论新闻侵权责任
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摘要
近年来,国内新闻官司不断升温,已成为社会各界关
    注的热点。因此,研究、探讨新闻侵权方面的文章、著作、
    研讨会日益多起来。但这方面的研究仍处于起始阶段,许
    多问题还没有取得统一的认识,司法机关在处理新闻侵
    权官司时适用的标准也不一致。为推动我国新闻侵权法
    的研究,笔者选取《新闻侵权责任》一文作为学位论文题
    目,主要从新闻侵权责任的构成要件、主体、方式、抗辩事
    由几个方面作一些偿试性探讨。
     笔者认为,新闻是指通过大众传播媒介,如报纸、杂
    志、通讯社、广播、电视等对新近发生的事实的报道行为。
    新闻侵权就是指新闻单位或个人利用大众传播媒介,以
    故意捏造事实或过失报道等形式向公众传播内容不当或
    法律禁止的内容,从而侵害公民和法人的人格权的行为。
    新闻侵权具有以下几个特点:从主体上看,新闻侵权的行
    为人主要是合法成立的新闻机构,另外,还有新闻工作者
    和提供新闻源的单位、个人;从内容上看,新闻侵权是指
    新闻机构和公民在从事新闻活动时侵害他人人格权并造
    成他人损害;从行为特征上看,新闻侵权的主要特征在于
    通过大众传媒公开发表新闻作品;从侵害对象上看,新闻
    
    
    馒权的足梵对象是人格权。根据馒权发生的原因,新闻侵
    权可分为内容失实,评论不当,思恿隐私和故怠殴损名誉
    等几种类型。笔者认为,新闻枉权不周于新闻犯昂,二者
    分属民法和刑法两部门,在主观要件.损害后果.责任主
    体方面各不相周。(
     新闻侵权费任应实行过错归资原则,根据归责原则
    决定费任构忒要件的理论,新闻侵权的费任构戌要件应
    包括述法行为、损害亨实、淹法行为与扳害事实的因果关
    系和过错四方面。违法行为是指行为在客观上与法律规
    定相’④,主要我现为违反了法律的强制性规定和禁止性
    规定。颁害指蔡人因一定的行为或亨件懊其权利和利毡
    迫受某种不利的彤响。在便权行为法上,因果关系是指仅
    权行为与损害窜实之间存在着原因与给果的关系,馒权
    行为是因,损害亨实是果。关于因呆关系的确定,学木界
    有两种主张:一种是相当因果关系说,另一种是必然因果
    关系说。比较上述两种学说,笔者更赞同相当因果关系
    说,因为条件和结呆虽然是外在的非本质的偶然联系,但
    偶然的联系仍然是因果联系。当然,应有条件地适用相当-
    因果关系说,以防因果关系的钙条拉得过长,并区别主要
    原因和次要原因,以工确的决定各个行为人的责任范围。
    过错是新闻侵权贵任要件申的辽终构成要件,包括故足
    和过失两种形式。认定过错,主要有页种标准:一是主观
    标准,即通过判定行为人主观心理状忠来确定其有无过
     O
    
     错。二是容观标准,即边过某种客观的行为标准来衡量行
     为人的行为,进而认定行为人有无过错。笔者认为,主观
     标准和客观标准各有冥合理性,又各有不尺,司法实践中
     认定过错应主.客观标准相结合。
     新闻侵权贵任主体是指实施了新闻侵权行为,应承
     担促权贵任的公民或法人。由于新闻行业的特点,实践中
     常见的新闻侵权民亨贵任主体有以下几类:发衷侵权作
     品的新闻单位.作者,消息来源和转载 转播侵权作品的
     新闻单位。
     新用侵权是一种特殊类型的民亨侵权,其特殊之处,
     在于涉及到页种不同的利笆——个体利毡和社会利岔。
     为正确解决个人利益和社会公共利笆之间的冲突,在确
     认新闻机构侵权的原则下,有必要免除或限制新闻机构
     的某些侵窖行为的贵任,以保障新闻媒介有效的发挥舆
     论监督的作用,维护国翼和社会的整体利主。以下几种阶
     况可作为新闻侵权压任的抗研窜由:证明传播的内容真
     实,权戌的消总来源,公正评论,受窖人同厄。
     新闻促权行为造成的损害后果有非财产损害和财产
     损失两种浓现形式,相应地,新闻侵权击任方式也分为非
     财产性的贵任方式和狈害赂偿两种。可以在新闻促权中
     适用的非财产贵任方式主要有三种:停止枉害.恢复名誉
     与消除影响、赔札迫歉。损容陪偿是指对新闻侵权导致的
     扳害结果给予经济上的补偿,属财产性民事救济方式。损
     3
     )
    
