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我国铁路运输业价格与市场结构规制改革研究
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摘要
新中国成立后,我国按地区设置了铁路局并为其分配了局管内的铁路运输网络。为了适应运输网络分割化的局面,“政企合一”的铁道部实行了高度集中统一的运输调度和收入清算制度。在计划经济时代,这种经营管理体制与基本的经济体制比较吻合,没有暴露出过多的问题和矛盾,甚至可以说具有一定的效率优势。然而,在我国从计划经济向市场经济“转轨”的过程中,这种经营管理体制的弊端逐渐展现,并不断地积累和放大。由于铁路运输业是关系国计民生和国防安全的重要产业,国家对铁路运输业实施了严格的价格规制、并限制民营资本和外资的进入。改革开放后,公路和民航运输业迅速崛起,打破了铁路运输业的垄断地位。在这种背景下,铁路运输业的发展陷入困境:竞争力下降、市场份额逐渐丧失、建设资金匮乏等。受到这些问题的困扰,铁路运输业难以发挥“先行产业”和“基础产业”的重要支撑作用,反而成为制约经济社会发展的“瓶颈”环节。
     针对这些问题,政府实施了一系列改革措施:放松进入规制,引入地方政府和企业等其他建设经营主体;对国家铁路(铁道部所有或控股)实施了“网运分离”和“主辅分离”形式的结构重组;放松价格规制,允许运输企业在规定的时间区间内实行浮动运输价格。然而,这些规制改革都是在“政企合一”框架下实行的表层、间断、补丁式改革,既没有树立运输企业市场主体地位,也没有打破垄断、为引入市场机制创造条件。所以,规制改革也未能取得太多的成效。因此,对我国铁路运输业的价格与市场结构规制改革进行研究,为铁路运输业走出困境找到可行的路径,不仅具有理论意义,而且具有重大的实践意义。
     通过分析铁路运输业技术经济属性,并结合我国铁路运输业和经济社会发展现状,本文探究了铁路运输业规制改革的约束条件和目标。然后运用规制经济学、产业组织学等基本理论,求解出了相应的价格和市场结构规制改革方案。同时,本文也运用了实证研究的方法对规制改革效果与规制目标之间的背离进行了考察,找出了规制改革中出现的问题。
     其中,第一章对研究的背景、目的和意义、工具方法、思路架构及存在的不足进行了阐述。第二章对规制理论发展阶段中主要的理论进行了梳理和评析,并对现有文献进行了研究与评价。
     第三章对我国铁路运输业规制改革的约束条件和目标进行了研究。这些约束条件主要包括铁路运输业的基本属性、我国铁路运输业和经济社会的发展现状。在分析这些约束条件的基础上,本文认为在规制改革目标方面,我国政府具有特殊的偏好:在追求经济性规制主要目标的同时,将维护社会稳定和公平目标放到更加重要的位置。接下来的三章就是求解在这些约束条件下,为了实现规制目标所要采取的政策和手段。
     第四章对我国铁路运输业的价格规制改革问题进行了分析研究。首先对自然垄断产业各种定价方式进行了梳理,并进行了对比分析,找出了各自的优缺点,从而为研究我国铁路运输业价格规制改革打下理论基础。其次对我国铁路运输业价格规制改革的历程和现行的价格体系进行了梳理,并对价格规制改革的效果进行了实证考察,对现行价格体系引发的矛盾和问题进行了总结。最后,提出了我国铁路运输业价格规制改革的思路和对策:(1)规制价格的制定不能仅仅以成本为导向,而应该充分考虑需求因素,更大范围地实施差别定价,包括高峰负荷定价、反映需求弹性和交叉弹性的定价方式等;(2)针对铁路运输企业缺乏降低成本和提高内部效率激励的情况,实施既能保持原有信息结构和规制结构、又能提高激励强度的最高限价规制;在铁路运输能力较为充足或其他运输方式竞争激烈的运输线路,尤其适用这种规制政策;(3)为了维护社会稳定和公平、保护公共利益,对公益性较强的线路与运输服务,政府应当承担供给责任,实施特许竞标规制,为服务付费或对企业进行补贴。
     第五章主要研究了我国铁路运输业的市场结构重组问题。首先对自然垄断产业的市场准入、退出规制进行了静态和动态的分析,并提出了我国市场准入规制的独特性问题。这个独特性是指:我国目前仍然处于资本短缺、人均资本存量较低的发展阶段,面对不断增长的运输需求,铁道部缺乏提供足额运输服务所需要的资本,这也客观上要求打破垄断,引入新的企业进入铁路运输市场。其次对铁路运输业的市场结构规制改革历程进行了梳理,并对改革的效果进行了评析。再次,对铁路运输业市场结构重组的目标进行了分析,并对各种重组方案的优缺点进行了详细的比较研究。最后,提出了铁路运输业市场结构重组的路径及其规制政策:(1)市场结构重组应当采取政府强力推动和市场机制拉动的双重手段,一方面运用行政强制力对国家铁路进行结构重组,在短时间内形成竞争性的市场结构,另一方面降低准入和退出壁垒,引入外部资本进入市场,利用市场机制形成有效率的市场结构;(2)实行不对称规制,扶持新进入者,使其早日具备与主导性企业开展有效竞争的能力;(3)实行激励性规制:对路网接入服务实施最高限价规制,提高路网企业的内部效率;对分割后形成的区域公司实行标尺竞争规制,降低企业的信息租金和提高企业内部效率。
