人际情境对幼儿联合Simon效应的影响机制
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摘要
联合Simon效应是考察幼儿共同表征能力的一个有效指标,本研究采用联合Simon任务范式通过两个实验考察幼儿联合Simon效应稳定产生的年龄阶段以及不同人际情境对该效应的影响机制。实验1首先以3个年龄段幼儿为研究对象来考察幼儿联合Simon效应产生的年龄阶段,以揭示共同表征能力的发生发展趋势。实验2在实验1基础上以出现稳定联合Simon效应的5岁幼儿为研究对象,进一步考察该能力水平是否受到人际情境的影响及背后的机制。结果表明,与3岁相比,4岁幼儿开始出现联合Simon效应,但尚不稳定,5岁幼儿的联合Simon效应达到更加稳定水平;不同人际情境对幼儿的共同表征能力产生影响,相较合作情境,竞争情境对幼儿联合行动的共同表征能力有抑制作用。本研究结果很好地支持了参考编码理论,并拓宽了对共同表征理论的理解。
Joint Simon effect is used as an effective indicator to examine the co-representation ability for young children. The paradigm of joint Simon task was adopted in the two experiments to explore the development of young children'joint Simon effect and the influence mechanism of interpersonal situations on the effect. The experiment1,with three age grades from 3 to 5 participated in,was designed to investigate the development of joint Simon effect for young children in order to reveal the development trends of their co-representation ability. Based on the experiment 1,the experiment 2,taking five-year-old children with stable joint Simon effect as the participants,was designed to further examine whether different interpersonal situations would modulate the children 's joint Simon effect and what mechanism concealed behind it. The above two experiments indicated that,first,compared to three-year-old children,four-year-old children begin to appear the joint Simon effect but still unstable,and the effect for five-year-old children reaches a more stable level; second,young children's co-representation ability can be influenced by interpersonal situations,and contrasted with the cooperative situation,the ability of their joint action is refrained in the competitive situation. The results of this study,therefore,strongly support the referential coding theory and also broaden the understanding of the co-representation theory.
Joint Simon effect is used as an effective indicator to examine the co-representation ability for young children. The paradigm of joint Simon task was adopted in the two experiments to explore the development of young children'joint Simon effect and the influence mechanism of interpersonal situations on the effect. The experiment1,with three age grades from 3 to 5 participated in,was designed to investigate the development of joint Simon effect for young children in order to reveal the development trends of their co-representation ability. Based on the experiment 1,the experiment 2,taking five-year-old children with stable joint Simon effect as the participants,was designed to further examine whether different interpersonal situations would modulate the children 's joint Simon effect and what mechanism concealed behind it. The above two experiments indicated that,first,compared to three-year-old children,four-year-old children begin to appear the joint Simon effect but still unstable,and the effect for five-year-old children reaches a more stable level; second,young children's co-representation ability can be influenced by interpersonal situations,and contrasted with the cooperative situation,the ability of their joint action is refrained in the competitive situation. The results of this study,therefore,strongly support the referential coding theory and also broaden the understanding of the co-representation theory.
引文
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Brownell,C.A.(2011).Early developments in joint action.Review of Philosophy and Psychology,2,193-211.
Brownell,C.,Ramani,G..B.,&Zerwas,S.(2006).Becoming a social partner with peers:Cooperation and social understanding in oneand two-year-olds.Child Development,77,803-821.
Colzato,L.S.,van den Wildenberg W.P.M.,&Hommel,B.(2013),Increasing self-other integration through divergent thinking.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,20(5),1011-1016.
Dolk,T.,Hommel,B.,Colzato,L.S.,Schütz-Bosbach,S.,Prinz,W.,&Liepelt,R.(2014).The joint Simon effect:A review and theoretical integration.Frontiers in Psychology,5,974.
Dolk,T.,Hommel,B.,Prinz,W.,&Liepelt.(2013).The(not so)social Simon effect:A referential coding account.Journal of Experimental Psychology,39(5),1248-1260.
Dolk,T.,Liepelt,R.,Villringer,A.,Prinz,W.,&Ragert,P.(2012).Morphometric gray matter differences of the medial frontal cortex influence the social Simon effect.NeuroI mage,61(4),1249-1254.
