Intermodel Diversity in the Zonal Location of the Climatological East Asian Westerly Jet Core in Summer and Association with Rainfall over East Asia in CMIP5 Models
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摘要
The East Asian westerly jet(EAJ), an important midlatitude circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon system,plays a crucial role in affecting summer rainfall over East Asia. The multimodel ensemble of current coupled models can generally capture the intensity and location of the climatological summer EAJ. However, individual models still exhibit large discrepancies. This study investigates the intermodel diversity in the longitudinal location of the simulated summer EAJ climatology in the present-day climate and its implications for rainfall over East Asia based on 20 CMIP5 models. The results show that the zonal location of the simulated EAJ core is located over either the midlatitude Asian continent or the western North Pacific(WNP) in different models. The zonal shift of the EAJ core depicts a major intermodel diversity of the simulated EAJ climatology. The westward retreat of the EAJ core is related to a warmer mid–upper tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes, with a southwest–northeast tilt extending from Southwest Asia to Northeast Asia and the northern North Pacific, induced partially by the simulated stronger rainfall climatology over South Asia. The zonal shift of the EAJ core has some implications for the summer rainfall climatology, with stronger rainfall over the East Asian continent and weaker rainfall over the subtropical WNP in relation to the westward-located EAJ core.
The East Asian westerly jet(EAJ), an important midlatitude circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon system,plays a crucial role in affecting summer rainfall over East Asia. The multimodel ensemble of current coupled models can generally capture the intensity and location of the climatological summer EAJ. However, individual models still exhibit large discrepancies. This study investigates the intermodel diversity in the longitudinal location of the simulated summer EAJ climatology in the present-day climate and its implications for rainfall over East Asia based on 20 CMIP5 models. The results show that the zonal location of the simulated EAJ core is located over either the midlatitude Asian continent or the western North Pacific(WNP) in different models. The zonal shift of the EAJ core depicts a major intermodel diversity of the simulated EAJ climatology. The westward retreat of the EAJ core is related to a warmer mid–upper tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes, with a southwest–northeast tilt extending from Southwest Asia to Northeast Asia and the northern North Pacific, induced partially by the simulated stronger rainfall climatology over South Asia. The zonal shift of the EAJ core has some implications for the summer rainfall climatology, with stronger rainfall over the East Asian continent and weaker rainfall over the subtropical WNP in relation to the westward-located EAJ core.
The East Asian westerly jet(EAJ), an important midlatitude circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon system,plays a crucial role in affecting summer rainfall over East Asia. The multimodel ensemble of current coupled models can generally capture the intensity and location of the climatological summer EAJ. However, individual models still exhibit large discrepancies. This study investigates the intermodel diversity in the longitudinal location of the simulated summer EAJ climatology in the present-day climate and its implications for rainfall over East Asia based on 20 CMIP5 models. The results show that the zonal location of the simulated EAJ core is located over either the midlatitude Asian continent or the western North Pacific(WNP) in different models. The zonal shift of the EAJ core depicts a major intermodel diversity of the simulated EAJ climatology. The westward retreat of the EAJ core is related to a warmer mid–upper tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes, with a southwest–northeast tilt extending from Southwest Asia to Northeast Asia and the northern North Pacific, induced partially by the simulated stronger rainfall climatology over South Asia. The zonal shift of the EAJ core has some implications for the summer rainfall climatology, with stronger rainfall over the East Asian continent and weaker rainfall over the subtropical WNP in relation to the westward-located EAJ core.
引文
Adler,R.F.,and Coauthors,2003:The version-2 global precipitation climatology project(GPCP)monthly precipitation analysis(1979-present).Journal of Hydrometeorology,4,1147-1167,https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2.
Chen,L.,and O.W.Frauenfeld,2014:A comprehensive evaluation of precipitation simulations over China based on CMIP5multimodel ensemble projections.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,119,5767-5786,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021190.
Dai,Y.,and R.Y.Lu,2013:Projected change in the relationship between East Asian summer rainfall and uppertropospheric westerly jet.Chinese Science Bulletin,58,1436-1442,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5540-1.