     第六章对价格规制和市场准入规制的配套实施、规制制度的优化进行了研究。首先,对价格和结构规制的配套实施、价格规制在运输方式之间的协调进行了分析,认为制定低于成本的价格并禁止市场退出只能作为竞争性业务领域的一种短期策略,而在自然垄断性业务领域则可能提高社会福利。运输方式之间价格规制的协调可以提高社会福利,所以政府应当放松铁路运输业价格规制。其次,在体制机制环境方面,提出了在“政企分离”的基础上将铁道部的行业管理职能并入交通运输部,对规制目标进行平衡和优化的建议。
     本文的主要贡献或者说可能的创新之处:
     (1)在分析经济性规制目标和铁路规制目标的基础上,结合我国铁路运输业和经济社会发展现状,分析了我国铁路运输业规制改革的目标函数:政府在追求经济性规制主要目标的同时,出于保护公共利益和提高社会福利的目的,将维护社会稳定和公平目标放在更为重要的位置。
     (2)对我国铁路运输业价格规制改革的历程进行了详细的梳理,并深入地分析了现行价格规制存在的矛盾和问题。在详细、深入地对差别定价进行重点研究之后,提出了一个既可以维护社会稳定和公平、又可以提高市场绩效的“二分法”:政府承担公益性服务责任,实行具有较高激励强度的特许竞标规制,为公益性服务“买单”或对企业进行补贴;为了使价格充分反映需求因素,实施更大范围的差别定价;为了给予企业降低成本和提高内部效率的激励,实行具有较高激励强度的最高限价规制。
     (3)对我国铁路运输业市场结构规制改革的历程进行了详细的梳理,并对规制改革的效果进行了评析。在对结构重组的目标和各种改革方案进行比较分析之后,提出了铁路运输业结构重组的路径和手段:政府强力推动+市场力量拉动,即运用政府强制力量对国家铁路进行结构重组,在短时间内形成竞争性的市场结构;放松进入规制,引入新的企业,利用市场竞争机制实现有效率的市场结构。在“后重组时代”,本文也提出了政策建议:实行激励性接入定价以改变铁路运输业生产成本偏高和内部效率低下的局面;实行不对称规制,减少主导性企业的策略性行为对新进入者的影响,使新进入企业尽早具备与主导性企业开展有效竞争的能力;对分割后形成的区域公司实行标尺竞争规制,以降低企业的信息租金和提高企业内部效率。
     (4)对价格与市场结构规制的配套实施进行了研究,认为二者的配套实施可以避免社会福利的恶化或者提高社会福利,国家应当放松铁路运输业的价格规制,对交通运输业实行同等程度的价格规制;在“政企分离”的基础上将铁道部的行业管理职能并入交通运输部,既可以树立铁路运输企业的市场主体地位,又可以协调各种运输方式之间的规制与发展政策;平衡和优化规制目标,避免规制目标之间的冲突给铁路运输业的发展带来危害。
After new China was founded, our government divided the rail transportation network according to various regions, and established the corresponding railway administration to manage. In the era of planned economy, this kind of operation and management system had not exposed too many questions, and also has a certain efficiency advantage. However, after our country implemented the market economic system, the disadvantages of this system have gradually revealed. At the same time, the state implemented a strict price regulation and market access regulation, set a low transport price, and limited the private capital and foreign capital to enter railway transportation. After the reform and opening, the highway and civil aviation rose rapidly, and broke the monopoly status of railway transportation slowly. In this context, the development of railway transportation industry had entered hot water:high transportation costs, less competitive, the gradual loss of market share, the lack of construction money, etc. These all become to be the "bottleneck" link of economic development.
