摘要
随着全球经济的一体化,通过技术进步来推动经济增长已经成为后发国家实现技术追赶的关键。追赶企业技术能力发展规律及技术链的演进过程正成为国内外学者研究的热点。
国内外学者对追赶企业技术演进所做的研究多是采用定性分析的方法,这种分析方法带有一定的主观性。利用专利中所包含的信息,可以客观的分析技术发展的阶段及趋势,科学的反映的技术链的演进过程。并且专利数据是一种截面数据与时间序列数据综合起来的面板数据,相对于我们以往定量分析中往往采用的截面数据而言,具有更高的准确度和可信度。
本文在国内外学者关于后发企业技术追赶问题理论研究的基础上,以中韩汽车产业为例,从专利角度客观的验证了追赶企业技术链的演进过程。本文的研究工作如下:
在已有追赶理论的基础上,提出追赶企业技术链构建的一般模型。本文认为追赶国家企业技术追赶需经历由低端产品组装、加工技术向高端主导设计(新技术原理)的技术链构建,依次表现为产品架构知识、元件知识的技术学习和基于新技术原理的自主创新。在针对汽车产业进行具体研究中指出,后发汽车企业要实现技术追赶并不需要突破现有技术轨道,而是表现为沿既有技术轨道不断开发出新的技术原理,直到实现与先发企业同步发展。
本文选取了韩国现代汽车公司和中国奇瑞汽车公司为研究对象。首先,利用Logistic模型对二者的核心元件技术生命周期进行了预测。然后,进行了技术链的划分,并发现追赶企业往往在核心技术取得突破后,技术链向两端双向加速发展。追赶企业在技术追赶的过程中十分注重开放性技术平台的构建。本文通过联合专利申请数量、合作率、合作强度和技术发明生产率四个指标对追赶过程中开放性的技术平台的构建进行研究。研究结果显示,随着技术链的由低端向高端演进,联合专利申请数量、专利的合作率、合作强度和技术发明生产率四个指标都是呈现明显的上升趋势。同时,我们也发现,专利合作强度越高,专利发明生产率也就越高,即发明者之间的技术合作有利于提高企业的专利产出。这也给处于追赶过程中的后发企业一定的启示,企业要想加快技术追赶的步伐,必须要注重发明者之间的技术合作。
Along with the global economy integration, the evolution regularity of technical capability and technology chain in the catching-up enterprises is becoming a new research hotspot.
Qualitative analysis was used to make research on the issue of the technology catching-up by most scholors. Howerver, compared with qualitative analysis, patent analysis is more objective. Patent data is a panel data integrated by cross-sectional and time-series data which has higher accuracy and reliability.
This paper objectively verified theevolution process of technology chain on the basis of the automobile industry from the angle of patent. This research work is as follows.
This paper gave the general mode of the technology chain's construction in catching-up enterprises. Enterprises in the developing countries should set up their technology chain from the assembly technology to the dominant design (new technology principle), which is ordinal and advanced, the technological learning of the product architecture knowledge, the technological learning of the component knowledge and the independent innovation based on new technology principle.
This paper selected the Korean hyundai motor company and Chinese chery automobile company as the research objects.First, the technology life cycle of core component was predicted by using Logistic model.Then, a division of the technology chain was presented and it was found that the evolution of the technology chain tended to speed up with a breakthrough in core technology. Finally, this paper measured the cooperation condition by joint patent applications, patent collaborative rate, collaborative intensity and inventors' productivity and found that technical cooperation between inventors help to improve the patent output of enterprises.
引文
[1]We help the global Engineering and Technology Community innovate profitably[EB/OL].http://scientific.thomson.com/products/sohtions/engteeh/.2007-12-13.
[2]Griliches,Z.Patent statistics as economic indicators:a survey[J].Journal of Economic Literature,1990,28:1661-1707.
[3]袁德.专利制度对高新技术发展的作用[N].科技日报.
[4]Seidel.Citation system for Patent office[J].Journal of the Patent Offiee Soeiety,1949,(31):554.
[5]Hart.Re:Citation system for Patent office[J].Journal of the Patent Offiee Soeiety,1949,(31):714.
[6]加菲尔德.引文索引法的理论与应用.北京:北京图书馆出版社,2004.
[7]Allen J,OPPenheim C.The overlap of US and Canadian Patents literature with journal literature[J].World Patent Information,1979,1(2):77-80.
[8]Demidowiez B.K.,OPPenheim C.The overlap of US and Canadian Patents literature on animal feedstuffs[J].World Patent Information,1981,(3):82-83.
[9]Eisensehitz T.S.,Lazard A.M.,Willey C.J.Patent groups and their relationship With journal Literature[J].Jounral of Information Science,1986,(12):53-58.
[I0]Eisensehitz T.S.,McKie L.J.Wame K.Communication of information in U.S.biotechnology Patents[J].World Patent Information,1989,11(1):28-32.
[11]Walker R.D.Patents as scientific and technical literature[M].N.J.:The Scarecrow Press,1995.
[12]F.narin.Inventing out future:the link between Australian Patenting and basic science.[2003,04,25].http://www.arc.gov.au/pdf/00_02.pdf.
[13]栾春娟.专利文献计量分析与专利发展模式研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2008.
[14]Narin,F.Patent bibliometries[J].Scientometries,1994,30(1):147-155.
[15]Karki M.M.S.Patent citation analysis:a Policy analysis tool[J].World Patent Information,1997,33(4):269-272.
[16]Narin F.Patents as indicators for the evaluation of industrial research output[J].Scientometries,1995,34(3):489-496.