Dee,D.P.,and Coauthors,2011:The ERA-Interim reanalysis:Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,137,553-597,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828.
Du,Y.,Q.Bao,and Z.Q.Xie,2017:FGOALS model simulation of variation of East Asian subtropical westerly jet during Meiyu period.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,41,603-617,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1609.16185.(in Chinese)
Du,Y.,Y.C.Zhang,and Z.Q.Xie,2008:Impacts of longitude location changes of East Asian westerly jet core on the precipitation distribution during meiyu period in middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River valley.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,66,566-576.(in Chinese)
Enomoto,T.,B.J.Hoskins,and Y.Matsuda,2003:The formation mechanism of the Bonin high in August.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,129,157-178,https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.01.211.
Hirahara,S.,H.Ohno,Y.Oikawa,and S.Maeda,2012:Strengthening of the southern side of the jet stream and delayed withdrawal of Baiu season in future climate.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,90,663-671,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2012-506.
Huang,D.-Q.,J.Zhu,Y.-C.Zhang,and A.-N.Huang,2013:Uncertainties on the simulated summer precipitation over eastern China from the CMIP5 models.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,118,9035-9047,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50695.
Huffman,G.J.,and Coauthors,1997:The global precipitation climatology project(GPCP)combined precipitation dataset.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,78,5-20,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0005:TGPCPG>2.0.CO;2.
Kosaka,Y.,and H.Nakamura,2011:Dominant mode of climate variability,intermodel diversity,and projected future changes over the summertime western North Pacific simulated in the CMIP3 models.J.Climate,24,3935-3955,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3907.1.
Kuang,X.Y.,and Y.C.Zhang,2005:Seasonal variation of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet and its association with the heating field over East Asia.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,22(6),831-840,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02918683.
Lau,K.M.,K.M.Kim,and S.Yang,2000:Dynamical and boundary forcing characteristics of regional components of the Asian summer monsoon.J.Climate,13,2461-2482,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2461:dabfco>2.0.co;2.
Li,C.Y.,J.T.Wang,S.Z.Lin,and H.R.Cho,2004:The relationship between East Asian summer monsoon activity and northward jump of the upper westerly jet location.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,28,641-658.(in Chinese)
Li,G.,and S.-P.Xie,2012:Origins of tropical-wide SST biases in CMIP multi-model ensembles.Geophys.Res.Lett.,39,L22703,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053777.
Li,G.,and S.-P.Xie,2014:Tropical biases in CMIP5 multimodel ensemble:The excessive equatorial Pacific cold tongue and double ITCZ problems.J.Climate,27,1765-1780,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00337.1.
Liang,X.Z.,and W.C.Wang,1998:Associations between China monsoon rainfall and tropospheric jets.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,124,2597-2623,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712455204.
Lin,Z.D.,and R.Y.Lu,2005:Interannual meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric Jet stream in summer.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,22(6),199-211,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918509.
Lin,Z.D.,and R.Y.Lu,2008:Abrupt northward jump of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream in mid-Summer.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,86,857-866,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.86.857.
Lin,Z.D.,and R.Y.Lu,2009:The ENSO’s effect on eastern China rainfall in the following early summer.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,26(2),333-342,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-0333-4.
Lu,R.Y.,2004:Associations among the components of the East Asian summer monsoon system in the meridional direction.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,82,155-165,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.82.155.
Lu,R.Y.,and Z.D.Lin,2009:Role of subtropical precipitation anomalies in maintaining the summertime meridional teleconnection over the Western North Pacific and East Asia.J.Climate,22,2058-2072,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2444.1.
Lu,R.Y.,and Y.H.Fu,2010:Intensification of East Asian summer rainfall interannual variability in the twenty-first century simulated by 12 CMIP3 coupled models.J.Climate,23,3316-3331,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3130.1.