     To solve these problems, the government has taken a series of reform measures:relax price regulation and access regulation, implement structure reorganization, etc. With a bit of reform here and there in the original mechanism, the reform had not broke the monopoly or introduced competition mechanism, thus it had little effect. Therefore, the research that focuses on price and the market structure regulation reform of railway transportation has great practical significance.
     This paper's general research ideas as follows:firstly, find out constraint condition and goals of the railway transportation's regulatory reform, and then seek out the corresponding reform policies and measures.
     Among them, the first chapter described the research background, the goal and significance、tools、method and existent insufficiency. The second chapter combed each main theory of development of regulation theory, and researched and evaluated currently existing literature, which thus laid the foundation for analysis of government regulation of railway transportation.
     The third chapter analyzed the goal and constraint conditions of government regulation. These constraints mainly include the basic property of railway transportation, the current situation of the development of the economic and society. Based on the analysis of these constraints later, this paper maintained that in the aspect of regulation reform targets, the government puts the maintenance of social stability and fair target in more important position.
     The fourth chapter studied the price regulation reform of China railway transportation. First of all, various pricing way of natural monopoly industry are summarized, and also analyzed and compared then. Secondly, China's railway transportation price regulation reform history and current practice price system were summarized, and the price regulation reform effect was analyzed empirically. Finally, suggestion was put forward in view of China's price regulation reform:(1) China's railway transportation price should be fully considered the demand factors, and implement nonuniform pricing in a larger range;(2) Enforce the highest price system and encourage companies to improve production efficiency;(3) In order to protect the public interest and maintain social stability and fair, in terms of public welfare transportation service, the government should be liable for supply responsibility, and bring franchise bidding mechanism into force, pay for the services or subsidy the enterprise.
     Chapter5studied the problem of China railway transportation market structure reorganization. The market access and exit regulation of natural monopoly industry is analyzed firstly, secondly, the railway transportation market structure regulation reform history was summarized, and the reform effect was evaluated. Thirdly, reorganizing goals of railway transportation market structure are analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of different restructuring plan are studied comparatively in detail. At last, the ideas and policy of railway transportation market structure reorganization are proposed:(1) the market structure reorganization should need two forces to promote which involved the government's strong push and the market mechanism.(2) Asymmetric regulation should be exercised to make new entrants have effective competition ability early; (3) Incentive regulation should be exercised:implement the highest price regulation in network access service; a regional benchmarking regulation should be practiced to reduce the enterprise information rents and improve internal efficiency.
     The sixth chapter discussed the implementation of price regulation cooperated with market access regulations. First of all, the implementation of price regulation cooperated with market access regulations and the price regulation coordinated between the modes of transportation are analyzed. Secondly, it puts forward "the separation between the government and the enterprise" and the Ministry of Railways industry management function merges into Ministry of Transportation together with adjustment of regulation target.
     This paper's main contributions or the possible innovations are:
     (1) Present the objective function of China's railway transportation regulatory reform. As the government in order to protect the public interest and improve social welfare, social stability and fair are put a more important position in regulatory reform.
     (2) The various pricing way of natural monopoly industry are arranged and evaluated, and the price regulation reform history of railway transportation are summarized and appraised. Propose a "dichotomy" that both can maintain social stability and fairness, and improve the market performance:the government shoulders the responsibility of commonweal service and put franchise bidding mechanism into practice, pays for the services or subsidy the enterprise; in order to fully reflect the demand factors, nonuniform pricing is implemented in a wider range; carry out the highest price system, offer incentive for enterprise to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency.
