摘要
激光相变硬化技术在零件结构比较复杂、易变形、或选择性局部处理等常规淬火难以胜任场合下的零件表面硬化处理中具有独特优势。本文重点针对激光相变硬化研究中的激光扫描工艺及参数优化控制问题开展了比较深入的理论与实验研究。
首先，比较全面地论述了激光相变硬化质量指标，根据属性将其划分为三大模块，采用层次模型建立了质量指标体系，提出了质量控制总体决策框架模型；
其次，通过对激光扫描温度场分布特征的理论分析、并结合实际硬化层分布特点，提出了分别采用工件纵、横截面内的温度场模型进行硬化层分布模拟的方法，建立了相关理论模型，并进一步提出了采用辅助热源考虑工件边界条件的影响，通过将两个模型整合，建立了三维硬化层分布快速模拟的有效方法；
第三，通过实验研究和理论分析，对激光功率P和扫描速度v与硬化层深及表面硬度之间的内在关系开展了较为深入、系统的研究，重点探讨了激光扫描工艺参数变化对层深及硬度影响的敏感性，并对实验结果进行了详细的理论分析，给出了合理解释；
第四，对相变硬化层分布形态和激光扫描进出端层深差异问题开展了理论和实验研究，探讨了改善硬化层分布均匀性的途径和方法，提出了通过合理选择P-v组合、采用分段变速扫描工艺以改善硬化层分布整体均匀性的可行方法；
第五，建立了以层深、表面硬度和硬化层分布均匀性为综合目标的激光扫描工艺及参数优化决策框架模型，提出了具体优化方法，并从理论和实验两方面验证了该优化方法的可行性；
最后，研究开发了激光相变硬化模拟与参数优化的可视化程序模块，为深入开展激光相变硬化研究提供了一种可靠、实用的工具。
Laser transformation hardening (LTH) has the obvious advantages of the traditional surface quenching techniques in the case of surface hardening for complicated structure parts, easy to distort or selected area of the part. This dissertation mainly studied on the optimum controlling of laser scanning technique and the parameters both with theoretical and experimental methods.
The first, the paper gave a comprehensive discussion about the quality index of laser transformation hardening. According to their attributes, the quality indexes were classified to three different performance modules. Then, the paper gave a hierarchical structure for the LTH quality index system. And the decision-making framework model of the quality control was also set up.
The second, based on the theoretical analysis of the temperature distribution characteristics and the actual hardened case distribution, the paper put forth that the simulation on the hardened case can be carried out with the temperature models respectively in the longitudinal and the cross section of the part. Furthermore, the paper put forward that by taking accessorial heat source to considering the influences of the boundary conditions and combining with the two temperature models, the simulation on three dimensions distribution of the case could be calculated much faster than pure numerical calculation.
The third, with experimental and theoretical methods, the paper researched the relationships between the surface hardness, the case-depth and the laser power, scanning velocity. The researches aimed at the sensitivity of the variation of laser power and scanning velocity to the hardness and the case-depth. The reasonable explanation was put forward on the experimental results.
