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基于终极控制权的会计透明度决定因素研究
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摘要
2001年1月,普华永道发布一份关于“不透明指数”的调查报告,中国的“会计不透明”指数为86,仅次于南非(90),在一定程度上反映出我国会计透明度与其他国家相比,存在着明显的差距,我国上市公司的会计透明度还比较低。2008年全球金融危机爆发以来,各国都将提高会计透明度作为改善金融市场环境、加强监管的一个重要措施。因此,上市公司的会计透明度成为理论界和实务界共同关注的焦点之一。那么,会计透明度的决定因素有哪些?什么原因造成了上市公司之间会计透明度的差异?监管部门和上市公司应该采取怎样的措施来提高上市公司的会计透明度?对于这些问题的回答,是会计研究领域的一个重要课题。
     目前,国内学者关于上市公司会计透明度影响因素的研究,大多数是从直接控股股东即第一大股东的视角进行探讨,很少追溯到终极股东,使得研究结论具有一定的片面性。按照终极控制权的传导机制,终极股东才是实际掌握上市公司财务决策的主体。终极股东可通过多种方式控制上市公司,还可以通过直接或间接选派代表进入董事会或管理层,加强对上市公司的控制力。因此,从终极控制权的视角对会计透明度的决定因素进行研究,对于提高上市公司的会计透明度提供理论支持和相应的政策建议具有重要的理论价值,对于有效抑制终极股东对中小投资者的利益侵占,促进我国资本市场的健康发展具有较强的现实意义。
     本文主要采用理论分析与实证分析相结合的研究方法。在理论分析部分,对会计透明度的度量、终极控制权特征以及制约终极控制权的因素进行分析,并提出相关的研究假设。在实证分析方面,主要采用了描述性统计分析、均值差异显著性检验、相关分析、非参数检验和Logistic回归分析等方法,实证检验了终极控制权特征以及终极控制权的制约因素对会计透明度的影响。此外,采用主成分分析方法分析基于终极控制权的会计透明度的主要决定因素。
     本文共8章,各章主要内容如下:
     第1章是绪论。主要阐述研究背景与研究意义、相关概念界定、研究思路与研究方法、研究内容与研究框架以及论文的主要创新点。
     第2章是文献综述。首先梳理国内外会计透明度决定因素的相关文献,按照控制权特征与会计透明度、终极控制权制约因素与会计透明度的关系进行回顾与梳理;其次,对上市公司会计透明度的度量进行系统地分析;最后,对相关文献进行评述,指出研究的不足之处,提出本文的研究方向和会计透明度的度量指标。
     第3章是终极控制权特征对会计透明度影响的理论分析。采用委托-代理理论、契约理论以及产权理论等进行理论分析。首先,阐述终极控制权视角下研究会计透明度的原因。其次,对终极股东的股权特征如何影响会计透明度进行系统分析。再次,分析终极股东控制结构对会计透明度的影响。最后,分析终极股东兼职情况对会计透明度的影响。在此基础之上,提出本文所需要检验的研究假设,为第4章的实证研究构建理论框架。
     第4章是终极控制权特征对会计透明度影响的实证检验。运用均值差异显著性检验、相关分析和Logistic回归分析等方法,实证检验了终极股东的现金流权、终极股东的控制权比例、现金流权与控制权的两权分离、终极股东的控制层级、终极股东性质、终极股东对董事会的超额控制和终极股东对管理层的控制等与会计透明度的关系。实证分析结果表明,随着终极股东的现金流权的增大,会计透明度也显著提高;随着终极股东控制权比例的增大,上市公司的会计透明度呈现出先升后降的倒“U型”特征;国有控股上市公司控制权与现金流权的分离程度对会计透明度的负向影响相对较小;终极股东对董事会的超额控制与会计透明度显著负相关;国有终极股东控制的上市公司,会计透明度较高;而终极股东对管理层的控制以及控制层级对会计透明度的影响不显著。
     第5章是终极控制权制约因素对会计透明度影响的理论分析。采用委托-代理理论、博弈分析和声誉理论等理论分析的方法,对独立董事、审计委员会、监事会、其他大股东、机构投资者、外部审计等制约因素与会计透明度的关系进行理论分析,在此基础上,提出本文需要检验的研究假设,为第6章的实证研究构建理论框架。
     第6章是终极控制权制约因素对会计透明度影响的实证检验。本部分是在第5章理论分析的基础上,进行实证研究,检验上述各种制约因素对会计透明度的影响。结果表明审计委员会独立性、机构投资者持股比例、审计意见以及审计费用等终极控制权制约因素是提高会计透明度的主要因素;设立审计委员会的上市公司与没有设立审计委员会的上市公司相比,会计透明度没有显著差异性;内部制约因素独立董事、监事会的作用没有得到有效发挥,其他大股东的制约力量很有限;外部制约因素会计师事务所规模对会计透明度没有显著影响。
     第7章是终极控制权下会计透明度决定因素的实证检验。将影响会计透明度的终极控制权特征和终极控制权制约因素置于统一框架内,采用主成分分析法提取并识别主成分,以会计透明度作为被解释变量,各个主成分作为解释变量,通过控制和不控制行业及年份因素模型,分别检验影响会计透明度的主要决定因素。研究结论与第4章和第6章基本一致。
     第8章是研究结论及政策建议。在前面各章的分析基础上,总结全文的研究结论,并根据本文实证分析结果,针对我国上市公司会计透明度的提高、终极控制权的优化以及监管部门相关政策的制定等提出政策性建议,最后指出本文研究的不足以及未来的研究方向。
     论文的创新点主要体现在:
     (1)本文的研究视角从传统的直接控制权追溯到终极控制权,提出在我国股权结构现实条件下,研究会计透明度应该从终极控制权出发,并从终极控制权特征和制约因素建立了一个会计透明度决定因素的研究框架,并扩展了控制权的分析维度。以往的实证研究大多局限在现金流权、控制权和两权分离程度对会计透明度的影响,并没有考虑终极股东对董事会的超额控制以及终极股东对管理层的控制如何影响会计透明度,本文把终极股东对董事会的超额控制、终极股东对管理层的控制纳入终极股东兼职情况分析维度中,使分析角度更加完整,更具科学性。
     (2)在研究方法上,将影响上市公司会计透明度的终极控制权特征与制约因素置于统一框架下,采用主成分分析、Logistic回归分析方法,实证检验了多种因素对会计透明度的综合影响,系统地分析了会计透明度的主要决定因素,弥补了以往研究忽视将终极控制权特征与其制约因素进行整合的研究,使得研究结论更具有说服力,具有一定的学术价值。
     (3)在研究终极控制权比例与会计透明度关系时,在模型中增加控制权比例的平方项,来验证控制权比例与会计透明度之间是否存在U型关系或倒U型关系,弥补以往关于二者关系的研究结论局限在简单线性关系上的不足,结果表明终极控制权比例与会计透明度呈现出倒U型特征。