     (3) Diverse kinds of reorganizing plans of railway transportation market structure are analyzed and compared, and the history of the restructuring is summarized and evaluated. Puts forward the ideas and means for railway transportation structure reorganization:the government's strong push+market force's drive, it means using the government's mandatory power to restructure the state railway to form a competitive market structure in a short time; introduce new enterprise and utilize market competition mechanism to achieve competitive markets structure. This paper also puts forward relevant policy suggestions: implement incentive access pricing, encourage enterprises to improve production efficiency; execute the asymmetric regulation to support potential enterprise to possess the effective competition ability as early as possible.
     (4) This paper have also studied the implementation of price regulation cooperated with market structure regulations and considered that the supporting implementation can avoid the deterioration of social welfare or improve social welfare, our countries should relax railway transportation price regulation, and practice equal price regulation on the transportation industry; maintain that the measures which contain the separation of the government and the enterprise, the Ministry of Railways industry management function merger into Ministry of Transportation and adjustment of regulation target are favorable for the development of railway and coordination of the development for diversified mode of transportation.
引文
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    77Ronald R. Rraeutigam. Optimal Policies for Natural Monopolies. In Handbook of Industrial Organization, Volume Ⅱ, ed. By Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willing. Amsterdam:North Holland,1989:1321.
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    87于良春.自然垄断与政府规制[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:164.
    88施马兰奇,威利格.产业组织经济学手册[Cl.李文溥等译.北京:经济科学出版社,2009:337.
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    90于良春.自然垄断与政府规制[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:167.
    91杰弗里M.佩罗夫.中级微观经济学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009:273.
    92史普博.管制与市场[M].余晖等译.上海:上海三联书店,2008:693.
    93植草益.规制经济学[M].胡绍文,胡欣欣等译校.北京:中国发展出版社,1992:106.
    94庇古.福利经济学(上卷)[M].朱泱等译.北京:商务印书馆,2006:293—294.
    95蒋殿春.高级微观经济学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006: 233.
    96植草益认为:按照价格差别定义,拉姆齐定价也是差别定价的一种,与三级价格歧视有关,见植草益(1992),P106。史普博认为:在价格无须等于边际成本的意义上,拉姆齐-布瓦特定价也是一种价格歧视,见史普博(1989),P257。
    97关于是否把高峰负荷定价看作价格歧视,在有关文献中是有争议的。Steiner(1957,1958)将其看作价格歧视,但受到了Demsetz(1973)等人的反对。谢地认为高峰负荷定价是三级价格歧视的一种具体形式,见谢地《政府规制经济学》(2003),P75。平狄克认为二者是不相同的,厂商实行三级价格歧视时各个消费群体之间的服务成本是不独立的:而高峰负荷定价时,高峰期和低谷期之间的服务成本基本是独立的,见平狄克《微观经济学》(2009),P375.
    98罗伯特·S·平狄克,鲁宾费尔德.微观经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009:374.
    99一个简单地证明方法是应用极限思想:如果将这些产量划分区段缩小到趋近于每个单位,那么这种二级价格歧视就趋近于完全价格歧视了。当然,严格的数学证明显示,社会福利上升是有条件的,参见布朗和西布利(1986),PP208—215。
    100平新乔.微观经济学十八讲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:158.
    101史普博.管制与市场[M].余晖等译.上海:上海三联书店,2008:698.
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    104植草益.微观规制经济学[M].朱绍文等译.北京:发展出版社,1992:117.
    105哈尔·R·范里安.微观经济学:现代观点[M].费方域等译.上海:上海三联书店,2007:350.
    106谢地.政府规制经济学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003:75.
    107刘志彪.现代产业经济学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009:270.
    108史普博.管制与市场[M].余晖等译.上海:上海三联书店,2008:700.
    109同上,P696.
    110郭小砬.中国交通运输发展改革之路——改革开放30年综合运输体系建设发展回顾[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2009:173.
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    133详见本章下一页的具体定义。
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    145这篇论文最早发表于中国铁道学会《青年专家论坛》1999年第2期。
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    151同上,PP15-16.
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    170植草益也认为反映竞争环境是规制的目标之一,见植草益《微观规制经济学》(1992),P66。
    172吴敬链较早地提出了“顶顶层设计”的思想。
    173中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议[N/OL].新华社,2010.10.27.http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-10/27/content_1731694_2.htm.
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    175同上,P155.
    176荣朝和.探究铁路经济问题[C].北京:经济科学出版社,2004:124-127.
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