The fourth, the theoretical and experimental researches were executed on the case distribution shape and the case discrepancy between the beginning and the ending boundaries of the part. The methods were also discussed to improve the uniformity for the hardened case distribution. The paper put forward feasible methods to improve the uniformity, which were the laser power and the scanning velocity optimum combination and the techniques of laser scanning with sectionally changing velocity along the scanning path. The fifth, taking the case-depth, surface hardness and the case distribution uniformity
引文
[1] J. C. Ion. Laser transformation hardening. Surface Engineering, 2002, 18(1): 14-31
[2] W. M. Stern. Laser materials processing—an overview. Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, Opt. 5 (2003): s3-s7
[3] 国家科技部基础研究高技术司．我国激光产业发展对策研究报告．中国光网，2002-07-18
[4] H G Woo, H S Cho. Three-dimensional temperature distribution in laser surface hardening. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part B, 1999, v213:695-712
[5] B. S. Yilbas and M. Kalyon. Parametric variation of the maximum surface temperature during laser heating with convective boundary conditions. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part C, 2002, v216:691-700
[6] S.-H. Lee and Y.-S. Yang. Sensitivity analysis of processing parameters by direct differentiation method for laser surface hardening treatment. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2001, 16(3): 353-374
[7] S. M. Levcovici, D. T. Levcovici, V. Munteanu, et al.. Laser surface hardening of austenitic stainless steel. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2000, 9(5): 536-540
[8] 马天驰，陈概．金属材料激光相变硬化的三维数值模拟．中国激光，1996，23(12)：1127-1133
[9] 赵楠楠，单际国，吴爱萍等．光束诱导45钢表面相变硬化过程温度场的三维数值模拟．金属热处理，2003，28(7)：37-41
[10] Alvarez, J.C.; Lopez, A.J.; Nicolas, G.; et al.. Modelling of temperature evolution on metals during laser hardening process. Applied Surface Science, 2002, 186(1-4): 611-616
[11] Xueqin Wei, Qiguang Zheng, Jianhui Gu, et al..Study of influence of laser power fluctuation on thermogram of the material. Optics and Laser Technology, 2000 v32:205-210
[12] R. C. Reed, Z. Shen, J. M. Robinson, et al.. Laser transformation hardening of steel: effects of beam mode, beam size, and composition. Materials Science and Technology, 1999, v15:109-118
[13] 吴钢，石娟，戴忠森．激光淬火零件内部温度及硬化层深度的近似计算．应用激光，1999，19(3)：112-114
[14] 范雪燕，吴钢，石娟．激光淬火能量转换系数的ANSYS分析．激光技术，2005，29(5)：546-548
[15] Xie, Qiong; Fang, Jiancheng. Laser hardening simulation based on visual sensation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy Conversion and Application(ICECA'2002), v1, 2001, Wuhan, China
[16] Lee, J.M.; Watkins, K.G; Stern, W.M. Neural network based laser fluence monitoring in pulsed laser processing. Lasers in Engineering, 2000, 10(3): 229-241
[17] Maiorov, V.S.; Sternin, M.Yu. Expert systems for optimization of laser technology processes. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2002, v4644:89-94
[18] Muniz, German; Alum, Jorge. Surface hardening using CW CO_2 laser: laser heat treatment, modulation, and experimental work. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, v2730, 1996:550-557
