A combined airfoil with secondary feather inspired by the golden eagle and its influences on the aerodynamics
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摘要
Bird flight is a remarkable adaption that has allowed thousands of species to colonize all terrestrial habitats. A golden eagle has impressive flying abilities, such as hovering, perching, preying and attacking. To reveal the flying abilities, avian geometry of a golden eagle was extracted based on noncontact surface measurements using a ROMBER three-dimensional laser scanner. Distributions of a camber line, thickness and a secondary feather line of the extracted point cloud were fitted using convenient analytical expressions. A traditional airfoil was established with the camber line and thickness, then a combined airfoil was constructed by combining the traditional airfoil with a secondary feather. Oscillations of an airfoil as well as rapid pitch up were simplified as a sine wave around the quarter chord axis. Thereafter, both steady and unsteady aerodynamic performances of the airfoil are computed, the influences of the secondary feather on the steady and unsteady aerodynamics were further studied.
Bird flight is a remarkable adaption that has allowed thousands of species to colonize all terrestrial habitats. A golden eagle has impressive flying abilities, such as hovering, perching, preying and attacking. To reveal the flying abilities, avian geometry of a golden eagle was extracted based on noncontact surface measurements using a ROMBER three-dimensional laser scanner. Distributions of a camber line, thickness and a secondary feather line of the extracted point cloud were fitted using convenient analytical expressions. A traditional airfoil was established with the camber line and thickness, then a combined airfoil was constructed by combining the traditional airfoil with a secondary feather. Oscillations of an airfoil as well as rapid pitch up were simplified as a sine wave around the quarter chord axis. Thereafter, both steady and unsteady aerodynamic performances of the airfoil are computed, the influences of the secondary feather on the steady and unsteady aerodynamics were further studied.
Bird flight is a remarkable adaption that has allowed thousands of species to colonize all terrestrial habitats. A golden eagle has impressive flying abilities, such as hovering, perching, preying and attacking. To reveal the flying abilities, avian geometry of a golden eagle was extracted based on noncontact surface measurements using a ROMBER three-dimensional laser scanner. Distributions of a camber line, thickness and a secondary feather line of the extracted point cloud were fitted using convenient analytical expressions. A traditional airfoil was established with the camber line and thickness, then a combined airfoil was constructed by combining the traditional airfoil with a secondary feather. Oscillations of an airfoil as well as rapid pitch up were simplified as a sine wave around the quarter chord axis. Thereafter, both steady and unsteady aerodynamic performances of the airfoil are computed, the influences of the secondary feather on the steady and unsteady aerodynamics were further studied.
引文
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[8] Stefano Buoso, Dickinson T and Rafael Palacios 2017 Bioinspiration&Biomimetics 13 016013
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[26] Tang D, Bao S, Xu M, Luo L, Lv B, Yu L and Cui H 2019 Ann. Nucl.Energy 124 198
[27] Qing Y, Cao S Y and Liu S Y 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 214702(in Chinese)
[28] Zhang X P and Zhao Q 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 064703
[29] Ramsay R R, Hoffman M J and Gregorek G M 1996 Effects of Grit Roughness and Pitch Oscillations on the S809 Airfoil. Nrel/TP-442
[30] Chen H, Rao F, Shang X, Zhang D and Hagiwara I 2013 J. Bionic Eng.10 341
[31] Mahboubidoust A, Ramiar A and Dardel M 2017 Theor.&Appl. Mech.Lett. 7 185
[32] http://tv.cctv.com/2016/09/03/VIDEIE9btf741dkkCHRmafEr160903.shtml
[33] Lu Y and Shen G X 2008 J. Exp. Biol. 211 1221
[34] Joo J, Reich W and James T 2009 J. Intell. Mater. Syst. 20 1969
[35] Murugan S, Saavedra Flores E I, Adhikari S and Friswell M I 2012Compos. Struct. 94 1626
[2] Silvestro B, Onur B, Rafic A, Michael I F and Daniel I 2011 J. Intell.Mater. Syst.&Struct. 22 823
[3] Zheng M, Vu Khac Kien and Richard J Y 2010 IES J. Part. A:Civ.&Struct. Eng. 3 188
[4] Meng B Q, Han G L, Zhang D L and Jiang Z L 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26114702
[5] Xavier L, Stephen D and Weaver M 2013 Wind Energy 16 283
[6] Stephen Daynes and Weaver M 2013 Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part. D J.Automobile Eng. 227 1603
[7] Thomas W and Robert K 2015 Exp. Fluids 56 1
[8] Stefano Buoso, Dickinson T and Rafael Palacios 2017 Bioinspiration&Biomimetics 13 016013
[9] Hightower J, Rivers I, Chin D, Carl L, Haselsteiner F and David L 2017Bioinspiration&Biomimetics 12 064001
[10] Chen K, Liu Q, Liao G, Yang Y, Ren L, Yang H and Chen X 2012 J.Bionic Eng. 9 192
[11] Rao C, Ikeda T, Nakata T and Liu H 2017 Bioinspiration&Biomimetics 12 046008
[12] Winzen A, Klaas M and Schroder W 2013 Exp. Fluids 54 1472
[13] Moller A P and Swaddle J 1998 Asymmetry, Developmental Stability,and Evolution(Oxford:Oxford University Press)
[14] Akos Z, Nagy M and Vicsek T 2008 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. United States Am. 105 4139
[15] Warrick R, Tobalske W and Powers R 2009 Proc.:Biol. Sci. 276 3747
[16] Liu X and Liu X 2014 Adv. Mech. Eng. 6 859308
[17] Liu T S 2006 AIAA. J. 44 954
[18] Ren H H, Wang X S, Chen Y L and Li X D 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21034501
[19] Brown E and Cogley C 1996 J. Exp. Zool. Part. A Ecological Genet.&Phy.siol. 276 112
[20] Carruthers A C, Thomas A L R, Walker S M and Taylor G K 2010Aeronautical J. 114 673
[21] Videler J 2006 Avian Flight(Oxford:Oxford University Press)
[22] Riegels F W 1961 Aerofoil Sections. Butterworths London Chaps. 1 7
[23] Zhou A, Xiu X Q, Zhang R, Xie Z L, Hua X M, Liu B, Han P, Gu S L,Shi Y and Zheng Y D 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 017801
[24] Zhao D M and Zhang Q C 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 030518
[25] Jiang S N, Li X, Ma L, Gao Y R, Gui W L and Cheng C F 2015 Chin.Phys. Lett. 32 104209
[26] Tang D, Bao S, Xu M, Luo L, Lv B, Yu L and Cui H 2019 Ann. Nucl.Energy 124 198
[27] Qing Y, Cao S Y and Liu S Y 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 214702(in Chinese)
[28] Zhang X P and Zhao Q 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 064703
[29] Ramsay R R, Hoffman M J and Gregorek G M 1996 Effects of Grit Roughness and Pitch Oscillations on the S809 Airfoil. Nrel/TP-442
[30] Chen H, Rao F, Shang X, Zhang D and Hagiwara I 2013 J. Bionic Eng.10 341
[31] Mahboubidoust A, Ramiar A and Dardel M 2017 Theor.&Appl. Mech.Lett. 7 185
[32] http://tv.cctv.com/2016/09/03/VIDEIE9btf741dkkCHRmafEr160903.shtml
[33] Lu Y and Shen G X 2008 J. Exp. Biol. 211 1221
[34] Joo J, Reich W and James T 2009 J. Intell. Mater. Syst. 20 1969
[35] Murugan S, Saavedra Flores E I, Adhikari S and Friswell M I 2012Compos. Struct. 94 1626