摘要
利用深部盐岩洞穴进行能源储备是国际上广泛认可的能源储备方式，也是我国实施能源战略储备计划的重点部署方向。蠕变特性作为盐岩最重要的力学特性之一，直接关系到盐岩储存库的长期稳定性和安全性，因此对盐岩蠕变特性进行研究具有十分重要的现实意义。基于此，本文在前人研究的基础上，采用室内试验、理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法，对不同加载路径下盐岩蠕变特性、盐岩非线性粘弹塑性蠕变模型、盐岩在循环荷载作用下的蠕变模型、盐岩非线性蠕变模型二次开发以及盐岩地下储气库的长期稳定性等进行了研究，主要研究内容和成果如下：
①采用RLW-2000岩石流变试验机，对不同加载路径（围压恒定、分级增加轴压；轴压恒定、分级卸除围压；轴压恒定、周期性循环围压）下盐岩的三轴蠕变特性进行了试验研究，基于试验结果，分析了不同加载路径和不同应力状态下盐岩蠕变过程的变形特性和蠕变速率随时间的变化规律；
②基于岩石非线性流变力学基本理论，从牛顿体粘滞系数在不同蠕变阶段随时间的变化规律入手，分别提出了非线性Kelvin模型、非线性Maxwell模型和非线性Bingham模型，并对各非线性模型的基本力学特性进行了分析。分析表明，由于非线性系数的引入，使得修正后的非线性模型在描述岩石蠕变特性时具有更好的适应性。
③将非线性Kelvin体、非线性Maxwell体和非线性Bingham体进行串联建立了能够反映盐岩蠕变三阶段的非线性粘弹塑性蠕变模型，并根据盐岩三轴压缩蠕变试验结果和相关文献盐岩加速蠕变阶段的试验数据，利用1stOpt优化软件，对模型参数进行了反演识别。理论曲线和试验曲线对比显示两者吻合良好，说明本文非线性粘弹塑性蠕变模型能够很好的描述盐岩的蠕变特性。
④以Bugrers模型为基础，推导了其在低频循环荷载作用下的蠕变方程，并根据盐岩恒轴压、循环围压加载路径下的蠕变试验结果，对循环荷载蠕变模型参数进行了反演。理论曲线和试验曲线对比表明，该模型能够较好的反映盐岩在循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性，特别是能够反映出不同围压循环周期下盐岩蠕变应变随围压升降而发生的明显的波动现象。
⑤基于有限差分理论，推导了盐岩非线性粘弹塑性蠕变模型的有限差分表达形式，结合FLAC3D二次开发平台，采用Mohr—Coulomb准则作为屈服判据，实现了非线性蠕变模型的二次开发，获得了该模型的动态链接程序，并通过试验模拟和算例分析验证了二次开发模型程序的正确性和合理性。
⑥利用非线性粘弹塑性蠕变模型二次开发计算程序，对依托工程盐岩储气库的长期稳定性进行了数值分析，探讨了洞周塑性区、围岩变形量、溶腔体积损失率及围岩扩容破坏安全系数等随蠕变时间和储气内压的变化规律，确定了储气库的最小储气内压、最大采气速率和矿柱宽度。
It is the worldwide-recognized energy reserve method and the key deploymentdirection of our country to implement energy strategic reserve plan by storing oil andnatural gas in deep salt rock caverns. As one of the most important mechanicalproperties of salt rock, creep property is closely related to the long-term stability andsecurity of salt rock underground storage. So, it has very important significance inpractice to research the creep property of salt rock.
In view of this, researches carried out in this paper would use a combinationmethod including testing research, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Firstly,triaxial compression creep tests for salt rock under different loading paths were carriedout, and the impact of loading path and stress level to creep property of salt rock wasanalyzed; Secondly, the nonlinear viscoelasto-plastic creep model and the creep modelunder low-frequency cyclic load for salt rock were present based on testing results; Atlast, the nonlinear viscoelasto-plastic creep model was programmed in computer andapplied to long-term stability analysis of salt rock underground gas storage.
The main contents and research conclusions of this paper were as follows:
①In order to know about the creep properties of salt rock, triaxial compressioncreep experiments with salt rock specimens under different stress loading paths werecarried out on RLW-2000rock servo controlling rheology testing machine. Based ontest results, deformation properties and variation law of creep rate with time underdifferent loading paths and stress levels in creep process were discussed in detail.
②According to the basic nonlinear rheology theory of rock and thetime-dependence of viscosity coefficient in different creep stages, nonlinear Kelvinmodel, nonlinear Maxwell model and nonlinear Bingham model were put forward. Thenonlinear models had many special characteristics and better adaptability in describingthe rheological properties of rocks through comparing the characteristics of nonlinearmodels with common models.
③A new nonlinear viscoelasto-plastic creep model for salt rock was established byconnecting nonlinear Kelvin model with nonlinear Maxwell model and nonlinearBingham model in the form of series, which could describe the nonlinear creep propertyof salt rock and the primary creep, steady creep and tertiary creep perfectly. Accordingto the least squares theory and triaxial compression creep test results of salt rock, the parameters of nonlinear creep model were obtained by inversion calculation. Thentheoretical results were calculated by substituting the parameters into the model, andthrough comparing, theoretical curves were in good agreement with test curves, whichindicated that the nonlinear creep model could well describe the creep property of saltrock.
④The creep equation of salt rock under low-frequency cyclic load was deducedbased on Burgers model. According to the least squares theory and triaxial compressioncreep test results of salt rock under cyclic load, the parameters of the proposed modelwere obtained by inversion calculation. Through comparing theoretical curves with testcurves, it was found that the proposed creep model could well describe the creepproperty of salt rock under cyclic load, especially the fluctuation phenomenon of creepdeformation with load fluctuation.
⑤According to the difference theory and good redevelopment platform of FLAC3Dsoftware, the finite difference form of the nonlinear viscoelasto-plastic creep model forsalt rock was deduced. Based on which, the redevelopment of nonlinear creep modelwas carried out in FLAC3Dwith taking the Mohr-Coulomb criterion as failure criterion,and then the correctness and applicability of the redevelopment computer program wasverified by experimental simulation and engineering example analysis.
⑥The nonlinear viscoelasto-plastic creep model computer program was applied tolong-term stability analysis of salt rock underground gas storage. According to thesimulation results, the variation laws of plastic zones, surrounding rock massdeformation, volume closure ratio and dilation damage safety factor with time and gaspressure were analyzed, and the minimum gas pressure, maximum gas recovery velocityand reasonable pillar width were determined.
引文
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