伊拉克技术服务合同演变及启示
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摘要
对伊拉克五轮技术服务合同招标的油田规模、投标参数和评标模式、参与投标的国际石油公司特点进行了分析。研究了伊拉克五轮招标合同承包商经济指标演变,第五轮与前四轮合同在条款内容上的变化及其对石油公司的影响。第五轮合同的主要影响表现在:提高资源国政府对油田作业的控制权和话语权,强化雇员及承包商本地化力度,降低管理成本;在财税条款内容上,强化与承包商分摊油价风险机制,转移油价风险,并鼓励承包商降低成本;弱化合同中的法律和经济稳定性条款,减少并转移政府在合同稳定性方面的经济和法律风险等。石油公司要规避在伊拉克的经营风险,就要强化合同条款风险把控;随着伊拉原油产量的提高,伊拉克政府对国际石油公司的依赖程度逐渐减弱,在伊运营项目的石油公司应未雨绸缪;国际石油公司除了要加强沟通和对伊拉克合同政策研究的合作,还应加大伊拉克国内政治经济政策走向和石油工业对外合作合同模式变化趋势的跟踪研究力度。
This paper analyzes the oilfield scale, bidding parameters, bid evaluation mode and characteristics of the international oil companies participating in the bidding for the five rounds of technical service contract in Iraq. It studies the evolution of economic indicators of contractors in Iraq's five rounds of bidding contracts, the changes of terms and conditions in the fifth and former fourth rounds of contracts and their impacts on oil companies. The main impact of the fifth round of contracts is shown in improving the control and voice of the governments of resource countries over the oil field operation,strengthening the localization of employees and contractors, and reducing the management cost, strengthening the mechanism of sharing oil price risk with contractors to transfer oil price risk and encourage contractors to reduce costs in terms of fiscal and tax provisions, weakening the legal and economic stability clause in the contract, and reducing and transferring the economic and legal risk of the government in the contract stability. To avoid the risk of operating in Iraq, oil companies should strengthen the risk control of contract terms. As Iraq's crude production increases, the Iraqi government's dependence on international oil companies gradually decreases, and therefore oil companies operating in Iraq should plan in advance. Besides strengthening communication and cooperation in the study of Iraqi contract policy, international oil companies should also strengthen the research on the trend of Iraqi domestic political and economic policies and the change trend of the pattern of foreign cooperation contracts in the petroleum industry.
This paper analyzes the oilfield scale, bidding parameters, bid evaluation mode and characteristics of the international oil companies participating in the bidding for the five rounds of technical service contract in Iraq. It studies the evolution of economic indicators of contractors in Iraq's five rounds of bidding contracts, the changes of terms and conditions in the fifth and former fourth rounds of contracts and their impacts on oil companies. The main impact of the fifth round of contracts is shown in improving the control and voice of the governments of resource countries over the oil field operation,strengthening the localization of employees and contractors, and reducing the management cost, strengthening the mechanism of sharing oil price risk with contractors to transfer oil price risk and encourage contractors to reduce costs in terms of fiscal and tax provisions, weakening the legal and economic stability clause in the contract, and reducing and transferring the economic and legal risk of the government in the contract stability. To avoid the risk of operating in Iraq, oil companies should strengthen the risk control of contract terms. As Iraq's crude production increases, the Iraqi government's dependence on international oil companies gradually decreases, and therefore oil companies operating in Iraq should plan in advance. Besides strengthening communication and cooperation in the study of Iraqi contract policy, international oil companies should also strengthen the research on the trend of Iraqi domestic political and economic policies and the change trend of the pattern of foreign cooperation contracts in the petroleum industry.
引文
[1]LEEJOHN.Petroleum Contract and Licensing Directorate[EB/OL].Iraq Business News,2018-04-28.http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/tag/petroleumcontracts-and-licensing-directorate/
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[4]伊拉克第三轮轮技术服务合同招标相关资料[EB/OL].http://wiki.openoil.net/Iraq%27s_Third_Licensing_Round_(2010).
[5]伊拉克第四轮轮技术服务合同招标相关资料[EB/OL].http://wiki.openoil.net/Iraq%27s_Fourth_Licensing_Round_(2012).
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[7]AHMAD JIYAD.Assessing Governing Spending[R/OL].Iraq Business news,2015.http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Ahmed-Mousa-JiyadGovernment-Spending-Part-4-NRGI-Article-5-IBN.pdf
[8]Iraq's 4th oil and gas licensing round[EB/OL].Legal Update,August 2012.https://www.mayerbrown.com/files/Publication/97507eec-efb1-4358-8a50-aca7e19dad7f/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/aef8494b-717d-4758-8822-b097175f3978/Energy_update_aug12.pdf.
[9]Development and production contract[EB/OL].http://www.iraqoilforum.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Bid-Round-5-DPC.pdf.
[10]Exploration,development and production contract[EB/OL].http://www.iraqoilforum.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Bid-Round-5-EDPC.pdf.
[11]佴小勇.伊拉克第五轮油气区块招标合同模式与风险探析[J].国际石油经济,2018(6).
[12]戚凯.中国对伊拉克石油投资的风险分析[J].阿拉伯世界研究,2017(5).
[2]LUAY AL-KHATTEEB,ROBIN MILLS.Iraq 5th Bid Round:Analysis[R/OL].Iraq Energy Institute,Publication Number:IEI 190518.2018-05-19.https://iraqenergy.org/2018/05/19/iraq-5th-bid-round-analysis/.
[3]伊拉克第一至第二轮轮技术服务合同招标相关资料[EB/OL].http://wiki.openoil.net/Iraq%27s_First_Licensing_Round_(2009).
[4]伊拉克第三轮轮技术服务合同招标相关资料[EB/OL].http://wiki.openoil.net/Iraq%27s_Third_Licensing_Round_(2010).
[5]伊拉克第四轮轮技术服务合同招标相关资料[EB/OL].http://wiki.openoil.net/Iraq%27s_Fourth_Licensing_Round_(2012).
[6]AHMADJIYAD.Iraq EITI report 2011-initial assessment[R/OL].Iraq Business News,2014.http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Ahmed-Mousa-Jiyad-Iraq-EITI-Report-2011-AMJ-Assessment.pdf.
[7]AHMAD JIYAD.Assessing Governing Spending[R/OL].Iraq Business news,2015.http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Ahmed-Mousa-JiyadGovernment-Spending-Part-4-NRGI-Article-5-IBN.pdf
[8]Iraq's 4th oil and gas licensing round[EB/OL].Legal Update,August 2012.https://www.mayerbrown.com/files/Publication/97507eec-efb1-4358-8a50-aca7e19dad7f/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/aef8494b-717d-4758-8822-b097175f3978/Energy_update_aug12.pdf.
[9]Development and production contract[EB/OL].http://www.iraqoilforum.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Bid-Round-5-DPC.pdf.
[10]Exploration,development and production contract[EB/OL].http://www.iraqoilforum.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Bid-Round-5-EDPC.pdf.
[11]佴小勇.伊拉克第五轮油气区块招标合同模式与风险探析[J].国际石油经济,2018(6).
[12]戚凯.中国对伊拉克石油投资的风险分析[J].阿拉伯世界研究,2017(5).