[19] Mazumder, J.; Mohanty, P.S.; Kar, A. Mathematical modelling of laser materials processing. International Journal of Materials & Product Technology, 1996, 11(3-4): 193-252
[20] Yilbas, B.S.; Shuja, S.Z.; Sami, M. Thermal analysis of laser heat treated engineering alloys. Surface Engineering, 1997, 13(2): 149-156
[21] Li, Junchang; Merlin, J.; Chen, Jinbo; Fan, Zebin. Quick approximate calculation on the transient temperature field of laser heat treatment. Chinese Journal of Lasers B (English Edition),1997, B6(3): 280-288
[22] Rana, Jaydev; Mishra, P.K.; Prasad, B.V.S.S.S. Transient three-dimensional thermal model for laser heat treatment of finite size workpieces. Journal of Materials Processing and Manufacturing Science, 1997, 5(4): 283-293
[23] Shuja, S.Z.; Yilbas, B.S.; Budair, M.O. Modeling of laser heating of solid substance including assisting gas impingement. Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications, 1998, 33(3):315-339
[24] 管一弘，陈铁力，陈劲波 等．激光相变硬化过程中温度场及马氏体相变的数值分析．金属热处理学报，1998，19(4)：19-24
[25] Ramos, Jorge A. Closed-form analytical solution to the temperature distribution inside a finite thickness body interacting with a moving Gaussian laser beam. Lasers in Engineering,1999, 8(4): 267-283
[26] Bokota, Adam; Iskierka, Slawomir. Numerical prediction of the hardened zone in laser treatment of carbon steel. Acta Material, 1996, 44(2): 445-450
[27] Bokota, Adam; Islderka, Slawomir. Numerical simulation of transient and residual stresses caused by laser hardening of slender elements. Computational Materials Science, 1997, 7(4):366-376
[28] Ichikawa, Naoki; Misawa, Masaki; Kano, Seisuke et al.. Numerical analysis of transient heat transfer and temperature response in a metal during a laser irradiation. Proceedings of the 1997 Laser Materials Processing Conference, ICALEO'97, Part 1 (of 2), San Diego, CA, USA,1997: 11, 17-20
[29] 伏云昌，樊则宾，凌东雄等．薄板表面激光处理温度场有限元计算及半解析模拟．应用激光，2002，22(3)：335-338
[30] 张立文，裴继斌，德·豪松等．连续YAG激光相变硬化三维瞬态温度场数值模拟．大连理工大学学报，2003，43(2)：191-195
[31] 朱祖昌，李培耀，俞少罗．钢激光热处理的数值模拟和表面温度场测定．金属热处理学报，1996，17(增刊)：109-115
[32] 崔晓鸣，刘登瀛，淮秀兰．有限厚度材料内不同导热模型—维温度场的计算．哈尔滨工程大学学报，2000，21(5)：36-41
[33] Fuhrmann, Juergen; Hoemberg, Dietmar. Numerical simulation of the surface hardening of steel. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow, 1999, 9(6): 705-724
[34] Liwen Zhang, Lixia Wei, Guoliang Zhang et al.. Calculation of temperature field during laser transformation hardening of cylindrical bodies. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2000, E-5(1): 72-75
[35] Liwen Zhang, J. Th. M. De Hosson, Yuanliang Xia et al.. Calculation of transient stress field during laser transformation hardening process. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2000, E-5(1): 82-85
[36] 张立文，裴继斌．激光相变硬化过程数值分析与工艺优化系统．兵器材料科学与工程，2001，24(3)：42-44
[37] D. W. Tang, N. Araki. Non-fourier heat conduction behavior in finite mediums under pulse surface heating. Materials Science and Engineering, A292(2000): 173-178
[38] J. Y. Shanghvi, P. Michaleris. Thermo-elasto-plastic finite element analysis of quasi-state processes in Eulerian reference frames. International journal for numerical methods in engineering, 2002, 53:1533-1556
