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银行监管新视角——风险交易机制研究
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摘要
20世纪70年代以来国际经济金融加快了自由化、国际化、一体化进程,宏观经济环境的变化、产业结构的调整、固定汇率制度的瓦解、金融市场的国际拓展、科技的日新月异以及日趋激烈的竞争使银行赖以生存的环境发生了翻天覆地的变化,其生存空间日趋狭小,面临前所未有的生存危机。一次次惊心动魄的危机、一桩桩意味深远的案例向世人展示:银行业稳健经营的基础已遭到削弱。面对银行业高风险经营的强烈动机,由官方审慎监管、中央银行最后贷款人职能、存款保险制度所构建的银行安全网看似不“疏”实则有“漏”,因其固有的制度性缺陷而显得力不从心;市场约束却姗姗来迟,1997年9月巴赛尓委员会终于将其写进了《银行业有效监管核心原则》,并作为有效银行监管首要原则。虽然市场约束已引起世界各国银行监管当局的高度重视并谋求将其引进自己的监管体系,甚至已经取得了一定成果,但市场约束却隐含着一些弊端。所以有必要构建风险交易机制对由官方监管和市场约束打造而成的银行外部监管体系进行矫正与改进。这对维护银行体系的安全与稳定具有重要意义。
    本文研究思路:论文由三部分构成,从银行监管理论发展的角度切入,对银行监管的演进与变迁历程进行深入剖析,进而清晰地展现了以官方监管和市场约束为基础的银行外部监管体系的发展轨迹。然后,以此为基础详尽地分析与阐述了风险交易机制的产生缘由、作用机制、有效性以及它与官方监管、市场约束的关系。最后,将注意力转移到用风险交易机制指导我国银行监管实践上来,对其必要性、可行性等进行了仔细分析,旨在为我国银行监管提供参考。这也是文章的归宿和目的所在。
     第一章着重阐述了银行监管理论的演进与变迁历程:从20世纪30年代前的自由化时代到20世纪30至70年代的广泛管制时代; 再从20世纪70——90年代的管制向自由化回归时代到20世纪90年
    
    
    代以来的银行监管理论创新。这只是一个引子,旨在让读者对现行银行外部监管体系(官方监管与市场约束)的发展进程与历史渊源有一个较为清晰的了解,并为下文引入风险交易机制埋下伏笔。
    第二章是“风险交易机制初探”,这是本文重点所在,焦点集中在风险交易机制的产生缘由、作用机制、有效性以及它与官方监管、市场约束的关系之上。首先,在第一章的基础上对风险交易机制的产生缘由及含义进行了探讨。由于作为现行银行外部监管两大支柱的官方监管与市场约束都各有瑕疵:一方面,官方监管极易导致严重的道德风险,并伴有监管误区、制度扭曲等问题;另一方面,市场约束不仅对系统性风险难以有所作为,而且具有盲目性、随意性、无区别性等缺陷,极易引发市场信心的崩溃。所以,面对信用风险、市场风险、操作风险等潜在负外部性有必要对现行银行外部监管体系进行改进和完善。科斯定定理提供了一条银行监管新思路——风险交易机制,即银行监管当局将不受银行危机“侵犯”的权利授予社会公众和企业,并根据各银行的实力因素、资产结构比率、各项存贷款比例、单个贷款比例、清偿能力、盈利水平、银行管理水平评估、发展前景评估等指标确定各自的可支配风险量,允许其就各自的风险(或超额风险)进行买卖,将风险量控制在安全范围之内,进而达到维护银行体系安全与稳定的目的。其次,作为逻辑的必然发展,进而深入分析了风险交易机制的效力传递渠道以及有效性条件。认为风险交易机制从两条渠道对风险进行防范、控制和化解,其一是银行监管当局对各银行的可支配风险量及其结构进行规定;其二是风险购买者对风险出售行的动态约束(即风险购买者通过出售行的可支配风险量大小及其变化来决定是否签订购买合同、是否终止履行合同所进行的约束)。当然其他市场参与者如债权人、股东等也可通过提取存款或出售该行股票等方式对银行加以约束。但是要保证以上两股约束力量的传导渠道通畅无阻必须有完善的信息披露制度、合格的市场主体和参与者、良好的公司治理结构、严格的市场退出制度、良好的基础设施(如风险计量技术、大量数据的积累以及银行信用评级的开展)等条件。最后,通过对风险交易机制
    
