基于夜间灯光数据的城市群蔓延指标
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摘要
快速城镇化带来了城市蔓延现象,而对城市蔓延现象的定量化研究在现有文献中却十分少见,尤其是对适用于大片区域且易于计算的定量化指标仍然很少涉及。因此,设计了一套基于城市群尺度的蔓延指标,包括从夜间灯光(night-time light,NTL)数据中提取的密度、发展分散度、多核心度及向心度4个方面的指标,同时采用这些指标对中国50个城市群区域进行了一系列计算。结果表明,这些指标相互独立,并从各方面揭示了城市群的形态特征,因此能够准确地表示各城市蔓延的程度。研究结果可为政府及规划部门制定城市群相关规划及政策提供基础研究方法,以促进城市群的健康发展。
In the process of urbanization,a phenomenon called "urban sprawl"usually occurs. In the aspect of measuring and comparing urban sprawls among metropolitan areas,consistent and easy measuring or calculations are lacking although they are urgently required. Therefore,this study aims to introduce a set of metrics of urban sprawl,which include intensity,coefficient of variation,poly-centers and centrality extracted from the night-time light( NTL) data. Moreover,50 metropolitan areas in China were used to test the feasibility of these metrics in representing urban sprawl and clarify the situation in China. The results show that these metrics are independent of each other,and can represent the urban sprawl accurately from various perspectives. The methods proposed in this paper would provide the useful tools for government and urban planners to understand urban sprawl so as to make appropriate policy and plan to achieve sustainable development of the metropolitan areas.
In the process of urbanization,a phenomenon called "urban sprawl"usually occurs. In the aspect of measuring and comparing urban sprawls among metropolitan areas,consistent and easy measuring or calculations are lacking although they are urgently required. Therefore,this study aims to introduce a set of metrics of urban sprawl,which include intensity,coefficient of variation,poly-centers and centrality extracted from the night-time light( NTL) data. Moreover,50 metropolitan areas in China were used to test the feasibility of these metrics in representing urban sprawl and clarify the situation in China. The results show that these metrics are independent of each other,and can represent the urban sprawl accurately from various perspectives. The methods proposed in this paper would provide the useful tools for government and urban planners to understand urban sprawl so as to make appropriate policy and plan to achieve sustainable development of the metropolitan areas.
引文
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[11]Song Y,Knaap G J.Measuring urban form:Is portland winning the war on sprawl?[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2004,70(2):210-225.
[12]Yeh A G O,Li X.Measurement and monitoring of urban sprawl in a rapidly growing region using entropy[J].Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,2001,67(1):83-90.
[13]Bhatta B,Saraswati S,Bandyopadhyay D.Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data[J].Applied Geography,2010,30(4):731-740.
[14]NOAA.DMSP/OLS nighttime light data version 4,National Geophysical Data Center[EB/OL].[2012-07-00].http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/download V4composites.html.
[15]Small C,Elvidge C D,Balk D,et al.Spatial scaling of stable night lights[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,115(2):269-280.
[16]Meng L N,Graus W,Worrell E,et al.Estimating CO2(carbon dioxide)emissions at urban scales by DMSP/OLS(defense meteorological satellite program’s operational linescan system)nighttime light imagery:Methodological challenges and a case study for China[J].Energy,2014,71:468-478.
[17]Balk D L,Deichmann U,Yetman G,et al.Determining global population distribution:Methods,applications and data[J].Advances in Parasitology,2006,62:119-156.
[18]Ewing R.Is Los Angeles-style sprawl desirable?[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1997,63(1):107-126.
[19]Liu L,Leung Y.A study of urban expansion of prefectural-level cities in South China using night-time light images[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2015,36(22):5557-5575.
[2]Kozlowski G.Framing Dispersal:Urban Strategies for Mexico City’s Sprawl[D].Massachusetts:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2015.
[3]Brenner N,Schmid C.Towards a new epistemology of the urban?[J].City,2015,19(2/3):151-182.
[4]Angel S,Parent J,Civco D.Urban sprawl metrics:An analysis of global urban expansion using GIS[C]//Proceedings of the ASPRS2007 Annual Conference.Tampa,FL:ASPRS,2007.
[5]Sudhira H S,Ramachandra T V,Jagadish K S.Urban sprawl:Metrics,dynamics and modelling using GIS[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2004,5(1):29-39.
[6]Brueckner J K.Urban sprawl:Diagnosis and remedies[J].International Regional Science Review,2000,23(2):160-171.
[7]Galster G,Hanson R,Ratcliffe M R,et al.Wrestling sprawl to the ground:Defining and measuring an elusive concept[J].Housing Policy Debate,2001,12(4):681-717.
[8]Ewing R,Schmid T,Killingsworth R,et al.Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity,obesity,and morbidity[J].American Journal of Health Promotion,2003,18(1):47-57.
[9]Lopez R.Urban sprawl and risk for being overweight or obese[J].American Journal of Public Health,2004,94(9):1574-1579.
[10]Ji W,Ma J,Twibell R W,et al.Characterizing urban sprawl using multi-stage remote sensing images and landscape metrics[J].Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,2006,30(6):861-879.
[11]Song Y,Knaap G J.Measuring urban form:Is portland winning the war on sprawl?[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2004,70(2):210-225.
[12]Yeh A G O,Li X.Measurement and monitoring of urban sprawl in a rapidly growing region using entropy[J].Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,2001,67(1):83-90.
[13]Bhatta B,Saraswati S,Bandyopadhyay D.Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data[J].Applied Geography,2010,30(4):731-740.
[14]NOAA.DMSP/OLS nighttime light data version 4,National Geophysical Data Center[EB/OL].[2012-07-00].http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/download V4composites.html.
[15]Small C,Elvidge C D,Balk D,et al.Spatial scaling of stable night lights[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,115(2):269-280.
[16]Meng L N,Graus W,Worrell E,et al.Estimating CO2(carbon dioxide)emissions at urban scales by DMSP/OLS(defense meteorological satellite program’s operational linescan system)nighttime light imagery:Methodological challenges and a case study for China[J].Energy,2014,71:468-478.
[17]Balk D L,Deichmann U,Yetman G,et al.Determining global population distribution:Methods,applications and data[J].Advances in Parasitology,2006,62:119-156.
[18]Ewing R.Is Los Angeles-style sprawl desirable?[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1997,63(1):107-126.
[19]Liu L,Leung Y.A study of urban expansion of prefectural-level cities in South China using night-time light images[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2015,36(22):5557-5575.