摘要
航天轴承是对摩擦力矩要求最高的一类轴承。其中陀螺仪框架灵敏轴承的启动摩擦力矩和动态摩擦力矩的大小以及稳定性对陀螺仪表的指示精度和稳定性都起着重要的作用,进而对控制系统性能和航天器安全也起着重要的作用。对于微型航天灵敏轴承来讲,内外圈沟道圆度、粗糙度、磨削丝流、径向游隙以及沟道形状等方面的加工缺陷和表面划伤都会影响轴承的启动和运转力矩,使轴承摩擦力矩出现“大点”,“死点”以及波动性,甚至造成卡球。所以,通过研究分析,采用多种有效的方法对由这些因素造成的航天轴承故障的诊断是十分必要的,对于提高航天轴承的质量,保障航天器的寿命和可靠性,减少经济损失具有重大的现实意义。
鉴于摩擦力矩对陀螺仪框架灵敏轴承工作状况的重要作用,本文采用LSD-I型动态摩擦力矩测试仪采集了两种型号该类轴承的动态摩擦力矩波形图,对内外圈沟道形状不好、内圈圆度不好、内圈粗糙度不好、内外圈磨削丝流等单一缺陷各相应的摩擦力矩波形进行了分析研究。运用傅里叶变换、小波分析和统计学等数学工具进行时域频域分析,概率密度函数分析,功率谱分析,包络谱分析以及其它参数的计算,力图找到针对各种缺陷的波形特征,从而得出用航天轴承摩擦力矩特征诊断其工艺缺陷的初步判据,并形成了有效的诊断方法。最后用LabVIEW软件初步做了故障诊断系统的开发,并进行了验证。
航天轴承摩擦力矩的影响因素多,涉及面广,随机性比较强,相互作用复杂,以及对环境工况极其敏感,是个难度很大的研究课题。本文是在前人研究的基础上做出了进一步的研究分析,初步找出了诊断该类灵敏轴承单一缺陷的有效的方法,并且在软件开发系统中进行了验证,这为依据摩擦力矩进行航天轴承故障诊断的深入研究打下了基础。
Aerospace bearing is one kind of the highest requirement for friction torque. Among them, the quantity and stability of startup friction torque and dynamic friction torque of gyroscope framework sensitive bearing play an important role in instructions accuracy and stability of the gyro instrument, then also play an important role in the control system performance and spacecraft security. To miniature space sensitive bearings, processing defects and surface scratches of internal and external circle roundness, roughness, grinding in gully silk flow, radial clearance and gully shape will affect the start-up and operation torque of bearings, make friction torque of bearings appear "peak points", "dead spots" and volatility, even cause the ball stopped. So by study and analysis, it is very necessary to use many kinds of effective methods to diagnose faults of aerospace bearings caused by these factors, and it is of great realistic significance for improving the quality, ensure the life and the reliability of aerospace bearings and reduce the economic loss.
Since the friction torque plays an extremely important role in the working condition of the gyroscope framework sensitive bearings, in this paper dynamic friction torque waveforms of two types of these bearings were collected from LSD-I type dynamic friction torque tester. Friction torque waveforms of several single defects, such as inner and outer ring bad gully shape, inner ring bad roundness, inner ring bad roughness, inner and outer ring grinding silk flow, were analyzed and studied, by the use of mathematical tools of Fourier transform, wavelet analysis and statistics etc. to carry on time domain and frequency domain analysis, probability density function analysis, power spectrum analysis, envelope spectrum analysis and other parameters calculation, and to try to find characteristics of waves affected by various defects, then to conclude preliminary criterion of the traction torque for diagnosing process defects of aerospace bearings, and to form effective diagnosis methods. Finally the fault diagnosis software system was preliminary developed by LabVIEW, and was carried out.
The research subject is a very difficult work for it is a lot of active factors, wide in relative aspects, strong on randomicity, conplex in interaction and sansitive to work conditions. This paper has made a further study and analysis on the basis of previous studies, preliminarily finding effective methods for diagnosing these sensitive bearings with single defects, and methods has been verified in software development system. It would lay the foundation of continuous study for diagnosis faults of aerospace bearings according to friction torque wavefoms.
引文
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