Lu,R.Y.,Z.D.Lin,and Y.C.Zhang,2013:Variability of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet in summer and its impacts on the East Asian monsoon.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,37,331-340,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.12310.(in Chinese)
Ma,J.,and S.-P.Xie,2013:Regional patterns of sea surface temperature change:A source of uncertainty in future projections of precipitation and atmospheric circulation.J.Climate,26,2482-2501,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00283.1.
Ma,J.,H.M.Xu,and P.F.Lin,2015:Meridional position biases of East Asian subtropical jet stream in CMIP5 models and their relationship with ocean model resolutions.International Journal of Climatology,35,3942-3958,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4256.
Qu,X.,2017:The intermodel diversity of East Asia’s summer rainfall among CMIP5 models.J.Climate,30,9287-9301,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0094.1.
Rodwell,M.J.,and B.J.Hoskins,1996:Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,122,1385-1404,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253408.
Sampe,T.,and S.-P.Xie,2010:Large-scale dynamics of the Meiyu-Baiu rainband:Environmental forcing by the westerly jet.J.Climate,23,113-134,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3128.1.
Song,F.F.,and T.J.Zhou,2013:FGOALS-s2 simulation of upperlevel jet streams over East Asia:Mean state bias and synopticscale transient eddy activity.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30,739-753,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2212-7.
Taylor,K.E.,R.J.Stouffer,and G.A.Meehl,2012:An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,93,485-498,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1.
Wang,C.Z.,L.P.Zhang,S.-K.Lee,L.X.Wu,and C.R.Mechoso,2014:A global perspective on CMIP5 climate model biases.Nature Climate Change,4,201-205,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2118.
Wang,S.X.,and H.C.Zuo,2016:Effect of the East Asian westerly jet’s intensity on summer rainfall in the Yangtze River valley and its mechanism.J.Climate,29,2395-2406,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0259.1.
Wang,S.X.,H.C.Zuo,S.M.Zhao,J.K.Zhang,and S.Lu,2018:How East Asian westerly jet’s meridional position affects the summer rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley?Climate Dyn.,51,4109-4121,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3591-3.
Wang,X.,W.Zhou,D.X.Wang,and C.Z.Wang,2013:The impacts of the summer Asian Jet Stream biases on surface air temperature in mid-eastern China in IPCC AR4 models.International Journal of Climatology,33,265-276,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3419.
Xie,Z.Q.,Y.Du,and S.Yang,2015:Zonal extension and retraction of the subtropical westerly jet stream and evolution of precipitation over East Asia and the Western Pacific.J.Climate,28,6783-6798,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00649.1.
Xuan,S.L.,Q.Y.Zhang,and S.Q.Sun,2011:Anomalous midsummer rainfall in Yangtze River-Huaihe River valleys and its association with the East Asia Westerly jet.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,28,387-397,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0111.
Yeh,T.C.,S.Y.Tao,and M.T.Li,1958:The abrupt change of circulation over northern Hemisphere during June and October.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,29,249-263.(in Chinese)
Zhang,Y.C.,and L.L.Guo,2005:Relationship between the simulated East Asian westerly jet biases and seasonal evolution of rainbelt over eastern China.Chinese Science Bulletin,50,1503-1508,https://doi.org/10.1360/982004-361.
Zhang,Y.C.,and L.L.Guo,2010:Multi-model ensemble simulated changes in the subtropical westerly jet over east Asia under the global warming condition.Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,30,694-700,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2010.05.017.(in Chinese)
Zhang,Y.C.,X.Y.Kuang,W.D.Guo,and T.J.Zhou,2006:Seasonal evolution of the upper-tropospheric westerly jet core over East Asia.Geophys.Res.Lett.,33,L11708,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026377.
Zhao,Y.,X.J.Yu,J.Q.Yao,and X.N.Dong,2018:Evaluation of the subtropical westerly jet and its effects on the projected summer rainfall over central Asia using multi-CMIP5 models.International Journal of Climatology,38,e1176-e1189,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5443.
Chen,L.,and O.W.Frauenfeld,2014:A comprehensive evaluation of precipitation simulations over China based on CMIP5multimodel ensemble projections.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,119,5767-5786,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021190.
