中国2018年中小学校教学环境卫生现状
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摘要
目的评价2018年中国中小学校教学环境卫生现状,为制定差异化的干预策略提供支持。方法选取国家2018年卫生计生随机监督抽查中小学校教学环境卫生数据(共37 531所中小学校),计算各项指标合格率。采用Spearman相关系数检验各指标与各省人均国内生产总值(GDP)、人口密度的相关性。结果 2018年中国中小学学校教学环境卫生总体合格率为59.1%。其中,城区学校合格率最高(60.3%),其次为乡村(59.4%)和镇区(56.7%);小学合格率最高(59.8%),其次为初中(58.2%)和高中(51.8%)。不同类别、城乡、省份的学校均在课桌椅配备项合格率最低,在教室学生宿舍通风项合格率最高。课桌椅配备及黑板照度合格率在不同省份间差异较大。人均GDP及人口密度较高的省份课桌椅配备合格率较高。结论 2018年中国中小学校教学环境卫生总体水平较低,教室学生宿舍通风情况较好,课桌椅配备情况较差。应加强对学校教学环境卫生的重视程度,找准突破口,实行差异化管理,改善中小学校教学环境卫生水平。
Objective To evaluate the current status of the primary and secondary schools' teaching environment in China and associated factors,and to provide the support for making differentiated interventional stategies. Methods Data regarding to information of the primary and secondary schools was obtained by random inspection from the National Health and Family Planning Commission in 2018. Chi-square test was used to compare differences of qualified rates between groups. Spearman correlation analyses was applied to examine the correlations among population density, per capita GDP and qualified rates. Results Among the total of 37 531 schools, the overall qualified rate of teaching environmental sanitation of primary and secondary schools in 2018 was 59.1%. The qualifying rate in urban areas(60.3%) was higher than that of rural areas(59.4%) and towns(56.7%). Primary schools(59.8%) had higher qualifying rates than junior high schools(58.2%) and senior high schools(51.8%). In terms of each evaluation item, the qualifying rates of school furniture equipment including desks and chairs were the lowest, while the qualifying rates of dormitory ventilation ranked highest. Large variations among provinces were observed for the qualifying rates for school furniture equipment, as well as blackboard illumination. Those provinces with higher per capita GDP and higher population density had higher the qualifying rates for school furniture equipment. Conclusion The overall qualifying rate of Chinese primary and secondary schools' teaching environment is low. Among all the evaluation measures, qualifying rates of dormitory ventilation are relatively good, while school furniture equipment needs to be improved. Notably, strengthened and targeted management should be applied to improve schools' teaching environment in new era.
Objective To evaluate the current status of the primary and secondary schools' teaching environment in China and associated factors,and to provide the support for making differentiated interventional stategies. Methods Data regarding to information of the primary and secondary schools was obtained by random inspection from the National Health and Family Planning Commission in 2018. Chi-square test was used to compare differences of qualified rates between groups. Spearman correlation analyses was applied to examine the correlations among population density, per capita GDP and qualified rates. Results Among the total of 37 531 schools, the overall qualified rate of teaching environmental sanitation of primary and secondary schools in 2018 was 59.1%. The qualifying rate in urban areas(60.3%) was higher than that of rural areas(59.4%) and towns(56.7%). Primary schools(59.8%) had higher qualifying rates than junior high schools(58.2%) and senior high schools(51.8%). In terms of each evaluation item, the qualifying rates of school furniture equipment including desks and chairs were the lowest, while the qualifying rates of dormitory ventilation ranked highest. Large variations among provinces were observed for the qualifying rates for school furniture equipment, as well as blackboard illumination. Those provinces with higher per capita GDP and higher population density had higher the qualifying rates for school furniture equipment. Conclusion The overall qualifying rate of Chinese primary and secondary schools' teaching environment is low. Among all the evaluation measures, qualifying rates of dormitory ventilation are relatively good, while school furniture equipment needs to be improved. Notably, strengthened and targeted management should be applied to improve schools' teaching environment in new era.