    窖赔偿应贯彻党全赔偿厥则、过失相抵原则和顾及馒害
    人承受能力的原则。损害赌偿的范围包括财产损失的陪
    ”偿和精神扳窖赔偿。
Abstract
    ,
    Home news lawsuits go up increasing1y in recent years and
    become hot news which social all circles pay close attention to' So
    the articles, works and sympQsiums on studying and exPloring
    news tort are becoming more day by day. HOwever, the studies
    in this respect are still intiatitive and commn views have not
    been achieved in many questions and the standards which judicial
    .
    organs use in dealing with 1awsuits concerning news tort
    arenidentical. In order to promote the study on the law of news
    tort, I selectiability fOr news torts my thesis for the Master. This
    thesis makes a few tentative exPlorations in these respects of con-
    stituted requisites, subjects, ways and Ieasons fOr counterplea of
    liability for news tort.
    I think, news is an rep()rt action concerning late occurring
    incidents by means of pub1ic spread mediums such as newspapers,
    ...
    magazines, news agencies, broadcasts and televisions. News tort
    is an action which news units or individuals propgate contents or
    contents prohibited by law tO the public by means of pub1ic spread
    mediums in the shape of inventing a story with intention or negli-
    gent report and thereby infringe on personality right of the citi-
    zens and legal persons. News tort bears a few distinguished fea-.
    tures as fOlows'
    1
    
    
    From view -- point of the subjects, infringers are rnainiy 1egal
    ' established news organs, journa1ists as we1l as the units or indi-
    viduals Which supPly source of news' from view -- point of the
    .
    contents, news tOrt is news organs and the citizens encroach on
    1
    one personality right and cause injuries to it in undertaking news
    activities. From view -- POint of the act feature, itschief feature
    lies in publishing news works in public by public spread mediums.
    from view -- POint of the injured target, itsdirect target is person-
    aiity right. According to the causes for news tort taking place, it
    is divided into several typescontents unfounded, cotnment im-
    proper, disclosing secrets and ruining reputation with intention. I
    think news tort is different from news offence, which belong to
    civil 1aw and criminal law respectively and are not identical in the
    respects of subjective requisites, damaged consequences and sub-
    J ect.
    Liability fOr news tort should implement the principle of
    ttributing a fault to 1iability In the light of the theory in which
    this principle ofttributing a fault to liabilitydetermines the consti-
    tuted requisites for liabi1ity, the constituted requisites fOr liabi1ity
    for news tort inc1ude fOur sidesillega1 acts, daxnaged facts, causal-
    ity between i1legal acts and darnaged facts and faults. Illegal acts
    mean that the acts are contrary to the 1aw, maiuly showing in vi-
    blating compulsive and prohibitive regulat1ons of laws. Injury im-
    plies that one makes the other rights and benefits suffer adverse
    effects because of itsgiven acts or matters. In the law of act of
    2
    
    tort, casualty refers to the relation of cause and effect existing be-
    tween act of tort and damaged facts, the acts are cause, the dam-
    aged facts are effect. Academic circle holds two views about dq-
    ..
    termination of causality, one is suitable causality theory, the oth-
    ..
    er is certain causa1ity theOry, Compared with two theories, I stiIl
    endorse the suitable causality theory, condition and effect is an
    external non -- essential casual relation, but the casual relation is a
    relation of cause and effect too' Of course, we should use this
    theory in a given condition to avoid the chains of causality from
    being strained unduly and make a distinction between the chief
    cause and the subordinate cause and correctly determine the actor
    liability extent. Fault is the final constituted requisite of the req-
    uisites fOr liability fOr news tort, which inc1udes intentional fault
    and negligent fau1t. There are two standards in maintaining
    faults, one is subjective one, which determines whether the actor
    has faults or nor by judging its sube
引文
[1]王利明、杨立新主编:《人格权与新闻侵权》,中国方正出版社1995年版。
    [2]《各国新闻出版法选辑》,人民日报出版社1981年版。
    [3]王利明:《侵权行为法归责原则研究》,中国政法大学出版社1992年版。
    [4]魏永江:《被告席上的记者》,上海人民出版社1994年版。
    [5]刘士国:《现代侵权损害赔偿研究》,法律出版社1998版。
    [6]孙旭培主编:《新闻侵权与诉讼》人民日报出版社1994年9月版。
    [7]王利明、杨立新:《侵权行为法》,法律出版社1996年版。
    [8]王利明主编:《新闻侵权法律词典》,吉林人民出版社1994年版。
    [9]曹瑞林:《新闻媒介侵权损害赔偿》,人民法院出版社2000年1月版。
    [10]史尚宽:《债法总论》,中国政法大学出版社2000年1月版。
    [11]吕光主编:《大众传播与法律》,台湾商务印书馆1981年版。
    [12]张新宝:《名誉权的法律保护》,中国政法大学出版社1997年版。
    [13]《民商法研究》中国人民大学书报资料中心编,1997年、1998年和1999年。