Simon效应对空间-数字反应编码联合效应的抑制作用
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摘要
采用Simon效应研究范式,以阿拉伯数字为实验材料,三个实验分别要求被试判断呈现数字的空间位置、颜色和大小,系统考察Simon效应、空间-数字反应编码联合效应的加工特点以及两者之间的关系。结果发现:(1)三个实验中,不管采用何种判断标准,被试总是对左侧的数字按左键反应更快,对右侧的数字按右键反应更快,数字加工中出现Simon效应;而对不同大小的数字按左键和按右键的反应时差异均不显著,数字加工中均未出现SNARC效应。(2)Simon效应和SNARC效应不同质,两者的加工机制也互不相同,而且Simon效应对SNARC效应具有抑制作用。(3)Simon效应与SNARC效应相比,Simon效应相对更稳固,SNARC效应则相对更灵活,易受知觉信息变化的影响。
In the present study, Simon effect paradigm was used to investigate the processing characteristics of the Simon effect and SNARC( spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect and the relationship between them. The stimuli were Arabia numbers. The task of subjects was to judge numbers′ location space(experiment1), color( experiment 2) or magnitude( experiment 3) presenting in the left or right of displayer. The results showed that: 1) No matter what criteria was used, Subjects always responded faster to left numbers presenting on the displayer by left key than right key. Inversely, reaction to numbers on the right of displayer were faster by right key than left key, and Simon effect survived in all experiments. But the difference between the response with the left hand to relatively small numbers and that with the right hand to relatively large numbers was not significant, no SNARC effect appeared in any experiment. 2) Simon effect and SNARC effect had different processing mechanism. Simon effect can restrain SNARC effect. 3) Compared to SNARC effect, Simon effect is relatively more stable, on the contrary, SNARC was relatively flexible and easily affected by the change of perceptual information.
In the present study, Simon effect paradigm was used to investigate the processing characteristics of the Simon effect and SNARC( spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect and the relationship between them. The stimuli were Arabia numbers. The task of subjects was to judge numbers′ location space(experiment1), color( experiment 2) or magnitude( experiment 3) presenting in the left or right of displayer. The results showed that: 1) No matter what criteria was used, Subjects always responded faster to left numbers presenting on the displayer by left key than right key. Inversely, reaction to numbers on the right of displayer were faster by right key than left key, and Simon effect survived in all experiments. But the difference between the response with the left hand to relatively small numbers and that with the right hand to relatively large numbers was not significant, no SNARC effect appeared in any experiment. 2) Simon effect and SNARC effect had different processing mechanism. Simon effect can restrain SNARC effect. 3) Compared to SNARC effect, Simon effect is relatively more stable, on the contrary, SNARC was relatively flexible and easily affected by the change of perceptual information.
引文
胡林成,熊哲宏.(2011).刺激模拟量的空间表征:面积和亮度的类SNARC效应.心理科学,34(1),58-62.
金桂春,王强强,王有智,吴彦文.(2016).数字SNARC效应中大小和顺序信息的分离.心理与行为研究,14(2),228-233.
宋晓蕾,游旭群.(2006).Simon效应及其反转现象作用机制的研究.心理科学,29(2),305-307.
王力,张明亮,张栎文,陈安涛.(2012).Simon效应源于反应选择阶段:基于知觉负荷对Simon效应的影响.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),34(4),146-151.
王强强,安宝霞,吴彦文,兰继军.(2016).不同类型材料混合呈现对SNARC效应的影响.应用心理学,22(4),352-363.
辛自强,李丹.(2013).小学生在非符号材料上的分数表征方式.心理科学,36(2),364-371.
Ansorge,U.,&Wiihr,P.(2004).A response-discrimination account of the simon effect.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,30(2),365-377.
B覿chtold,D.,Baumüller,M.,&Brugger,P.(1998).Stimulus-response compatibility in representational space.Neuropsychologia,36(8),731-735.
Dehaene,S.,Bossini,S.,&Giraux,P.(1993).The mental representation of parity and numerical magnitude.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,3,71-396.
De Jong,R.,Liang,C.C.,&Lauber,E.(1994).Conditional and unconditional automaticity:A dual-process model of effects of spatial stimulus-response correspondence.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,20(4),731-750.
Fumarola,A.,Da Pos,O.,&Umiltà,C.(2014).Automatic spatial association for luminance.Attention Perception&Psychophysics,76759-765.
Gevers,W.,&Lammertyn,J.(2005).The hunt for SNARC.Psychology Science,47(1),10-21.
Ginsburg,V.,&Gevers,W.(2015).Spatial coding of ordinal information in short and long-term memory.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,9,1-10.
Hoffmann,D.,Hornung,C.,Martin,R.,&Schiltz,C.(2013).Developing number-space associations:SNARC effects using a color discrimination task in 5-year-olds.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,116,775-791.
Keus,I.M.,Jenks,K.M.,&Schwarz,W.(2005).Psychophysiological evidence that the SNARC effect has its functional locus in a response selection stage.Cognitive Brain Research,24,48-56.
Keus,I.M.,&Schwarz,W.(2005).Searching for the functional locus of the SNARC effect:Evidence for a response-related origin.Memory&Cognition,33,681-695.
Kirjakovski,A.,&Utsuki,N.(2012).From SNARC to SQUARC:Universal mental quantity line?.International Journal of Psychological Studies,4(2),217-227.
Kornblum,S.,Hasbroucq,T.,&Osman,A.(1990).Dimensional overlap:Cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility-a model and taxonomy.Psychological Review,97,253-270.