[39] 谢琼，许振鄂．激光加热三维瞬态温度场显示．华中科技大学学报，2001，29(7)：69-71
[40] S. M. Rajadhyaksha, P. Michaleris. Optimization of thermal processes using an Eulerian formulation and application in laser surface-hardening. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2000,47:1807-1823
[41] Yilbas, B.S. Analytical solution for time unsteady laser pulse heating of semi-infinite solid. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 1997, 39(6): 671-682
[42] Li, Junchang; Ma, Kun; Fan, Zebin. Power density distribution simulation and relevant heat effect calculation of a high-power CO2 laser with low order modes. Chinese Journal of Lasers B(English Edition), 2002, B11(5): 334-340
[43] 陈俐，熊波，姚建华．基于二维传热数值分析模型的激光处理专家系统．浙江工业大学学报，2003，31(3)：301-305
[44] 李瑜煜．人工神经网络在激光加工温度场模拟中应用．激光杂志，2002，23(4)：52-54
[45] Matsumoto, M.; Shiomi, M.; Osakada, K.; Abe, F.Finite element analysis of single layer forming on metallic powder bed in rapid prototyping by selective laser processing. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2002, 42(1): 61-67
[46] D. Hu and R. Kovacevic. Modelling and measuring the thermal behaviottr of the molten pool in closed-loop controlled laser-based additive manufacturing. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part B, 2003, v217:441-451
[47] N. Bianco, O. Manta. Two-dimensional transient analysis of absorbing thin films in laser treatments. Journal of Heat Transfer, 2000, v122:113-117
[48] B. S. Yilbas, S. Z. Shuja, M. Sami. Thermal analysis of laser heat treated engineering alloys.Surface Engineering, 1997, 13(2): 149-156
[49] J. C. Ion, L. M. Anisdahl. A PC-based system for procedure development in laser transformation hardening. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1997, v65:261-267
[50] Weidong Huang, Zhenxia Liu, Xin Lin. A new treatment of interface condition in temperature field calculation during high energy beam processing of materials. Materials Science and Engineering, 2001, A292:216-218
[51] Ryu, Nunghee; Kang, Sunggoon. Laser surface hardening of 9CrSi steel. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2002, 18(1): 17-20
[52] Panchenko, V.Ya.; Vasiltsov, V.V.; Goluev, V.S. et al..Application of laser technology in quality improvement of stamping tool working surfaces. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2002, v4644:133-140
[53] Ye, Yunxia; Fu, Yonghong; Zhang, Yongkang. Study on laser transformation hardening of HT250 by high speed axis flow CO_2 laser. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2003,19(2): 170-173
[54] 李若园，李月英，刘勇兵．铁基粉末冶金材料的激光淬火研究．兵器材料科学与工程2003，26(3)：36-38
[55] Yang, Xi-Chen; Wang, Yun-Shan; Wang, Jian-Jun. Mechanism, modeling and application of. laser large area surface modification. Materials Science Forum, 2003, 426-432(3): 2479-2484
[56] Gutu, I.; Petre, C.; Mihailescu, I.N. et al.. Surface treatment with linearly polarized laser beam at oblique incidence. Optics and Laser Technology, 2002, 34(5): 381-388
[57] Yilbas, Bekir Sami; Sami, Muhammad; Shuja, Shahzada Zaman. Laser-induced thermal stresses on steel surface. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 1998, 30(1): 25-37