引文
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[19] 陈荣凯,江海棠,毕嘉琦,等.2011—2014年深圳市宝安区中小学校教室采光照明与学生视力不良的关系[J].预防医学论坛,2016,22(2):131.
[20] 教育部,国家卫生健康委员会.教育部等八部门联合印发《综合防控儿童青少年近视实施方案》的通知[EB/OL].[2018-02-30].http://www.noe.gov.cn/srcsite/A17/moe_943/s3285/201808/t20180830_346672.html.
[21] 叶根花.学校教学环境卫生监测结果[J].浙江预防医学,2012,24(6):57-58.
[2] 周艳.课桌椅配置在延缓学生近视进展中的作用[J].健康教育与健康促进,2013,8(1):50-52.
[3] 陈东周,陈建军.泰州市5所学校教学环境卫生监督结果评价[J].中国学校卫生,2016,37(2):316-317.
[4] TOFTUM J,KJELDSEN B U,WARGOCKI P,et al.Association between classroom ventilation mode and learning outcome in Danish schools[J].Build Environ,2015,92:494-503.
[5] 何忠强,喻黎明,袁娟娟.云浮市2016年学校教学环境卫生监测结果分析[J].华南预防医学,2017,43(5):495-497.
[6] 侯宇明,那晓琳,安娜.哈尔滨市南岗区中小学校教学环境监测结果分析[J].中国公共卫生管理,2018,34(3):398-400.
[7] 何伦发,郭艳,何彬洪.中山市2011—2012年学校教学环境监测情况分析[J].中国学校卫生,2014,35(9):1378-1379.
[8] 蔡吟花,杨艰萍,陈嘉明,等.中国东西部地区中小学校教学环境与设备卫生状况比较[J].中国学校卫生,2014,35(10):1531-1533.
[9] 马岚,任宏伟.2014年洛阳市中小学校教学环境卫生状况调查分析[J].河南预防医学杂志,2016,27(8):567-569.
[10] 丁以标,张怡俊,佘茜,等.上海市高桥社区学校环境卫生调查与分析[J].疾病预防控制,2018,39(6):54-56.
[11] 明佳,陈嘉明,童晶,等.重庆市750所中小学教学环境卫生监督检查结果分析[J].中国卫生监督杂志,2017,24(6):583-587.
[12] 中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2018[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2018.
[13] 中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国区域经济统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国海洋出版社,2014.
[14] 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.中小学校设计规范GB 50099—2011[S].北京:光明日报出版社,2010-12-24.
[15] 中华人民共和国国家标准经管理委员会.中小学校教室采光和照明卫生标准GB 7793—2010[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011-01-14.
[16] 中华人民共和国卫生部,国家标准化管理委员会.学校卫生综合评价GB/T 18205—2012[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012-12-31.
[17] 国家卫生计生委办公厅.国家卫生计生委办公厅关于印发2018年卫生计生国家随机监督抽查计划的通知[EB/OL].[2018-02-23].http://www.nhc.gov.cn/zhjcj/s7885/2018021/cc848f8a2c048/38cc24a3b7e94730f.shtml.
[18] XU X Q,LI S P,XU Y J,et al.Prevalence of myopia among primary school students in mainland China:a meta-analysis[J].Int Eye Sci,2016,16(7):1221-1227.
[19] 陈荣凯,江海棠,毕嘉琦,等.2011—2014年深圳市宝安区中小学校教室采光照明与学生视力不良的关系[J].预防医学论坛,2016,22(2):131.
[20] 教育部,国家卫生健康委员会.教育部等八部门联合印发《综合防控儿童青少年近视实施方案》的通知[EB/OL].[2018-02-30].http://www.noe.gov.cn/srcsite/A17/moe_943/s3285/201808/t20180830_346672.html.
[21] 叶根花.学校教学环境卫生监测结果[J].浙江预防医学,2012,24(6):57-58.