Ferraro,L.,Iani,C.,Mariani,M.,Milanese,N.,&Rubichi,S.(2011).Facilitation and interference components in the joint Simon task.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),337-343.
Guagnano,D.,Rusconi,E.,&Umiltà,C.A.(2010).Sharing a task or sharing space?On the effect of the confederate in action coding in a detection task.Cognition,114(3),348-355.
Hamann,K.,Warneken,F.,&Tomasello,M.(2012).Children’s developing commitments to joint goals.Child Development,83,137-145.
Hommel,B.(1996).S-R compatibility effects without response uncertainty.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.Section A:Human Experimental Psychology,49(3),546-571.
Hommel,B.,Colzato,L.S.,van den Wildenberg,W.P.M.(2009).How social are task representations?Psychological Science,20,794-798.
Humphreys,G.W.,&Bedford,J.(2011).The relations between joint action and theory of mind:A neuropsychological analysis.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),357-369.
Iani,C.,Anelli,F.,Nicoletti,R.,Arcuri,L.,&Rubichi,S.(2011).The role of group membership on modulation of joint action.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),439-445.
Liepelt,R.,Wenke,D.,&Fisher,R.(2013).Effects of feature integration in a hands-crossed version of the Social Simon paradigm.Psy-chological Research,77(2),240-248.
Liepelt,R.,Wenke,D.,Fischer,R.,&Prinz,W.(2011).Trial-totrial sequential dependencies in a social and non-social Simon task.Psychological Research,75(5),366-375.
Ma,Q.,&Shang,Q.(2013).The influence of negative emotion on the Simon effect as reflected by P300.The Scientific World Journal,Article ID 516906.
Meyer,M.,Bekkering,H.,Paulus,M.,&Hunnius,S.(2010).Joint action coordination in 2(1/2)-and 3-year-old children.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,4,220.
Milward,S.J.,Kita,S.,&Apperly,I.A.(2014).The development of co-representation effects in a joint task:Do children represent a coactor?Cognition,132(3),269-279.
Müller,B.C.N.,Brass,M.,Kühn,S.,Tsai,C.-C.,Nieuwboer,W.,Dijksterhuis,A.,&van Baaren,R.,B.(2011a).When Pinocchio acts like a human,a wooden hand becomes embodied.Action co-representation for non-biological agents.Neuropsychologia,49(5),1373-1377.
Müller,B.C.N.,Kühn,S.,van Baaren,R.,B.,Dotsch,R.,Brass,M.,&Brass,M.(2011b).Perspective taking eliminates differences in co-representation of out-group members’actions.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),423-428.
Newman-Norlund,R.D.,van Schie,H.T.,van Zuijlen,A.M.,Bekkering,H.(2007).The mirror neuron system is more active during complementary compared with imitative action.Nature Neuroscience10:817-818.
Obhi,S.S.,&Sebanz,N.(2011).Moving together:Toward understanding the mechanisms of joint action.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),329-336.
Radke,S.,de Lange,F.P.,Ullsperger,M.,&de Bruijn,E.R.A.(2011).Mistakes that affect others:An fM RI study on processing of own errors in a social context.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),405-413.
Ruys,K.I.,&AAarts,H.(2010).When competition merges people’s behavior:Interdependency activates shared action representations.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(6),1130-1133.
Saby,J.N.,Bouquet,C.A.,&Marshall,P.J.(2014).Young children co-represent a partner’s task:Evidence for a joint Simoneffect in five-year-olds.Cognitive Development,32,38-45.
Sebanz,N.,Bekkering,H.,&Knoblich,G.(2006).Joint action:Bodies and minds moving together.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,10(2),70-76.
Sebanz,N.,Knoblich,G.,&Prinz,W.(2003).Representing others’actions:just like one’s own?Cognition,88(3),B11-B21.
Sebanz,N.,Knoblich,G.,Prinz,W.,&Wascher,E.(2006).Twin peaks:An ERP study of action planning and control in coacting individuals.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,18(5),859-870.
Sebanz,N.,Rebbechi,D.,Knoblich,G.,Prinz,W.,&Frith,C.D.(2007).Is it really my turn?An event-related fM RI study of task sharing.Social Neuroscience,2(2),81-95.
