摘要
生物安全性(Biosafety or Biosecurity)是指对粮食安全性、动物生命与健康、植物生命与健康以及与之相关联的环境风险的分析和管理的综合战略，它包括动植物引种、转基因生物体(GMOs)及其产品、外来入侵物种与基因型生物学入侵和动植物遗传资源转移对于生物多样性的保护和可持续利用的影响的风险评估、预警和管理，在这一领域生物安全问题和国家政策法规相互关联、渗透和制约。生物安全是一个相对的、不断发展的动态性概念。狭义的生物安全是指生物技术的运用而导致的安全性问题，广义的生物安全则是以人类健康和生态环境安全为核心，包括由于自然或人类活动引起对当地物种和生态系统造成的威胁和危害，特别是人类的强烈活动(如，引进外来有害物种、对生物资源的滥用、对动植物遗传资源的转移)可能造成生态环境的剧烈变化，从而影响、威胁和危害生物多样性的安全性问题。随着社会经济的迅速发展，科技进步，尤其是生物技术的不断发展，人类对自然资源的改造、利用与日俱增，由此引发的生物安全性风险日益引起国际社会的广泛关注，特别是近年来，加强生物安全管理，防止各种可能的生物安全风险，成为世界各国以及各种国际机构工作的战略重点。
我国是快速发展的新兴经济体，生物技术的发展以及生物资源的开发利用都迫切需要尽快开展林业领域生物安全问题的研究，为政府部门提供科学的决策依据。本研究旨在紧密跟踪国际生物安全领域的最新进展与技术，结合我国林业行业的实际情况，分析存在问题及其原因，通过案例研究，对我国林业行业生物安全风险评价与管理、政策与法律以及行政管理等方面提出发展思路与对策，为政府部门制定政策提供决策依据。本文研究林业领域中广义的生物安全性问题，包括外来物种生物入侵、转基因林木研究与应用和遗传资源转移等。研究方法采取文献研究、向政府管理部门和专家咨询、实地调查、典型例证研究等相结合的方式，通过国内外现状分析和比较研究，总结归纳我国林业领域生物安全方面存在的问题及其产生的原因，根据国外经验和我国具体国情，提出加强我国林业生物安全管理工作的策略与建议。
外来物种生物入侵是国际社会、政府部门、科学界和社会团体共同关注的问题。外来树种生物入侵风险评估是防范和化解这些风险的主要途径。对我国过去已经引种的主要外来树种的引种途径、驯化状态、遗传资源收集、利用和保存评价进行总结分析，以隆缘桉(雷林一号)为案例，分析我国主要外来树种生物入侵的现状调查及桉树例证研究，评估我国主要外来物种自然繁殖逃逸与生物入侵风险；以转基因桃树为例，探讨转基因林木的安全性评价与风险管理；以加勒比松为具体案例，分析林木遗传资源收集、保存与利用策略；通过国内外生物入侵相关法律法规制度的对比研究，分析我国在外来生物入侵安全管理方面存在的问题，提出我国预防和控制外来入侵物种的策略和建议。
对我国外来树木引进全面调查后，查明我国林业引种外来树种121科，508属，1824种(包括变种)。引种数量最多的省区是广东(351种)、广西(284种)、云南(252种)和福建(227种)，引种数量最少的省区为青海(13种)和宁夏(16种)；我国引种的外来树种用途很多，主要用于观赏、造林绿化、生产木材、食用和药用等。其中，用于观赏的引种数量最多；我国引种的外来树种原产地几乎覆盖全世界，原产地是大洋洲(主要是澳大利亚)的外来树种有470种；其次是北美洲，302种；原产地为亚洲的外来树种有293种。案例1，外来树种加勒比松基因资源的收集与保存。通过全面描述加勒比松基因资源的来源、试验地点及遗传多样性状况，提出我国加勒比松基因资源引进、保存、评价和利用的基本策略。
对我国林业外来入侵物种进行全面调查后，查明我国林业外来入侵物种共有108种，其中，外来入侵草本植物82种，占总种数的76％，外来入侵无脊椎动物22种，占总种数的20％；外来入侵微生物4种，占总种数的4％；暂未发现外来入侵的木本植物。通过调查分析，提出我国防治林业外来入侵物种的政策建议。案例2，桉树自然繁殖逃逸与生物入侵风险评估。通过调查雷林1号桉的自然更新与扩散，监测它对广东江门地区自然、半自然森林生态系统的影响，为桉树的生态影响和入侵风险的评估提供借鉴。
生物技术在林业中的应用、风险评估与安全管理是本文阐述的另一个重要研究方面。通过对我国林业遗传改良技术研究现状、基因工程的基本步骤以及调控桃树抗旱转录因子功能鉴定例证研究，分析森林生物技术在林业中的应用前景及潜在的安全性风险，提出转基因林木安全性评价的框架；通过对国内外转基因生物安全管理相关法律法规制度的对比研究，分析我国在转基因生物安全管理方面存在的问题，提出我国加强转基因生物安全管理的策略和建议。案例3，调控桃树抗旱反应基因的克隆与转化研究。通过酵母单杂交技术从桃树中分离到1个编码似AP2／EREBP转录因子PpDREB1，GenBank注册号为EF635424。PpDREB1核苷酸长度为814bp，编码230个氨基酸。Northern杂交分析表明，PpDREB1的表达受干旱、ABA诱导。PpDREB1在大肠杆菌中以GST融合蛋白形式高效表达，且与其他植物AP2／EREBP转录因子一样，它们编码的蛋白能特异地识别、结合核心序列DRE元件。将PpDREB1基因构建到pCAMBIA1304表达载体CaMV35S启动子下游，并通过农杆菌介导转化法将其转入到野生型拟南芥植株中，转基因拟南芥根长、根毛、侧根比野生型明显增多。上述研究为转基因抗旱桃树研究提供了材料，也为林业领域生物技术的研究应用与转基因生物安全管理具体分析提供理论基础。案例4，转抗虫基因杨树(Populus spp．)实验室研究环境释放和在商业人工林中应用的评价与管理。
通过对我国森林遗传资源的价值、多样性状况、受威胁状况、丧失原因、保护和管理情况的本底现状调查以及我国生物遗传资源的历史与现状分析，对比国外生物多样性丰富国家森林遗传资源的安全性管理的主要措施，提出加强我国生物遗传资源保护与管理的对策与建议。
综合以上三方面的研究分析结果，通过对林业领域外来物种生物学入侵风险评估、森林生物技术的风险评估与安全管理以及森林遗传资源的安全性三个方面问题的分析研究，对比发达国家安全性管理的主要措施，提出加强我国林业生物安全管理工作的意见和建议。
