摘要
研究目的：1）通过探讨影响下肢刚度的中枢因素、外周因素，以及中枢-外周协同因素与跑步经济性（running economy, RE）之间的关系，寻找RE的生物力学评价指标，以弥补当前RE生理学评价指标的不足。2）探讨力量训练对骨骼肌运动经济性影响的力学特性与表面肌电反应特征，为揭示力量训练提高RE的机制，弥补当前研究不足，以及为制定有针对性的RE提高方案，提供参考。
研究方法：1）为排除生理学和运动学因素对RE的影响，突出下肢刚度与跑步经济性之间的关系，研究选取14名经过长期耐力训练（专业训练年限4.55±0.96年）的二级中长跑优秀运动员为实验对象，根据给定速度（12km/h）的稳态摄氧量计算的RE值分为高RE组和低RE组，测量影响下肢动作刚度的“外周因素”——肌-腱联合体（muscle-tendon unit，MTU）初始组织刚度、“中枢因素”——动作前时（PMT，pre-motion time），以及利用三维图像解析和测力方法，采集实验对象12km/h跑步时运动学和动力学数据，计算并评价影响下肢刚度的“中枢-外周结合因素”——外显刚度，对实验对象的下肢刚度影响因素及其跑步经济性进行相关研究，比较并分析不同RE组下肢刚度的差异。2）为揭示力量训练提高RE的机制，探讨力量训练对肌肉运动经济性和力学特性的影响，研究募集了30名没有力量训练经历，并且每周的体育锻炼不超过一次的健康成年男性作为实验对象，以排除个体力量、耐力等训练经历对实验结果的影响。将实验对象随机分为训练组与对照组，训练组接受10个星期的渐进性抗阻力量训练干预，对照组不参与训练，测试并比较力量训练干预前后活动肌运动经济性和力学特性的变化。3）为揭示力量训练提高RE的机制，探讨活动肌力量能力下降对肌肉运动经济性的影响，以及活动肌的表面肌电反应特征，研究选取17名具有长期大强度力量训练经历的运动员作为为实验对象，比较5*10组大强度爆发性抗阻力量练习前后股四头肌肌-腱联合体(MTU-QF, muscle tendon unit of quadriceps femoris)肌力-肌电特征的变化。
研究结果：1）受试者以10km/h和12km/h的给定速度在跑台上跑步时，在第五分钟达到真正的代谢稳态，与前一分钟摄氧量差值分小于2ml/kg。2）优秀中长跑运动员下肢MTU刚度表现出一定的训练适应性，表现为跟腱和胫骨前肌的高刚度值和股内侧肌的低刚度值，但未发现与RE之间有显著相关关系。3）优秀中长跑运动员腿、髋关节、踝关节刚度在跑步支撑期表现为显著的前高后低的变化特征，膝关节刚度则变化不大；前支撑期腿刚度与RE存在显著正相关（r=0.565, p=0.04）。4）本研究自制的跟腱反射触发器与表面肌电测试仪（ME6000，Finland）组合，能够实现ATRT测试的可视化控制，并能满足测试精度要求；ATRT的动作前时（pre-motor time, PMT）组间比较发现，高RE组PMT有降低的趋势，但差异不具有显著性；PMT与RE无显著相关关系。5）10周抗阻力量训练能够使骨骼肌的力学特性得到改善，表现为最大力量、速度力量的提高以及活动肌在SSC周期中弹性能量的利用能力增加，这种改善提高了肌肉的工作效率，使其运动经济性得到了改善。6）本研究通过5组急性抗阻伸膝力量练习干预促使活动肌产生了急性疲劳，疲劳导致活动肌最大力量、速度力量显著降低，使得肌肉工作效率（aEMG/T）显著下降，活动肌工作效率的降低与肌肉本身功能受损而非中枢神经系统（central nerve system，CNS）的驱动能力下降有关，为应对疲劳对肌肉工作能力的影响，活动肌收缩预激活加强。
研究结论：1）本研究首次对优秀中长跑运动员跑步支撑期下肢刚度和跑步经济性关系进行了探索性研究，确定了跑步前支撑期腿刚度与跑步经济性之间的显著正相关，研究首次确立了一个综合评价优秀中长跑运动员跑步经济性的生物力学指标，弥补了生理学评价指标的不足，使跑步经济性的评价不再局限于生理学指标。2）本研究自制的跟腱反射触发器与ME6000组合，能够实现ATRT测试的可视化控制，测试的采样频率（1000Hz）能够满足测试对于精确度的要求，实现了测试方法的创新，但仪器功能需要进一步完善。3）骨骼肌的力量能力的提高或降低都能够使肌肉的工作效率产生同步变化，进而影响到肌肉运动经济性，力量训练导致活动肌运动经济性的提高，与肌肉本身的功能改善有关。
Objective: This study aims to:(1) explore the relationships between factorsaffecting the lower extremity stiffness and running economy (RE), determinebiomechanical index for running economy evaluation, compensate for the shortageof physiological index of running economy evaluation;(2) explore the effect of strengthtraining on skeletal muscle work economy, mechanical properties and surface EMGsignal characteristics, reveal the mechanism of strength training to improve RE,compensate for the current research shortage, provide reference to draw up targetedtraining plan for runners’ RE improvements.