[58] 李延民，潘清跃，黄卫东等．应用人工神经网络于激光加工工艺优化，金属热处理学报，1998，19(4)：14-18
[59] Deprez, P.; Coutouly, J.E; Crampon, J.; Deffontaine, A. Surface transformation hardening of steels with CW CO_2 laser. Lasers in Engineering, 1999, 8(2): 105-117
[60] 张边，陈武柱，张旭东．基于软件组件的智能化激光加工数控软件．新技术新工艺，2002年第7期：23-25
[61] 张省，虞钢．面向激光加工的自适应测量和神经网络方法．机械工程学报，2001，37(5)：60-63
[62] 吴钢，陈炳森．激光扫描参数对相变硬化层均匀性的影响．材料热处理学报，2003，24(3)：84-87
[63] Pertek, A.; Kulka, M. Characterization of single tracks after laser surface modification of borided 41Cr4 steel. Applied Surface Science, 2002, 205(1-4): 137-142
[64] Selvan, J.Senthil; Subramanian, K.; Nath, A.K. Effect of laser surface hardening on En18(AISI 5135) steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, 91(1): 29-36
[65] Tsay, L.W.; Lin, Z.W. Effect of laser beam radiation on fatigue crack propagation in AIS1 4150 steel. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 1998, 21(12):1549-1558
[66] 陈继民，肖荣诗，左铁钏．激光三维加工轨迹的计算机仿真．北京工业大学学报，2000，26(3)：86-88
[67] 李会山，杨洗陈，王云山等．激光硬化工艺参数选择和优化及其仿真分析．天津工业大学学报，2003，22(2)：40-42
[68] B. Dubrujeaud, A. Fontes, P. Forget et al.. Surface Modification using high power lasers: influence of surface characteristics on properties of laser processed materials. Surface Engineering, 1997, 13(6): 461-470
[69] Bylica, Andrzej; Adamiak, Stanislaw; Bochnowski, Wojciech; Dziedzic, Andrzej. Laser beam hardening of cast carbon steels, plain cast irons and high speed steels. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2000, v4238:115-130
[70] 刘文今，钟敏霖．钢和铸铁激光淬硬的工艺原理探讨．中国表面工程，2001年第1期：36-39
[71] Liu, W.N.; Fang, M.N.; Xing, J.; Liu, Y.W. Laser heat-treating research of three kinds of high-speed steel. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 1999, 12(5): 757-760
[72] Klocke, E; Detainer, A.; Zaboklicki, A. Investigation into the use of high power diode lasers for hardening and thermal conduction welding of metals. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1997, v3097:592-599
[73] Kraus, Ivo; Ganev, Nikolaj; Gosmanova, Galina. Investigation of laser-treated surfaces. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1997, v3345:76-78
[74] 吴钢，石娟，戴忠森．齿轮激光淬火的扫描方法及工艺．应用激光，1998，18(4)：151-154
[75] 吴钢，石娟，戴忠森．齿轮激光淬火硬化层的快速估算及背面回火问题．应用激光，1999，19(5)：239-242
[76] 吴钢．齿轮激光热处理工艺试验与结果分析．热处理，2002年第4期：12-16
[77] 何芳，吴钢，宋光明．曲边矩形光斑激光淬火的理论研究．天津工业大学学报，2003年第5期：17-20
[78] Dorronsoro, M.; Varela, R.; Cubero, J.A. MAIL-multisensor assisted intelligent laser processing. Proceedings of the 1999 7th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA'99): Barcelona, Spain
[79] Himmer, Thomas; Techel, Anja; Nowotny, Steffen; Beyer, Eckhard. Recent developments in metal laminated tooling by multiple laser processing. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2003, 9(1):24-29
[80] Bokota, Adam; Iskierka, Slawomir. Effect of phase transformation on stress states in surface layer of laser hardened carbon steel. ISIJ International, 1996, 36(11): 1383-1391
[81] Wu, G., Song, G.M. Study on the Hardened Case Discrepancy between the Beginning and the End of Laser Scanning in Laser Transformation Hardening. Proceedings of SPIE-Lasers in Material Processing and Manufacturing Ⅱ, 2004, v5629:436-443