Sellaro,R.,Dolk,T.,Colzato,L.S.,Liepelt,R.,&Hommel,B.(2015).Referential coding does not rely on location features:Evidence for a nonspatial joint Simon effect.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,41(1),186-195.
Sellaro,R.,Treccani,B.,Rubichi,S.,&Cubelli,R.(2013).When co-action eliminates the Simon effect:disentangling the impact of co-actor’s presence and task sharing on joint-task performance.Frontiers in Psychology,4(844),1-15.
Stenzel,A.,Chinellato,E.,Bou,M.A.T.,Del Pobil,á.P.,Lappe,M.,&Liepelt,R.(2012).When humanoid robots become human-like interaction partners:Corepresentation of robotic actions.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,38(5),1073-1077.
Tsai,C.C.,Kuo,W.J.,Hung,D.L.,&Tzeng,O.J.L.(2008).Action corepresentation is tuned to other humans.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(11),2015-2024.
Warneken,F.,Chen,F.,&Tomasello,M.(2006).Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees.Child Development,77,640-663.
Wen,T.,&Hsieh,S.(2015).Neuroimaging of the joint Simon effect with believed biological and non-biological co-actors.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,9,483.
王力,张栎文,张明亮,陈安涛.(2013).Go/No-Go范式中非反应手状态对Simon效应性质的影响.心理科学,36(1),38-43.
叶浩生.(2012).镜像神经元:认知具身性的神经生物学证据.心理学探新,32(1),3-7.
Brownell,C.A.(2011).Early developments in joint action.Review of Philosophy and Psychology,2,193-211.
Brownell,C.,Ramani,G..B.,&Zerwas,S.(2006).Becoming a social partner with peers:Cooperation and social understanding in oneand two-year-olds.Child Development,77,803-821.
Colzato,L.S.,van den Wildenberg W.P.M.,&Hommel,B.(2013),Increasing self-other integration through divergent thinking.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,20(5),1011-1016.
Dolk,T.,Hommel,B.,Colzato,L.S.,Schütz-Bosbach,S.,Prinz,W.,&Liepelt,R.(2014).The joint Simon effect:A review and theoretical integration.Frontiers in Psychology,5,974.
Dolk,T.,Hommel,B.,Prinz,W.,&Liepelt.(2013).The(not so)social Simon effect:A referential coding account.Journal of Experimental Psychology,39(5),1248-1260.
Dolk,T.,Liepelt,R.,Villringer,A.,Prinz,W.,&Ragert,P.(2012).Morphometric gray matter differences of the medial frontal cortex influence the social Simon effect.NeuroI mage,61(4),1249-1254.
Ferraro,L.,Iani,C.,Mariani,M.,Milanese,N.,&Rubichi,S.(2011).Facilitation and interference components in the joint Simon task.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),337-343.
Guagnano,D.,Rusconi,E.,&Umiltà,C.A.(2010).Sharing a task or sharing space?On the effect of the confederate in action coding in a detection task.Cognition,114(3),348-355.
Hamann,K.,Warneken,F.,&Tomasello,M.(2012).Children’s developing commitments to joint goals.Child Development,83,137-145.
Hommel,B.(1996).S-R compatibility effects without response uncertainty.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.Section A:Human Experimental Psychology,49(3),546-571.
Hommel,B.,Colzato,L.S.,van den Wildenberg,W.P.M.(2009).How social are task representations?Psychological Science,20,794-798.
Humphreys,G.W.,&Bedford,J.(2011).The relations between joint action and theory of mind:A neuropsychological analysis.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),357-369.
Iani,C.,Anelli,F.,Nicoletti,R.,Arcuri,L.,&Rubichi,S.(2011).The role of group membership on modulation of joint action.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),439-445.
Liepelt,R.,Wenke,D.,&Fisher,R.(2013).Effects of feature integration in a hands-crossed version of the Social Simon paradigm.Psy-chological Research,77(2),240-248.
Liepelt,R.,Wenke,D.,Fischer,R.,&Prinz,W.(2011).Trial-totrial sequential dependencies in a social and non-social Simon task.Psychological Research,75(5),366-375.
