。
(1)限于篇幅,此处略有删除,有需要请与作者联系索取。
(2)该模型详见Cattaneo(2010)[35]的文章。
(3)同(1)。
[2]Dalton H.. The Measurement of Inequality of Income[J]. Economic Journal, 1920, 30:348-361.
[3]Kuziemko I., Norton M. I., Saez E., et al. How Elastic Are Preferences for Redistribution? Evidence from Randomized survey experiments[J]. The American Economic Review, 2015, 105(4):1478-1508.
[4]Ngamaba K. H., Panagioti M., Armitage C. J.. Income Inequality and Subjective Well-Being:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J]. Quality of Life Research, 2018, 27(3):577-596.
[5]Nielsen F.. Inequality and Inequity[J]. Social Science Research, 2017, 62:29-35.
[6]Norton M I., Ariely D.. Building a Better America—One Wealth Quintile at a Time[J]. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2011, 6(1):9-12.
[7]Hauser O P., Norton M I..(Mis)Perceptions of Inequality[J]. Current Opinion in Psychology, 2017, 18:21-25.
[8]Alesina A., Stantcheva S., Teso E.. Intergenerational Mobility and Preferences for Redistribution[J]. American Economic Review, 2018, 108(2):521-54.
[9]Sosnaud B., Brady D J., Frenk S. M., et al. Class in Name Only:Subjective Class Identity, Objective Class Position,and Vote Choice in American Presidential Elections[J]. Social Problems, 2013, 60(1):81-99.
[10]Piketty T.. Social Mobility and Redistributive Politics[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995,110(3):551-584.
[11]Gimpelson V., Treisman D.. Misperceiving Inequality[J]. Economics&Politics, 2018, 30(1):27-54.
[12]Cruces G., Perez-Truglia R., Tetaz M.. Biased Perceptions of Income Distribution and Preferences for Redistribution:Evidence from a Survey Experiment[J]. Journal of Public Economics, 2013,(98):100-112.
[13]Karadja M., Mollerstrom J., Seim D.. Richer(and Holier)Than Thou? The Effect of Relative Income Improvements on Demand for Redistribution[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2017, 99(2):201-212.
[14]Ricci C A.. Perceived Social Position and Objective Inequality:Do They Move Together? Evidence from Europe and the United States[J]. Italian Economic Journal, 2016, 2(3):281-303.
[15]范晓光,陈云松.中国城乡居民的阶层地位认同偏差[J].社会学研究,2015,(4):143-168.
[16]韩钰,仇立平.中国城市居民阶层地位认同偏移研究[J].社会发展研究,2015,2(1):1-17+243.
[17]Gründler K., Kollner S.. Determinants of Governmental Redistribution:Income Distribution, Development Levels, and the Role of Perceptions[J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2017,45(4):930-962.
[18]Bublitz E.. Misperceptions of Income Distributions:Cross-country Evidence from a Randomized Survey Experiment[R].LIS Working Paper Series, 2017.
[19]Johnson W., Krueger R F.. How Money Buys Happiness:Genetic and Environmental Processes Linking Finances and Life Satisfaction[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2006, 90(4):680.
[20]Boyce C. J., Brown G. D. A., Moore S C.. Money and Happiness:Rank of Income, not Income, Affects Life Satisfaction[J]. Psychological Science, 2010, 21(4):471-475.
[21]Perez-Truglia R.. The Effects of Income Transparency on Well-Being:Evidence from a Natural Experiment[EB/OL].Available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2657808,2016.
[22]Akerlof G A., Kranton R E.. Economics and Identity[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2000, 115(3):715-753.
[23]Costa-Font J., Cowell F.. Social Identity and Redistributive Preferences:A Survey[J]. Journal of Economic Surveys,2015, 29(2):357-374.
[24]Alesina A., La Ferrara E.. Preferences for Redistribution in the Land of Opportunities[J]. Journal of public Economics, 2005, 89(5):897-931.
[25]闰丙金.收入、社会阶层认同与主观幸福感[J].统计研究,2012,29(10):64-72.
[26]Chen Y., Williams M.. Subjective Well-Being in the New China:Religion, Social Capital, and Social Status[J]. The British Journal of Sociology, 2016, 67(4):719-746.
[27]Cai S., Wang J.. Less Advantaged, more Optimistic? Subjective Well-Being Among Rural, Migrant and Urban Populations in Contemporary China[J]. China Economic Review, 2018, 52:95-110.
[28]Lora E., Fajardo-González J.. Feeling Middle Class and Being Middle Class:What Do Subjective Perceptions Tell Us?[R]//Latin America’s Emerging Middle Classes. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015:173-185.
[29]Cai S., Park A.. Permanent Income and Subjective Well-Being[J]. Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,2016, 130:298-319.
[30]申广军,张川川.收入差距、社会分化与社会信任[J].经济社会体制比较, 2016,(1):121-136.
[31]Adler N. E., Epel E. S., Castellazzo G., et al. Relationship of Subjective and Objective Social Status With Psychological and Physiological Functioning:Preliminary Data in Healthy, White Women[J]. Health psychology, 2000, 19(6):586.
[32]Chen Y., Fan X.. Discordance between Subjective and Objective Social Status in Contemporary China[J]. The Journal of Chinese Sociology, 2015, 2(1):1-20.
[33]Alesina A., Giuliano P.. Chapter 4:Preferences for Redistribution[J]. Handbook of Social Economics, 2011, 1(3):93-131.
[34]Page L., Goldstein D. G.. Erratum to:The Role of Subjective Beliefs in Preferences for Redistribution[J]. Social Choice and Welfare, 2016, 47(1):63-63.
[35]Cattaneo M D.. Efficient Semiparametric Estimation of Multi-Valued Treatment Effects Under Ignorability[J]. Journal of Econometrics, 2010, 155(2):138-154.
[36]Bénabou R., Ok E. AV. Social Mobility and the Demand for Redistribution:the POUM Hypothesis[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2001, 116(2):447-487.
[37]Bjornskov C., Dreher A., Fischer J. A. V., et al. Inequality and Happiness:When Perceived Social Mobility and Economic Reality Do Not Match[J]. Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization, 2013, 91(7):75-92.
(1)图略,有需要可与作者联系索取。
(1)限于篇幅,此处略有删除,有需要请与作者联系索取。
(2)该模型详见Cattaneo(2010)[35]的文章。
(3)同(1)。