[82] Munteanu, V.; Levcovici, D.T.; Paraschiv, M.M.; Levcovici, S.M. Wear behaviour of mosaic shaped surfaces produced by laser hardening. Surface Engineering, 1997, 13(1): 75-78
[83] Ruiz, J.; Lopez, V.; Fernandez, BJ. Effect of surface laser treatment on the microstructure and wear behaviour of grey iron. Materials & Design, 1996, 17(5-6): 267-273
[84] 韩庆大，李沈，王丹民 等．BP算法神经网络技术在激光加工中的应用．东北大学学报(自然科学版)，1999，20(5)：505-507
[85] Galantucci, L.M.; Tricario, L. Experimental and numerical study on the influence of not uniform beam energy distribution in laser steel hardening. CIRPAnnals—Manufacturing Technology, 1999, 48(1): 155-158
[86] Li Junchang, Li Xingyi, Chen Jingbo et al.. Discussion for the semi-infinite medium approximation and the thermal diffusion velocity in laser heat treatment. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 1999, B8(4): 377-383
[87] Heitkemper, Martin; Bohne, C.; Pyzalla, A.; Fischer, A. Fatigue and fracture behaviour of a laser surface heat treated martensitic high-nitrogen tool steel. International Journal of Fatigue,2003, 25(2): 101-106
[88] Kim, J.-D.; Jung, J.-K.; Jeon, B.-C.; Cho, C.-D. Wide band laser heat treatment using pyramid polygon mirror. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2001, 35(5): 285-297
[89] 姚建华，陈智君，熊缨等．40Cr钢大面积激光相变硬化中的硬度分布特征．浙江工业大学学报，2002，30(4)：319-322
[90] Tianmin, Shao; Meng, Hua; Yuen, Tam Hon. Impact wear behavior of laser hardened hypoeutectoid 2Cr13 martensite stainless steel. Wear, 2003, 255(1-6): 444-455
[91] B. S. Yilbas and N. Al-Aqeeli. Formulation of laser-induced thermal stresses: stress boundary at the surface. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part C, 2003, v217:423-433
[92] 吴钢，刘宝，宋光明．激光工艺参数对表面硬度影响规律的研究．机械工人(热加工)，2005年第1期：59-61
[93] 刘宝，吴钢，宋光明．基于BP神经网络的表面硬度预测模型．应用激光，2005，25(5)：339-342
[94] 刘荷辉，虞钢．集成化柔性激光加工系统的误差检测及其补偿．中国机械工程，2003，14(5)：367-370
[95] 涂孟夫，虞钢．五轴框架式机器人激光加工系统轨迹算法研究．中国激光，2003，30(4)：364-368
[96] Kovalenko, Volodymyr S. Ways to intensify laser hardening technology. CIRP Annals—Manufacturing Technology, 1998, 47(1): 133-136
[97] De la Cruz, Pedro; Oden, Magnus; Ericsson, Torsten. Effect of laser hardening on the fatigue strength and fracture of a B-Mn steel. International Journal of Fatigue, 1998, 20(5): 389-398
[98] Cerny, I.; Furbacher, I.; Linhart, V. Influence of laser hardening and resulting microstructure on fatigue properties of carbon steels. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 1998,7(3): 361-366
[99] D. Jeddi, H. Sidhom, H. P. Lieurade et al.. Role of overlapping passes on fatigue performance of microalloyed 17MnCuNi7 steel treated by continuous CO_2 laser beam. Surface Engineering, 2001, 17(5): 371-378
[100] Toshiki Hirogaki, Heisabouro Nakagawa, Masato Hayamizu et al.. In-situ heat treatment system for die steels using YAG laser with a machining center. Journal of the International Societies for Engineering and Nanotechnology, 25(2001): 212-217
[101] 胡晓岳，冯宁，宾鸿赞．模块式可重构多功能激光加工系统的设计．组合机床与自动化加工技术，2003年第5期：10-12
[102] 曲道奎，徐方．提高大型激光加工机器人精度的方法．机器人，2003，25(3)：270-274
[103] Putatunda, S.K.; Nambiar, M.; Clark, N. Influence of laser hardening on mechanical properties of a low alloy steel. Surface Engineering, 1997, 13(5): 407-414