Ma,Q.,&Shang,Q.(2013).The influence of negative emotion on the Simon effect as reflected by P300.The Scientific World Journal,Article ID 516906.
Meyer,M.,Bekkering,H.,Paulus,M.,&Hunnius,S.(2010).Joint action coordination in 2(1/2)-and 3-year-old children.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,4,220.
Milward,S.J.,Kita,S.,&Apperly,I.A.(2014).The development of co-representation effects in a joint task:Do children represent a coactor?Cognition,132(3),269-279.
Müller,B.C.N.,Brass,M.,Kühn,S.,Tsai,C.-C.,Nieuwboer,W.,Dijksterhuis,A.,&van Baaren,R.,B.(2011a).When Pinocchio acts like a human,a wooden hand becomes embodied.Action co-representation for non-biological agents.Neuropsychologia,49(5),1373-1377.
Müller,B.C.N.,Kühn,S.,van Baaren,R.,B.,Dotsch,R.,Brass,M.,&Brass,M.(2011b).Perspective taking eliminates differences in co-representation of out-group members’actions.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),423-428.
Newman-Norlund,R.D.,van Schie,H.T.,van Zuijlen,A.M.,Bekkering,H.(2007).The mirror neuron system is more active during complementary compared with imitative action.Nature Neuroscience10:817-818.
Obhi,S.S.,&Sebanz,N.(2011).Moving together:Toward understanding the mechanisms of joint action.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),329-336.
Radke,S.,de Lange,F.P.,Ullsperger,M.,&de Bruijn,E.R.A.(2011).Mistakes that affect others:An fM RI study on processing of own errors in a social context.Experimental Brain Research,211(3-4),405-413.
Ruys,K.I.,&AAarts,H.(2010).When competition merges people’s behavior:Interdependency activates shared action representations.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(6),1130-1133.
Saby,J.N.,Bouquet,C.A.,&Marshall,P.J.(2014).Young children co-represent a partner’s task:Evidence for a joint Simoneffect in five-year-olds.Cognitive Development,32,38-45.
Sebanz,N.,Bekkering,H.,&Knoblich,G.(2006).Joint action:Bodies and minds moving together.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,10(2),70-76.
Sebanz,N.,Knoblich,G.,&Prinz,W.(2003).Representing others’actions:just like one’s own?Cognition,88(3),B11-B21.
Sebanz,N.,Knoblich,G.,Prinz,W.,&Wascher,E.(2006).Twin peaks:An ERP study of action planning and control in coacting individuals.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,18(5),859-870.
Sebanz,N.,Rebbechi,D.,Knoblich,G.,Prinz,W.,&Frith,C.D.(2007).Is it really my turn?An event-related fM RI study of task sharing.Social Neuroscience,2(2),81-95.
Sellaro,R.,Dolk,T.,Colzato,L.S.,Liepelt,R.,&Hommel,B.(2015).Referential coding does not rely on location features:Evidence for a nonspatial joint Simon effect.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,41(1),186-195.
Sellaro,R.,Treccani,B.,Rubichi,S.,&Cubelli,R.(2013).When co-action eliminates the Simon effect:disentangling the impact of co-actor’s presence and task sharing on joint-task performance.Frontiers in Psychology,4(844),1-15.
Stenzel,A.,Chinellato,E.,Bou,M.A.T.,Del Pobil,á.P.,Lappe,M.,&Liepelt,R.(2012).When humanoid robots become human-like interaction partners:Corepresentation of robotic actions.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,38(5),1073-1077.
Tsai,C.C.,Kuo,W.J.,Hung,D.L.,&Tzeng,O.J.L.(2008).Action corepresentation is tuned to other humans.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(11),2015-2024.
Warneken,F.,Chen,F.,&Tomasello,M.(2006).Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees.Child Development,77,640-663.
Wen,T.,&Hsieh,S.(2015).Neuroimaging of the joint Simon effect with believed biological and non-biological co-actors.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,9,483.
王力,张栎文,张明亮,陈安涛.(2013).Go/No-Go范式中非反应手状态对Simon效应性质的影响.心理科学,36(1),38-43.
叶浩生.(2012).镜像神经元:认知具身性的神经生物学证据.心理学探新,32(1),3-7.