PricewaterhouseCoopers released a report about “the opacity index” in January2001, China’s “accounting opaque” index is86, second only to South Africa(90). Itreflects the diaphaneity to a certain extent compared with other countries, the accountingtransparency of listed companies is lower in our country. Especially the outbreak ofglobal financial crisis in2008, both at home and abroad will raise the accountingtransparency to improve the financial market environment. Therefore, both the theoryand practice circles focus on the accounting transparency of listed companies. Then,what are the determinants of accounting transparency? What causes the differencesbetween the accounting transparencies of listed companies? What measures should betaken by the supervision departments and listed companies to improve the accountingtransparency? These are the points this article mainly focuses on.
     At present,most of the domestic research on the influential factors of accountingtransparency bases on the viewpoint of controlling shareholder, i.e., the first majorshareholders, rarely through that of the common shareholders to the ultimateshareholders. These conclusions are of certain one-sidedness. According to the ultimatecontrol rights transmission mechanism, the ultimate shareholders are the actualcontrollers of listed company’s financial policy. The ultimate shareholders often controllisted company through constructing the Pyramid structure, cross shareholdings, floatingmultiple stocks and so on. In addition, the ultimate shareholders can also strongly controlthe listed company by directly or indirectly dispatching representatives to the board ofdirectors or management. Therefore, from the perspective of ultimate control rights, it isof great theoretical and practical value on effectively inhibiting the interestembezzlement which the ultimate shareholders fasten on small investors and promotingthe healthy development of the capital market.
     The combination of theoretical and empirical analysis research method is mainlyused. In the theoretical part, analize measurable methods on accounting transparency, thechoice of methods, the characteristics of ultimate controlling rights, its restricted factors,and put forward related research hypotheses. In the empirical part, some kinds ofstatistical and econometrics technique, such as descriptive statistical analysis, the meandifferences significant packet inspection, related analysis, nonparametric statistical test and Logistic regression analysis and so on are adopted to test empirically the effect of theultimate controlling right’s characteristics and its restricted factor on the listed companyin China. In addition, search for the main determinants of the accounting transparencybased on the ultimate controlling rights by using the principal component analysismethod.
     The thesis consists of eight chapters:
     The first chapter is introduction. The main content is to introduce the whole thesisbriefly, including the research background, research value, research methods, researchtrain of thought and the research innovations, as well as the structure and organization ofthe thesis.
     The second chapter is the literature review. Firstly, discuss the representativedocuments about the influence factors of accounting transparency based on directcontrolling right’s characteristics, ultimate controlling right’s characteristics and itsconstraints. Secondly, systematically analyze the measurable methods on the accountingtransparency. Thirdly, comment on the related document. Finally, point out thesedocuments’ deficiencies and research direction.