Biosecurity is a strategic and integrated approach that encompasses the policy and regulatory frameworks that analyze and manage risks in the sectors of food safety, animal life and health, plant life and health, and associated environmental risk. Biosecurity involves assessment and management of risks imposed by alien invasive species (including alien plants, pests and diseases), release of GMOs and their products, and genetic pollution due to use of improved (or foreign) plant germplasm. Biosecurity is still an evolving concept. In the narrow sense, biosecurity refers to the security problems caused by application of biotechnology; in the broad sense, it concerns with human health and environment safety, including the threat and damage to native species and ecosystems by nature or human activities, especially human's intensive activities (i.e., introduction of exotic pests, abuse of bio-resourc, es and transfer of animals and plants genetic resources) that may lead to the severe change in ecosystem, thus affecting, threatening and harming biodiversity.
This paper mainly studies the broad sense biosecurity in forestry sector. Because of the robustness and the complexity of biosecurity, the analysis, investigation and assessment were focused on main factors that have impacts on biosecurity in forestry sector in China. Comparisons with experiences of foreign countries and analysis of current status of biosecurity in forestry sector were conducted to provide references and evidences for governmental agencies for development of the administration system, laws and regulations, and policies. The studies cover three main aspects of biological invasion of alien species, application of biotechnologies (particularly biosafety of transgenic trees), and genetic resources of forest trees. Literature study, consultation with government authorities and experts, on-site investigation and case studies were conducted in a holistic way to explore the problems in biosecurity in forestry sector, policy advices were proposed to strengthen the management of biosecurity in forestry sector in China.
China is a rapidly developing country, development of biotechnology and utilization of biological resources require to carry out studies on biosafety in forestry sector in order to provide scientific and reliable evidences for decision making by the government. This study aims to analyze the existing problems and their causes through case studies and experiences from the latest development in biosafety field in China and other countries. Based on the analysis, recommendations in biosafety risk assessment and management, policy and legislation in forestry are made for government forestry authority to make appropriate decision making. This paper covers broad sense biosafety, including bio-invasion of introduced exotic trees, transgenic trees and transfer/utilization of improved genetic resources. The approach used for the study was to combine literature studies, interviews with government officials and experts, on-site investigations and case studies. And policy recommendations were made by synthesizing all findings from the above investigations.