[17]Narin F.,Olivastro D.,Stevens K.A.Bibliometric theory practice and problems[J].Evaluation Review,1994,18(1):65-76.
[18]Banerjee p.,Gupta B.M.,Gars K.C.patent statistics as indicators of competition:an analysis of patenting in biotechnology[J].Scientometries,2000,47(1):95-116.
[19]Ramani,ShyamaV.,Looze,Maria-Angele de.Using Patent statistics as knowledge base indicators in the biotechnology sector:an application to France,Germany and the U.K[J].Seientometries,2002,54(3):319-346.
[20]Lopez-Munoz,Francisco,Alamo,Ceeilio,Rbio,Gabriel,Garcia,Pilar,Martin-Agueda.Bibliometric analysis of biomedical Publications on SSRI during1980-2000[J].DePression and Anxiety,2003,18(2):95-103.
[21]Albert,Armando,Plaza Luis M.The transfer of knowledge from the Spanish Public R&D system to the productive sectors in the field of biotechnology[J].Scientomeric,2004,59(1):3-14.
[22]Moed,HenkF.Bibliometric indicators reflect Publication and management strategies[J].Seientometric,2000,47(2):323-346.
[23]Gittelman Michelle,Kogut Bruee.Does good science lead to valuable knowledge[J].Management Scienee,2003,49(4):366-382.
[24]Malo,S.,Geuna.A.Seience-tehnology Linkages in an emerging research platform:the case of combinatorial chemistry and biology[J].Seientometrics,2000,47(2):303-321.
[25]萧国华.专利地图研究与应用[D].四川大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[26]谭思明.基于专利地图技术的中、美微流控专利竞争情报研究[J].情报方法,2005(5):33-35.
[27]张继红等.专利创新与区域经济增长关联机制的空间计量经济分析[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2007,1:83-89.
[28]杨国鑫,穆丽娟.我国汽车行业自主创新能力的思考[J].知识产权,2009,111(19):35-39.
[29]栾春娟,侯海燕.国内外主要公司专利发明者合作的计量与比较[J].科研管理,2009,30(3):283-285.
[30]Henderson R M,Clark K B.Architectural innovation:The reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firms[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1990,35:9-30.
[31]Takeuchi H,Nonaka I.Hitotsubashi on Knowledge Management[M].Singapore:John Wiley & Sons(Asia) Pte Ltd.,2004.
[32]张宗臣,苏敬勤.技术平台及其在企业核心能力理论中的地位[J].科研管理,2001,22(6):76-81.
[33]路风,慕玲.本土创新、能力发展和竞争优势—中国激光视盘播放机工业的发展及其对政府作用的政策含义[J].管理世界,2003(12):57-82.
[34]蒋兵,朱方伟.基于产品技术链的发展中国家企业技术追赶研究[J].管理评论,2008(4):79-85.
[35]Fransman M.,King K.Technological Capability in the Third World[M].London:MacMillan,1984.
[36]吴晓波.二次创新的进化过程[J].科研管理,1995(2):27-35.
[37]Barton L D.Wellspring of Knowledge:Building and Sustain the Source of Innovation [M].Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1995.
[38]洪勇,苏敬勤.发展中国家核心产业链与核心技术链的协同发展研究[J].中国工业经济,2007(6):38-45.
[39]魏江.企业技术能力论[M].北京:科技出版社,2002:122-129.
[40]江积海.后发企业动态能力演化路径及其机制研究:韩国三星电子DRAM产业的案例研究[J].管理评论,2005(9):36-43.
[41]周浩军,蒋天颖.基于技术追赶的企业技术能力发展路径研究[J].软科学,2007(2):96-101.
[42]张坚志,朱方伟,蒋兵.消费电子企业技术发展路径的案例研究[J].中国软科学,2008(10):23-30.
[43]高汝熹等.技术链与产业选择的系统分析[J].研究与发展管理,2006,18(6):97.
[44]谭劲松,薛红志.主导设计形成机理及其战略驱动因素研究[J].中国软科学,2007,7:41-53.
[45]Anderson P,Tushman M.Technological Discontinuities and Dominant Designs:A Cyclical Model of Technological Change[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1990,35(4):604-633.
[46]Suarez F.Battles for Technological Dominance:An Integrative Framework[J].Research Policy,2004,33(2):271-286.
[47]Suarez F,Utterback J.Dominant designs and the survival of firms[J].Strategic Management Journal,1995,16:415-430.
[48]Schilling M A.Strategic Management of Technology Innovation[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,2005.
[49]Kash D E,Rycoft R W.Patterns of innovating complex technologies:a framework for adaptive network strategies[J].Research Policy,2000.29:819-831.
[50]Levin R,Klevorick A,Nelson R,Winter S.Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development[J].Brookings Papers Econom.Activity,1987,3:783-820.
[51]Tseng Chun-Yao,Wu Lei-Yu.Innovation quality in the automobile industry:measurement indicators and performance implications[J].International Journal of Technology Management,2007,37(1/2):162-177.
[52]李建蓉.专利文献与信息[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2006.
[53]蒋东华.韩国汽车工业的发展及启示[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[54]程毛林.Logistic曲线的几个推广模型与应用[J].运筹与管理,2003,12(3):85-88.
[55]张宁.韩国现代汽车技术发展之路[J].世界汽车,1996,6:31-33.
[56]PetersHPF,Van RaanAFJ.Structuring scientific activities by co-author analysis:An exercise on university faculty level[J].Scientometries,1991,(20):235-255.
[57]SubramanyamK.Biliometrics studies of research collaboration:a rewiew[J].Journal of Information Science,1983(6):33-38.