Methods:(1) In order to explore the relationship between running economy andthe lower extremity stiffness, avoid physiology and kinesiology factors have effect onexperimental results,14well trained middle and long distance runners(with4.55±0.96years of professional aerobic endurance training experience) were recruited into thisstudy and were distributed into two groups according to their RE, MTU stiffness oflower extremity and pre-motion time of the achilles tendon reflex were measured forgroup comparisons, three dimension motion and force analysis were used to calculatethe leg stiffness and joint stiffness of the lower extremity during contact phase ofrunning, stable VO2of running at the speed of12km/h were collected to calculate REvalue. Pearson correlation analysis method was used to explore the relationship betweenRE and leg stiffens, joint stiffness of the lower extremity. Independent-samples T testwas used to compare the differences of the lower extremity stiffness between differentRE groups.(2) In order to explore the mechanisms of strength training to improve REand the effect of strength training on muscle exercise economy and mechanicalproperties,30untrained healthy men with no previous strength training experience andparticipate physical exercise less than once a week were recruited into this study, andwere distributed into training and control group, only training group received10weeks progressive strength training intervention. Parameters relate to muscle exerciseeconomy and mechanical properties were measured and before and after the strengthtraining intervention for statistical analysis.(3) In order to reveal the mechanisms ofstrength training to improve RE, explore the impact of muscle strength decrease onmuscle exercise economy and neuromuscular sEMG characteristics,17well trainedathletes with long term high load explosive strength training experiences were recruitedinto this study, all subjected endured5sets (10repetitions per set) high load resistantknee extension exercise. Force and sEMG characteristic response of the muscle-tendonunit of quadriceps femoris (MTU-QF) to5*10high load resistant knee extensionexercises were investigated by pre and post comparisons.
Results:
（1）When subjects running on the treadmill at the speed of10km/h and12km/h,they reached their stable oxygen consumption on the fifth minute, the VO2differencebetween the fourth and the fifth minute is less than2ml/kg.
（2）Lower extremity MTU stiffness embodies certain adaptations to training, andshows high stiffness value in achilles tendon and tibialis anterior, low stiffness value ingastrocnemius medialis, no significant correlation was found between lower extremityMTU and RE.
（3）Leg, knee and ankle joints show high stiffness during early stance phase butsignificant lower stiffness during late stance phase, no stiffness changes was found inknee joints, leg stiffness during early stance phase significant correlate with RE.
（4）In this study, the self-made achilles tendon reflex(ATR) trigger combinationwith sEMG techniques perform ATRT measurements in a visual mode, with thesatisfying accuracy of the test results. A shorter pre-motor time (PMT) of ATRT in highRE group vs. a longer PMT in low RE group, but neither significant difference betweengroups nor significant correlation between ATRT and RE was found.
（5）10weeks progressive resistant strength training can significant improveskeletal muscle mechanical properties with the significant increases of maximal strength,speed strength and muscle elastic energy utilization capacities in SSC cycle. Adaptionsof skeletal muscle mechanical properties indicate that10weeks progressive resistancestrength training intervention is helpful to improve muscle exercise economy.
（6）Acute muscle fatigue induced by5sets high load explosive knee extensionexercise significant decreased maximal strength, speed strength and muscle workefficiency of the working muscle. The decrease of the muscle working efficiency ismainly susceptible to impaired peripheral muscle function not the divergence ofneuronal coding mechanisms in the central nervous system. Neuromuscularpre-activation of the working muscle was enhanced to compensate for acute musclefatigue.
Conclusions
（1）In this study, significant positive correlation was found between leg stiffnessduring contact phase and RE at the running speed of12km/h, it is the first time toestablish a biomechanical index to evaluate running economy comprehensively,indicating that evaluation of running economy will never limited to physiologicalindexes.
（2）In this study, the self-made ATR trigger in combination with sEMGtechniques perform ATRT measurements in a visual mode, with the satisfying accuracyof the test results. This is an innovation, but the function of the instrument needs to befurther improved
（3）The increase or decrease of the muscle strength can make muscle workefficiency produce synchronous changes, which affects the muscle exercise economy.The improvement of muscle exercise economy by strength training was due to muscleitself function adaption.
引文
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