Biological invasion of alien plant species has been widely concerned by government agencies, non-government organizations and science community in many countries. This paper analyzes the current status of utilization and conservation strategies of genetic resources of exotic trees through an assessment of the approaches of introduction, domestication, collection of genetic resources, utilization and conservation of the main exotic tree species that have been grown in China and through a case study on genetic resources of Pinus caribaea in China. A case study on regeneration of Eucalyptus exserta (Leilin no. 1) was conducted to analyze potential risks of biological invasion to the nation ecosystems imposed by exotic tree species. Laws and regulations related to biological invasion in China and other countries were reviewed to analyze problems existing in biosafety management of exotic trees, a strategy of prevention and control of biological invasion of exotic trees were proposed.
Regarding biological invasion of alien plant species, a survey on introduced exotic tree species was conducted and results indicated that a total number of 1,824 exotic tree specie/varieties of 508 genera from 121 families have been grown in different sites in China. The majority of introduced exotic tree species was found in Guangdong (351 species), Guangxi (284 species), Yunnan (252 species) and Fujian (227 species) Provinces and Autonomous Region, few species are found in Qinghai Province (13 species) and Nixie Autonomous Region (16 species).The exotic tree species in China are used for such many purposes as mainly for horticulture, forestation, timber production, food and medicine. Of which most are used for horticulture. The exotic tree species in China are introduced from almost very corner of the world, with 470 species from the Atlantic, mainly Australia, 302 species from North America and 293 species from Asia. Case study 1: Collection and conservation of genetic resources of an exotic tree species of Pinus caribaea. A thorough review of the sources, experiment sites and status of genetic diversity of the genetic resources of P. caribaea, a basic strategy was proposed for introduction, conservation, assessment and utilization of P. caribaea genetic resources.
The overall survey finds 108 invasive species, including 4 species of micro-organisms accounting for 4% of the total, 22 species of invertebrate, taking up 20%, 82 species of herb plants, amounting to 76%. The information on invasive species of woody plants are nor available. According to the findings of the survey, more than a half of the invasive species are herbal plants, with invertebrate in the next and the micro-organisms in the third as well as. no information on woody plants. Thereby, policy recommendations on prevention and control of invasive species are proposed. Case study 2: Natural regeneration of Eucalyptus and risk assessment of its invasion potential. A field survey on natural regeneration and spread of Leilin No. 1 of Eucalyptus exserta was conducted to monitor the impacts of the species on the natural, and semi-natural forest ecosystems in Jiangmen of Guangdong province, and to provide a basis for assessing the ecological impacts and invasion risks of eucalypt trees in China.
Another important aspect of biosecurity is the applications of biotechnologies. The current statuses of genetic improvement of forest trees, procedures of genetic engineering were reviewed and a case study on identification of Genes that Regulate Response to Water Stress of Prunus persica was conducted to analyze the prospects and potential risks of forest biotechnologies. A framework of biosafety assessment of transgenic trees was developed. Relevant biosafety laws and regulations in China and abroad related to management of transgenic trees were reviewed and analysis of existing problems in biosafety management of transgenic trees was conducted, strategies and suggestions have been proposed for strengthening biosafety management of transgenic trees.Case study 3, identification of Genes that Regulate Response to Water Stress of Prunus persica. In this study, a cDNAs encoding AP2/EREBP protein is cloned from peach by yeast one-hybrid system, was referred to PpDREBI and the GenBand accession number is EF635424. .The length of PpDREB1 is 853bp, it encodes 230 amino acids. The analyses of Northem blotting suggest that the expression of PpDREB1 is induced by drought, ABA PpDREB1 is expressed in E. coli, and as does AP2/EREBP transcription factors, their encoding proteins could specially be recognized, bind DRE-cis. Constructed PpDREB1 genes into the backward position of CaMV35S promoter of pCAMBIA1304 expression vector, and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The root length, root hair, lateral root significantly multiplied. The result of this study not only provides references to transgenic drought resistant peach research and theoretical basis for applied research and transgenic biosecurity management in forestry field, but also references for development of transgenic biosecurity management policy. Case study 4 was provided on biosafety assessment and management of laboratory studies of transgenic poplars and their commercial utilization.
Security of forest genetic resources is the third aspect of biosecurity addressed by this paper. An overall review of values, biodiversity status, threatening factors, reasons for loss, conservation and management of forest genetic resources were reviewed. The history and present status of biological resources in Chine were analyzed in the paper. Based on analyses of major measures for biosecurity of forest genetic resources taken in those biodiversity-rich countries, strategies and advices were proposed to strengthen protection and management of forest genetic resources.
Based on the above studies in three different aspects of biosecurity in forestry sector, and on analyses of major measures for biosecurity management in those developed countries, proposals were made to strengthen biosecurity management in forestry sector in China.
引文
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