Dai,Y.,and R.Y.Lu,2013:Projected change in the relationship between East Asian summer rainfall and uppertropospheric westerly jet.Chinese Science Bulletin,58,1436-1442,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5540-1.
Dee,D.P.,and Coauthors,2011:The ERA-Interim reanalysis:Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,137,553-597,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828.
Du,Y.,Q.Bao,and Z.Q.Xie,2017:FGOALS model simulation of variation of East Asian subtropical westerly jet during Meiyu period.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,41,603-617,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1609.16185.(in Chinese)
Du,Y.,Y.C.Zhang,and Z.Q.Xie,2008:Impacts of longitude location changes of East Asian westerly jet core on the precipitation distribution during meiyu period in middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River valley.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,66,566-576.(in Chinese)
Enomoto,T.,B.J.Hoskins,and Y.Matsuda,2003:The formation mechanism of the Bonin high in August.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,129,157-178,https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.01.211.
Hirahara,S.,H.Ohno,Y.Oikawa,and S.Maeda,2012:Strengthening of the southern side of the jet stream and delayed withdrawal of Baiu season in future climate.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,90,663-671,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2012-506.
Huang,D.-Q.,J.Zhu,Y.-C.Zhang,and A.-N.Huang,2013:Uncertainties on the simulated summer precipitation over eastern China from the CMIP5 models.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,118,9035-9047,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50695.
Huffman,G.J.,and Coauthors,1997:The global precipitation climatology project(GPCP)combined precipitation dataset.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,78,5-20,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0005:TGPCPG>2.0.CO;2.
Kosaka,Y.,and H.Nakamura,2011:Dominant mode of climate variability,intermodel diversity,and projected future changes over the summertime western North Pacific simulated in the CMIP3 models.J.Climate,24,3935-3955,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3907.1.
Kuang,X.Y.,and Y.C.Zhang,2005:Seasonal variation of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet and its association with the heating field over East Asia.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,22(6),831-840,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02918683.
Lau,K.M.,K.M.Kim,and S.Yang,2000:Dynamical and boundary forcing characteristics of regional components of the Asian summer monsoon.J.Climate,13,2461-2482,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2461:dabfco>2.0.co;2.
Li,C.Y.,J.T.Wang,S.Z.Lin,and H.R.Cho,2004:The relationship between East Asian summer monsoon activity and northward jump of the upper westerly jet location.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,28,641-658.(in Chinese)
Li,G.,and S.-P.Xie,2012:Origins of tropical-wide SST biases in CMIP multi-model ensembles.Geophys.Res.Lett.,39,L22703,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053777.
Li,G.,and S.-P.Xie,2014:Tropical biases in CMIP5 multimodel ensemble:The excessive equatorial Pacific cold tongue and double ITCZ problems.J.Climate,27,1765-1780,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00337.1.
Liang,X.Z.,and W.C.Wang,1998:Associations between China monsoon rainfall and tropospheric jets.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,124,2597-2623,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712455204.
Lin,Z.D.,and R.Y.Lu,2005:Interannual meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric Jet stream in summer.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,22(6),199-211,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918509.
Lin,Z.D.,and R.Y.Lu,2008:Abrupt northward jump of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream in mid-Summer.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,86,857-866,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.86.857.
Lin,Z.D.,and R.Y.Lu,2009:The ENSO’s effect on eastern China rainfall in the following early summer.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,26(2),333-342,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-0333-4.
Lu,R.Y.,2004:Associations among the components of the East Asian summer monsoon system in the meridional direction.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,82,155-165,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.82.155.
Lu,R.Y.,and Z.D.Lin,2009:Role of subtropical precipitation anomalies in maintaining the summertime meridional teleconnection over the Western North Pacific and East Asia.J.Climate,22,2058-2072,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2444.1.
Lu,R.Y.,and Y.H.Fu,2010:Intensification of East Asian summer rainfall interannual variability in the twenty-first century simulated by 12 CMIP3 coupled models.J.Climate,23,3316-3331,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3130.1.