Leuthold,H.(2011).The simon effect in cognitive electrophysiology:A short review.Acta Psychologica,136(2),203-211.
Lonnemann,J.,Linkersdrfer,J.,Nagler,T.,Hasselhorn,M.,&Lindberg,S.(2013).Spatial representations of numbers and letters in children.Frontiers in Psychology,4(8),1-5.
Mapelli,D.,Rusconi,E.,&Umilta,C.(2003).The SNARC effect:An instance of the Simon effect?.Cognition,88,1-10.
Melara,R.D.,Wang,H.,Vu,K.P.,&Proctor,R.W.(2008).Attentional origins of the Simon effect:Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence.Brain Research,1215(2),147-159.
Nuerk,H.C.,Moeller,K.,Klein,E.,Willmes,K.,&Fischer,M.H.(2011).Extending the mental number line-a review of multidigit number processing.Journal of Psychology,1(219),3-22.
Simon,J.R.,&Small,A.M.(1969).Processing auditory information:Interference from an irrelevant cue.Journal of Applied Psychology,53(5),433-435.
Tan,S.,&Dixon,P.(2012).Repetition and the SNARC effect with one-and two-digit numbers.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,65(2),84-97.
Tlauka,M.(2002).The processing of numbers in choice-reaction tasks.Australian Journal of Psychology,54,94-98.
van Dijck,J.P.,&Fias,W.(2011).A working memory account for spatial-numerical associations.Cognition,119,114-119.
金桂春,王强强,王有智,吴彦文.(2016).数字SNARC效应中大小和顺序信息的分离.心理与行为研究,14(2),228-233.
宋晓蕾,游旭群.(2006).Simon效应及其反转现象作用机制的研究.心理科学,29(2),305-307.
王力,张明亮,张栎文,陈安涛.(2012).Simon效应源于反应选择阶段:基于知觉负荷对Simon效应的影响.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),34(4),146-151.
王强强,安宝霞,吴彦文,兰继军.(2016).不同类型材料混合呈现对SNARC效应的影响.应用心理学,22(4),352-363.
辛自强,李丹.(2013).小学生在非符号材料上的分数表征方式.心理科学,36(2),364-371.
Ansorge,U.,&Wiihr,P.(2004).A response-discrimination account of the simon effect.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,30(2),365-377.
B覿chtold,D.,Baumüller,M.,&Brugger,P.(1998).Stimulus-response compatibility in representational space.Neuropsychologia,36(8),731-735.
Dehaene,S.,Bossini,S.,&Giraux,P.(1993).The mental representation of parity and numerical magnitude.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,3,71-396.
De Jong,R.,Liang,C.C.,&Lauber,E.(1994).Conditional and unconditional automaticity:A dual-process model of effects of spatial stimulus-response correspondence.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,20(4),731-750.
Fumarola,A.,Da Pos,O.,&Umiltà,C.(2014).Automatic spatial association for luminance.Attention Perception&Psychophysics,76759-765.
Gevers,W.,&Lammertyn,J.(2005).The hunt for SNARC.Psychology Science,47(1),10-21.
Ginsburg,V.,&Gevers,W.(2015).Spatial coding of ordinal information in short and long-term memory.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,9,1-10.
Hoffmann,D.,Hornung,C.,Martin,R.,&Schiltz,C.(2013).Developing number-space associations:SNARC effects using a color discrimination task in 5-year-olds.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,116,775-791.
Keus,I.M.,Jenks,K.M.,&Schwarz,W.(2005).Psychophysiological evidence that the SNARC effect has its functional locus in a response selection stage.Cognitive Brain Research,24,48-56.
Keus,I.M.,&Schwarz,W.(2005).Searching for the functional locus of the SNARC effect:Evidence for a response-related origin.Memory&Cognition,33,681-695.
Kirjakovski,A.,&Utsuki,N.(2012).From SNARC to SQUARC:Universal mental quantity line?.International Journal of Psychological Studies,4(2),217-227.
Kornblum,S.,Hasbroucq,T.,&Osman,A.(1990).Dimensional overlap:Cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility-a model and taxonomy.Psychological Review,97,253-270.
Leuthold,H.(2011).The simon effect in cognitive electrophysiology:A short review.Acta Psychologica,136(2),203-211.
Lonnemann,J.,Linkersdrfer,J.,Nagler,T.,Hasselhorn,M.,&Lindberg,S.(2013).Spatial representations of numbers and letters in children.Frontiers in Psychology,4(8),1-5.
Mapelli,D.,Rusconi,E.,&Umilta,C.(2003).The SNARC effect:An instance of the Simon effect?.Cognition,88,1-10.
Melara,R.D.,Wang,H.,Vu,K.P.,&Proctor,R.W.(2008).Attentional origins of the Simon effect:Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence.Brain Research,1215(2),147-159.
Nuerk,H.C.,Moeller,K.,Klein,E.,Willmes,K.,&Fischer,M.H.(2011).Extending the mental number line-a review of multidigit number processing.Journal of Psychology,1(219),3-22.
Simon,J.R.,&Small,A.M.(1969).Processing auditory information:Interference from an irrelevant cue.Journal of Applied Psychology,53(5),433-435.
Tan,S.,&Dixon,P.(2012).Repetition and the SNARC effect with one-and two-digit numbers.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,65(2),84-97.
Tlauka,M.(2002).The processing of numbers in choice-reaction tasks.Australian Journal of Psychology,54,94-98.
van Dijck,J.P.,&Fias,W.(2011).A working memory account for spatial-numerical associations.Cognition,119,114-119.