     The third chapter is theoretical analysis about the relationship between the ultimatecontrolling right’s characteristics and the accounting transparency. Using the theoreticalanalysis such as principal-agent theory, contract theory and property rights theory.At first,from the perspective of ultimate controlling rights, elaborate the research reason for theaccounting transparency. Secondly, systematically analyze the way of the ultimateownership’s characteristics affecting accounting transparency. Thirdly, comment theeffect of ultimate controlling structure on the accounting transparency. Finally, discussthe relation between the part-time’s ultimate shareholders and the accountingtransparency. Then put forward research hypothesis needed to confirm on the basis ofthese analyses.
     The fourth chapter is empirical analysis about the relationship between the ultimateownership’s characteristics and accounting transparency. In this chapter, the empiricalstudy is used. The mean difference significance test, correlation analysis and Logisticregression analysis and so on are adopted to test the relation among the ultimateshareholder’s cash flow rights, controlling rights, separation of two rights, the ultimateshareholder’s controlling level,the nature of the ultimate shareholder,the ultimate shareholder’s over-control on the Board and management and the accountingtransparency. Studies have shown that: with the improvement of the ultimate shareholdercash flow rights, accounting transparency also significantly improved; with the increaseof the ultimate shareholders’ controlling rights, the accounting transparency shows thefeature of the inverted "U", rising first and then declining, but not significantly.Compared with the non-state-controlled listed companies, separation degree of thestate-controlled listed companies’ controlling rights and cash flow rights on negativeimpact of accounting transparency is relatively small. The controlling of the ultimateshareholder on the board can significantly reduce the accounting transparency.State-owned listed companies have significantly improved the accounting transparency.The accounting transparency was not affected by the ultimate shareholders’ control onmanagement and level.
     The fifth chapter is theoretical analysis about the effect of the constraints to theultimate controlling rights on the accounting transparency. Using the theoretical analysissuch as principal-agent theory, game analysis and reputation theory.In this section,comment the relationship among independent directors, audit committee, board ofsupervisors, other large shareholders, institutional investors, external audit andaccounting transparency, and then propose the hypotheses to be tested.
     The sixth chapter is empirical analysis about the relationship between ultimatecontrolling rights and accounting transparency. On the basis of chapter5,test the aboveconstraints on the impact of accounting transparency. The results show that theindependence of the audit committee, the proportion of institutional investors holding,audit opinion and audit fees and accounting transparency are significantly positivelycorrelated, showing that accounting transparency is improved by the independence of theaudit committee, institutional investors ownership, audit opinion and audit costs.Whether listed companies establish an audit committee or not is not of a significantdifference on accounting transparency, the independent directors and the role of theboard of supervisors have not been effectively played, the role of the other majorshareholder is very limited, and accounting firm size has not significant effect onaccounting transparency.
     The seventh chapter is empirical analysis about the determinants of accountingtransparency. Put the ultimate controlling rights’ characteristics and its constraints into a unified analytical framework, using principal component analysis to extract and identifythe main ingredients, and using the accounting transparency as the dependent variable,and principal components as explanatory variable, establish two models to analyze thedominant determinants of the accounting transparency. The basic conclusion of thischapter is consistent with that of chapter4and6.
     The eightth chapter is the conclusions and suggestions. In this part, summarize andelaborate the main conclusions, and then put forward some suggestions to listedcompanies in China, supervise authorities and other parties. At last, point out the futureresearch area.
     The innovations are mainly embodied in the following aspects:
     (1)From the traditional direct control, trace back to the effect about ultimatecontrolling rights on the accounting transparency. While extending the dimension ofanalysis, previous studies are mostly limited to the cash flow rights, control rights and theseparation of two rights, and how the the controlling of ultimate shareholders on theboard and management affect the accounting transparency are not considered. Theanalysis angle is more complete and scientific by making the controlling of ultimateshareholders on the board and management into a unified analytical framework.
     (2)Put the ultimate controlling rights’ characteristics and its constraints into a unifiedanalytical framework, using principal component analysis to extract and identify themain ingredients, and using the accounting transparency as the dependent variable, andprincipal components as explanatory variable, establish two models to analyze thedominant determinants of the accounting transparency. Make up for the previous scholarsto ignore integration research on the ultimate control characteristics and restricted factors,which makes the conclusions more persuasive and certain academic value.
     (3)Increase the ultimate shareholders' controlling rights’ square in the model in orderto verify the existence of a U-shaped relationship or inverted U-shaped relationship inorder to compensate for the lack for previous conclusions. The results show that therelationship between ultimate shareholders' controlling right and accounting transparencyis the inverted U-shaped feature.
引文
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    ②“透明”原意是指物体能够透过光线的意思。从科学上讲,透明度就是接近于无色的一种颜色。如某介质,光线穿透它的程度,就是这种介质的透明度。延伸到现实生活中,透明度是指某事物让人们知道的公开程度。
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