[104] 周凯，朱传有．基于PC平台的激光加工数控系统．制造技术与机床，2002年第12期：33-35
[105] Pachter, Ruth. New materials design for laser hardening applications. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1999, v3578:428-430
[106] Xiufeng Wang, Janos Takacs, Gyorgy Krallics et al.. Experimental research on laser-material interaction. Periodical Polytechnical Ser. Transp. Eng. 2000, 28(1-2):143-152
[107] 王恒，张承瑞，孙军．基于USB的激光热处理数控系统研究与开发．中国制造业信息化，2003，32(5)：94-97
[108] I. Cerny, I. Fttrbacher, and V. Linhart. Influence of laser hardening and resulting microstructure on fatigue properties of carbon steels. Journal of Materials Engineering and performance, 1998, 7(3): 361-366
[109] 陈荣刚，沈建华，黄文浩．一种用于激光加工系统的智能化精密平台的研制．光学 精密工程，2002，10(3)：304-306
[110] Bergs, Thomas; Heinemann, Stefan Lasers claim new roles in manufacturing. Manufacturing Engineering, 1998, 121(4): 4
[111] 张光钧，吴晓晖，邢琪．45钢激光相变强化梯度组织研究—激光扫描速度的影响．应用激光，2003，23(5)：271-276
[112] Dutto, C.; Fogarassy, E.; Mathiot, D. Numerical and experimental analysis of pulsed excimer laser processing of silicon carbide. Applied Surface Science, 2001, 184(1-4): 362-366
[113] 杨洪波，关振中．多媒体激光加工仿真系统．光学精密工程，1995，3(6)：95-98
[114] 陈继民，鲍勇，肖荣诗等．三维激光加工自动编程系统的研究．激光技术，2001，25(3)：217-220
[115] 陈继民，肖荣诗，鲍勇等．基于AutoCAD的激光加工软件的开发．应用激光，2000，20(2)：50-52
[116] Kaiede, S.; Fuerst, B.; Kittel, J.; Kreutz, E.W.; Poprawe, R. Design and manufacturing tools for laser beam processing. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1999, v3833:148-159
[117] Jianglong, Liu; Gongqi, Shi; Peidao, Ding. Study of residual austenite in the surface layer of (M2) high speed steel hardened by laser. Lasers in Engineering, 1999, 9(2): 77-83
[118] Levcovici, Sanda M.; Levcovici, D.T.; Paraschiv, M.M. Laser hardening of aluminum bronzes. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2002, 17(1): 13-21
[119] Danil'chenko, V.E.; Polchuk, B. Influence of structural factors on laser hardening of iron. Materials Science Forum, 2001, 378-381(2): 440-442
[120] Obergfell, K.; Schulze, V.; Voehringer, O. Microstructural characterization of laser hardened steel surfaces. Materials Science Forum, 2000, v347:429-434
[121] 熊建钢，胡乾午，奚素碧 等．激光加工数据管理系统设计．微电子学与计算机，1998年第1期：54-56
[122] 吴旭峰，张文珍，郭亨群．激光交叠热处理的实验研究．应用激光，1999，19(1)：7-10
[123] 侯祥林，虞钢，虞和济．神经网络共轭梯度优化算法在激光加工定位中的应用．机械工程学报，2002，38(11)：143-146
[124] 李瑜煜，汤祖尧．激光加工温度场模拟用参数数据库实现方法．应用激光，2002，20(2)：81-84
[125] Bye, Mathew; Venkat, Sri. Digitally-driven lasers advance die-cutting. Converting Magazine, 2000, 18(6): 3
[126] 张光钧．激光热处理吸收涂层的研究．金属热处理，2000年第8期：3-5
[127] 汤祖尧．先进的激光加工技术．机械制造，2002，40(5)：10-12
[128] L. Migliore. Laser Materials Processing. Printed by Marcel Dekker Inc. 1996
[129] 王补宣．工程传热传质学．北京：科学出版社，1982
[130] 王家金．激光加工技术．北京：中国计量出版社，1992
[131] 李俊昌．激光热处理优化控制研究．北京：冶金工业出版社，1995
[132] 关振中．激光加工工艺手册．北京：中国计量出版社，1998
[133] 刘江龙，邹至荣，苏宝嫆．高能束热处理．北京：机械工业出版社，1997
[134] 虞钢，虞和济．集成化激光智能加工工程．北京：冶金工业出版社，2002
[135] 贾力，方肇洪，钱兴华．高等传热学．北京：高等教育出版社，2003
[136] 张志涌．精通MATLAB．北京航空航天大学出版社，2003
[137] William J. Palm Ⅲ. Introduction to MATLAB 6 for engineers. McGraw-Hill, 2001
[138] 彭芳麟．数学物理方程的MATLAB解法与可视化．北京：清华大学出版社，2004
[139] 苏金明，黄国明，刘波．MATLAB与外部程序接口．北京：电子工业出版社，2004
[140] 刘飞，张晓冬，杨丹．制造系统工程(第二版)．北京：国防工业出版社，2000
[141] 蔡自兴，徐光佑．人工智能及其应用(第三版)．北京：清华大学出版社，2003