    
    与官方监管、市场约束关系的研究发现风险交易机制并不是官方监管与市场约束的简单复合,而是一个有机的、自成体系的系统,一种机制。这种机制克服了官方监管在处理市场约束缺陷时所带来的不足,把“风险”这种潜在负外部性的定价权交给了“风险”交易者,交给了市场,显得更加公平、更加灵活、更加有效。将更有利于风险的防范与化解,使外部监管系统更加完善、更加严密。
    第三章在对风险交易机制有了较为完整的理论探讨之后结合我国实际分析了在我国建立风险交易机制的必要性及可行性,这是文章的难点。因为从银行监管角度来研究风险交易机制仅仅是笔者在学习中的一点感受,在理论界与实践中很少有人涉足,所以对实践的指导意义处于理论探索阶段。这是难点之一。难点之二是构建我国风险交易机制的条件在我国还不够成熟:信息披露有待于进一步完善;市场主体及参与者的公司治理结构不健全;以市场为导向的退出机制仍是一片空白,政府触角过多涉足此领域;资本市场与货币市场还需要进一步完善;特别是风险?
Since 1970s, the world has seen such radical changes as the speed-up of globalization, liberalization, and process of integration in terms of international economy and finance; adjustment of the industrial structure, the death of fixed exchange rate system, international expansion of financial market,quickly-developed technology and science, growingly intensive competition, which makes the living space of banking become narrower and narrower, facing unprecedented existence crisis. As a result, numerous bank crises have come in succession, the basis on which banks perform soundly has been undermined, thus they are strongly motivated to indulge in heavy-risk-bearing services. However, the Market Discipline and traditional safety net which are usually made up by the Lender of Last Resort, the Deposit Insurance Scheme, regulations by official discretion fail to meet the expectation of us. So it seems necessary that we adjust and perfect the existing exterior supervision system. That is why we come to the discussion of risk-trading mechanism.
     This paper is composed of three chapters.
     In Chapter One, there is nothing but the aim to bring a clear picture of the existing exterior regulation system to readers in terms of its evolution, which, as we mentioned above, are composed of the Lender of Last Resort, the Deposit Insurance Scheme, regulation by official discretion and the Market Discipline. More important, this chapter serves as a basis of introducing the beef of the paper, risk-trading mechanism in the following chapters.
     Chapter Two that is the most important part of this paper throws spotlight on the course of risk-trading mechanism, the theory of its function, validity, relationship between the Market Discipline, and
    
    
    regulation by official discretion. First, we study the course and meaning of risk-trading mechanism. On one hand, regulation by official discretion will lead to serious moral hazard, and the authorities probably pay more attention to the relationship with the banking firms than the supervision on them; even more they sometimes cast no eyes over their bad-behaviours for the purpose of maintaining its own reputations; on the other hand, the Market Discipline usually performs blindly and electively, which is difficult to maintain the confidence in banking. Luckily enough, risk-trading mechanism provides a solution to the problem in face of the credit risk, market risk and operating risk that can be treated as potential externalities because Coase Theorem tells us that externalities can also be solved by the market only if the initial delimitation of rights is properly arranged. To be more exact, the authorities first bestow on the commons the rights that they should be safe to various risks, then set a limit to the amount of each bank’s risk according to its capital protection, asset quality, management competence, earning strength, liquidity ratios and microeconomic circumstances, etc. And banks are allowed to trade in the amount of risks no matter it is below or above the limit only if they are voluntary resulting in the acceptable amount that remains always below the limit. So a mechanism is established to keep banking safe and sound. Secondly as the logic goes, we discuss in detail the validity and paths by which risk-trading mechanism works. One path is that the authorities define the amount cap of each bank’s risk and the suitable weight of risk-based services in it considering the determinants mentioned above; the other path is the constraints mainly derived from the purchasers of risks who lay their hands on the rights to strike a bargain and stop continuing the contract according to banks’ performance. Of course creditors and shareholders also play a role in constraining the performance of banks by transferring their deposits from an unsound
    
    
    bank to a sound one, or selling their equity of an unsound bank. However, if risk-trading mechanism is to perform efficiently, certain demands must be met with, for example, perfect information disclosure, sound corporate gove
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