摘要
丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌在自然界中分布极其广泛,能够与大部分的陆生高等植物根系形成互惠共生体,该共生体称为丛枝菌根。它能影响寄主植物的生长、发育和植物的竞争能力;影响植物群落结构和生态过程及生产力水平。本文以黄土丘陵沟壑区AM真菌及撂荒地植被不同恢复阶段为研究对象,通过外业调查与室内实验相结合的方法,对本区AM真菌多样性与植被自然恢复的关系进行了系统地研究。主要的研究结果如下:
1.通过对黄土丘陵沟壑区主要优势植物(白羊草、达乌里胡枝子、狼牙刺、柠条、铁杆蒿、沙棘、虎榛子、刺槐)丛枝菌根真菌的研究,分离鉴定出丛枝菌根真菌17种:缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)、地球囊霉(Glomus geosporum)、两型球囊霉(Glomus dimorphicum)、苏格兰球囊霉(Glomus caledonium)、副冠球囊霉(Glomus coronatum)、近明球囊霉(Glomus claroideum)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、聚丛球囊霉(Glomus aggregatum)、单孢球囊霉(Glomus monosporum)、摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、集球囊霉(Glomus fasciculatum)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)、网状球囊霉(Glomus reticulatum)、白色球囊霉(Glomus albidum)、幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)、巨大巨孢囊霉(Gigaspora gigantean)和珍珠巨孢囊霉(Gigaspora margarita)。
2.在黄土丘陵沟壑区由撂荒地到灌丛阶段的不同的植被恢复阶段中,共分离到18种AM真菌,隶属于巨囊霉属(Gigaspora)、盾巨囊霉属(Sctellopora)和球囊霉属(Glomus)。其中,缩球囊霉和地球囊霉为不同恢复阶段中的共有种,其余的16种在各恢复阶段中的分布有所差异。
3.研究结果显示:在阳坡的5种不同植被恢复阶段中,各寄主植物的平均侵染率,仅第一、二阶段差异显著;根际土壤的孢子密度在各阶段间没有显著差异。而阴坡的菌根真菌的侵染率则没有显著差异;根际的孢子密度,以第四、五阶段的孢子密度显著高于第一、二阶段。对于AM真菌种的丰度和物种多样性在阴、阳坡则呈现相同的规律,即第四、第五恢复阶段较高,第一、第二和第三恢复阶段则相对较低。在均匀度上,阳坡的第五阶段与第二、三、四阶段的差异性较显著,在阴坡上则没有显著性差异。
4、AM真菌的多样性与土壤因子具有密切的关系:土壤有机质含量对AM真菌的产孢和多样性有促进作用;土壤pH值和土壤速效磷对AM真菌多样性没有明显的影响。
5.阴、阳坡5种不同植被恢复阶段,植被的物种丰度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均存在差异,且随着演替时间的延长,均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在第四阶段——杂灌丛阶段达到最大值。
6.在阳坡上,植被的多样性指数与AM真菌孢子密度呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.905(p<0.05);在阴坡上,植被的多样性指数与AM真菌孢子密度和AM真菌菌种丰度有显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.897(p<0.05)和0.882(p<0.05),表明孢子密度和菌种丰度是AM真菌影响植被多样性的重要因子。
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) which have a wide distribution in nature, can form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis with most of the terresttrial plants.Because of its potential influence on ecosystem processes, the role in determining plant diversity in natural communities and the ability of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to induce a wide variety of growth responses in coexisting plant species, the research on AM has been given much attention. In this paper, we studied the relationship between the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and natural vegetation restoration in Loess Hilly Gully Region.
Seventeen arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species belonging to two genera were identified from the rhizosphere soil of dominant plants(Bothriochloa ischaemum, Lespedeza davurica, Sophora davidii, Caragana korshinskii, Artemisia gmelinii, Hippophae rhamnoides, Ostryopsis davidiana, Robinia pseudoacacia) in Loess Hilly Gully Region.They were Glomus constrictum, Glomus geosporum, Glomus dimorphicum, Glomus caledonium, Glomus coronatum, Glomus claroideum, Glomus versiforme, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus monosporum, Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus reticulatum, Glomus albidum, Glomus etunicatum, Gigaspora gigantean, Gigaspora margarita.
Eighteen AM fungi species belonging to Gigaspora, Sctellopora and Glomus were identified from the rhizosphere soil of the main plant species in different vegetation restoration stages. G. constrictum and G. geosporum were the common species of different vegetation restoration stages,but the distribution of the other sixteen species was different.
There were significant differences in infected frequencies between the first two stages on sunny slopes,but the spore density among the five stages had no significant difference. While on shady slopes,there was no significant difference in infected frequencies among the five stages,the spore density of the fourth and fifth stages were higher than those of the first two stages. Species richness and diversity on sunny slopes and shady slopes were both higher in the fourth and fifth stages,and lower in the first three stages.On sunny slopes, eveness of AM fungi in the second,third and the fourth stages were higher than that in the fifth stage. While there were no significant difference on shady slopes.
The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were significantly correlated with some soil properties.The spore density and diversity of AM fungi increased with increasing soil organic matter.There was no significant correlation between the diversity of AM fungi along with the pH value and available phosphates of the soil.
The plant species richness, diversity, evenness had difference in different vegetation restoration stages.And with the succession time extending,they were all first increasing and then reducing. Reached the maximum in the mixed shrub communities stage.
The coefficient between plant diversity and spore density on sunny slopes was 0.905 ( P <0.05) .While on shady slopes,the coefficient was 0.897( P < 0.05), and that between plant species richness and AMF species richness was 0.882( P < 0.05). The present research showed that AMF species richness and spore density were important AM fungal factors influencing plant diversity.
引文
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