摘要
20世纪以来,随着经济全球化步伐的不断加速,工业和经济迅猛发展,能源的需求急剧增加’。而石化能源的日益匮乏和环境的不断污染已经成为制约人类社会发展的两大重要因素,因此世界各国均把大力发展新能源作为重要的能源战略决策。其中太阳能以其无噪声、无污染、可持续利用等一系列优点,成为目前最具发展潜力的绿色能源之一。光伏并网发电是太阳能利用的主要形式之一,深入地研究光伏并网发电技术,对于解决能源危机,减少环境污染,促进经济健康发展具有重大的战略意义。本文基于二极管箝位式的三电平光伏并网逆变平台,对并网逆变器中的一些关键技术进行了深入的研究。
针对光伏阵列最大功率点追踪的问题,分析了现有的各种最大功率点追踪方法,比较了各自的优缺点,指出扰动观察法是性价比较高的一种方法。针对扰动观察法在光照快速变化情况下的误判问题,在dP-P&O (dP-Perturbation and Observation\功率差值-扰动观察法)方法基础上,引入光照变化加速度的概念,对光照变化过程进行了更精确的建模,进一步减少最大功率跟踪过程中的误判现象。同时,利用功率守恒原理,对光伏阵列输出和逆变器输出功率之间的关系进行了分析,得出通过比较扰动前后并网电流的变化来实现最大功率点追踪的方法。这种方法不需要对光伏阵列的输出电压和电流进行检测,降低了系统的成本。仿真和实验结果表明,上述方法是可行的,并且系统在动态调节过程中能够保持稳定。
针对逆变器并网前电网同步电压相序和缺相的检测问题,对目前常用的检测方法进行了归类分析,比较了各自的优缺点,并指出最适合并网逆变器的检测方法应该是：不需要搭建额外的硬件电路,只需利用控制时必须采集的数据,在数字控制芯片内部通过简单的算法就能实现相序检测,并且对三相电网电压畸变的情况不敏感。接着,在三相并网逆变器锁相环dq-PLL的基础上,提出了一种通过检测电网电压角频率来判断三相电网相序的方法。这种方法只需要使用并网逆变器正常工作时需要检测的三相电网电压,无需增加额外的硬件。仿真结果表明,这种相序检测方法是可行的,并且在电网存在直流分量、谐波、不平衡等畸变的情况下仍能正常工作。
针对逆变器并网工作后的孤岛检测问题,对现有的孤岛检测方法进行了深入的分析和比较,指出孤岛检测技术的发展方向是：电网正常时,对输出电能质量的影响要小；电网断电时,能够迅速检测出“孤岛”现象。针对上述两点,提出了一种基于无功电流-频率正反馈的孤岛检测方法,推导了正反馈成立的参数条件,讨论了方法实施的具体步骤。仿真和实验证明,在电网正常时,该方法对系统几乎没有扰动,但是一旦电网出现“孤岛”的情况,无功电流和频率之间的正反馈会让频率迅速朝一个方向变化,直到触发孤岛保护。
针对LCL滤波器的谐振问题,分析了目前常用的消除谐振的方法,比较了各自的优缺点,指出目前的方法存在损耗增加、引入噪声或者设计难度较大等问题。为了从瞬时功率的角度对谐振电流进行补偿,对目前几种坐标系下的瞬时功率理论进行了分析,得出的结论是p-q-r理论对三相电流的控制有足够的自由度。最后,在p-q-r理论基础上,分析了p-q-r中坐标变换及功率的定义,得出改善输出电流波形的方法,并将其应用在并网逆变器的控制中。仿真和实验证明,这种方法能够有效改善LCL滤波器的谐振问题,提高输出波形质量。应用在三相三电平光伏并网逆变器中,在降低电流THD的同时,系统还能够保持稳定。
Since the20th century, the industry and economy develop rapidly with the accelerating of economic globalization and the energy demand has increased dramatically. The scarcity of fossil fuels and environmental pollution has become the important factors to restrict the continuous development of human society, so many countries make the important strategic decision to develop new energy. As one of the new energy, solar energy has been developed rapidly because it is clean and not noisy. Photovoltaic power generation is one of the main ways to use solar energy, so studying on the grid-connected power generation technology is very useful to solve the energy crisis and to reduce environmental pollution. Based on the diode-clamped three-level PV grid-connected inverter, this paper studies some of the key technologies in-depth.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is the effective method to improve the efficiency of photovltaic devices. Perturbation and observation method (P&O) is one of the popular methods, but it is unable to determine the right tracking direction when the weather changes rapidly. In order to reduce the mistake during the process of MPPT, the concept of acceleration of illumination changes is introduced to rebuild the process of illumination changes based on dq-P&O method. Meanwhile, this paper analyzes the relationship between the power of PV cells and the power of the inverter by power equilibrium principle, and gets a conclusion that the MPPT method can be implemented by compare the output current of the inverter with before.This method is not required to detect the output voltage and current of photovoltaic cells, so the cost is reduced.Simulation and experimental results show that the method is available and the system can maintain stability.
Before connecting to the grid, the synchronous voltage phase sequence of grid must be detected to ensure the inverter can work normally after connected. Based on the dq-PLL (Phase-locked loop based on dq coordianate transformation), this paper proposes a method to detect the phase sequence by using the dq-PLL output angular frequency. This method only needs to use the voltage of three-phase grid which is required to control grid-connected inverter normally without adding additional hardware. Simulation results show that the phase detection method is feasible, even if the grid voltage has harmonics or is unbalanced, this method works normally too.
Islanding detection is one of the most important functions in the photovoltaic power generation system. In order to eliminate the non-detection zone and meanwhile minimize the effect on the power quality, a novel islanding detection method using the positive feedback between reactive current and frequency is proposed based on the phase-locked loop of three-phase PV grid-connected inverter. The paremeters are calculated out to make the postive feedback successful and the flowchart of this method is given out. Simulation and experiments show that the method almost has no effect on the system when the grid is normal. But when the islanding happens, the positve feedback between reactive current and frequency will change the frequency quickly in one direction until triggering the islanding protection.
LCL filter has been widely used in grid-connected inverter because it has a better filtering effect on high-frequency. But the extra pole introduced by LC circuit induces resonance which will cause the system unstable. Some methods have been proposed to solve this problem, but each method has its shortcoming. In order to solve this problem with instantaneous power, instantaneous power theories in diffient coordinates are analysed and the result is that the p-q-r theory has the sufficient degree of freedom to control three-phase currents. At lase, based on the p-q-r theory, this paper presents a method to improve this problem. Simulations and experiments show that the method can effectively improve the output of the three-phase grid-connected inverters and maintains the system stable during the working process.
引文
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