Lu,R.Y.,Z.D.Lin,and Y.C.Zhang,2013:Variability of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet in summer and its impacts on the East Asian monsoon.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,37,331-340,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.12310.(in Chinese)
Ma,J.,and S.-P.Xie,2013:Regional patterns of sea surface temperature change:A source of uncertainty in future projections of precipitation and atmospheric circulation.J.Climate,26,2482-2501,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00283.1.
Ma,J.,H.M.Xu,and P.F.Lin,2015:Meridional position biases of East Asian subtropical jet stream in CMIP5 models and their relationship with ocean model resolutions.International Journal of Climatology,35,3942-3958,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4256.
Qu,X.,2017:The intermodel diversity of East Asia’s summer rainfall among CMIP5 models.J.Climate,30,9287-9301,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0094.1.
Rodwell,M.J.,and B.J.Hoskins,1996:Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,122,1385-1404,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253408.
Sampe,T.,and S.-P.Xie,2010:Large-scale dynamics of the Meiyu-Baiu rainband:Environmental forcing by the westerly jet.J.Climate,23,113-134,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3128.1.
Song,F.F.,and T.J.Zhou,2013:FGOALS-s2 simulation of upperlevel jet streams over East Asia:Mean state bias and synopticscale transient eddy activity.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30,739-753,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2212-7.
Taylor,K.E.,R.J.Stouffer,and G.A.Meehl,2012:An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,93,485-498,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1.
Wang,C.Z.,L.P.Zhang,S.-K.Lee,L.X.Wu,and C.R.Mechoso,2014:A global perspective on CMIP5 climate model biases.Nature Climate Change,4,201-205,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2118.
Wang,S.X.,and H.C.Zuo,2016:Effect of the East Asian westerly jet’s intensity on summer rainfall in the Yangtze River valley and its mechanism.J.Climate,29,2395-2406,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0259.1.
Wang,S.X.,H.C.Zuo,S.M.Zhao,J.K.Zhang,and S.Lu,2018:How East Asian westerly jet’s meridional position affects the summer rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley?Climate Dyn.,51,4109-4121,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3591-3.
Wang,X.,W.Zhou,D.X.Wang,and C.Z.Wang,2013:The impacts of the summer Asian Jet Stream biases on surface air temperature in mid-eastern China in IPCC AR4 models.International Journal of Climatology,33,265-276,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3419.
Xie,Z.Q.,Y.Du,and S.Yang,2015:Zonal extension and retraction of the subtropical westerly jet stream and evolution of precipitation over East Asia and the Western Pacific.J.Climate,28,6783-6798,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00649.1.
Xuan,S.L.,Q.Y.Zhang,and S.Q.Sun,2011:Anomalous midsummer rainfall in Yangtze River-Huaihe River valleys and its association with the East Asia Westerly jet.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,28,387-397,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0111.
Yeh,T.C.,S.Y.Tao,and M.T.Li,1958:The abrupt change of circulation over northern Hemisphere during June and October.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,29,249-263.(in Chinese)
Zhang,Y.C.,and L.L.Guo,2005:Relationship between the simulated East Asian westerly jet biases and seasonal evolution of rainbelt over eastern China.Chinese Science Bulletin,50,1503-1508,https://doi.org/10.1360/982004-361.
Zhang,Y.C.,and L.L.Guo,2010:Multi-model ensemble simulated changes in the subtropical westerly jet over east Asia under the global warming condition.Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,30,694-700,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2010.05.017.(in Chinese)
Zhang,Y.C.,X.Y.Kuang,W.D.Guo,and T.J.Zhou,2006:Seasonal evolution of the upper-tropospheric westerly jet core over East Asia.Geophys.Res.Lett.,33,L11708,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026377.
Zhao,Y.,X.J.Yu,J.Q.Yao,and X.N.Dong,2018:Evaluation of the subtropical westerly jet and its effects on the projected summer rainfall over central Asia using multi-CMIP5 models.International Journal of Climatology,38,e1176-e1189,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5443.