摘要
美国是生涯教育的发源地,也是世界领先的教育强国,在对美国的教育理念、实践模式以及课程的研究中可以明显的看到生涯教育对其发展具有深刻的影响。有近半个世纪的研究成果证明,生涯教育在培养学生的生涯发展意识、决策意识、促进终生学习以及降低辍学率方面都有显著的成果。在当前经济、政治和文化的共同作用下,生涯教育增加了新的内涵,融合了新理念,拓展了新技术,帮助学生顺利地从学校过渡到工作世界。
本论文分为四章,论文的第一章对美国生涯教育发展的历程以及美国生涯教育的理念进行了梳理,时间脉络贯穿了美国20世纪初生涯教育的萌芽直至目前的平稳发展期,分析角度涵盖了经济、社会、政治和教育等多个方面。对生涯教育理念则从其哲学理论、生涯理论和学习理论三方面的理论支持进行了分析。
论文的第二章对美国K-12生涯教育的管理体系、财政支持体系、生涯教育的发展模型以及实施标准进行了详细分析,其中对于生涯教育模式和标准都运用具体的案例进行了解析,并根据不同的发展阶段进行了纵向比较。
论文的第三章是本文的焦点,即美国K-12生涯教育的具体实施模式,按照经典分类方法,对四种实践模式中典型的项目进行案例剖析。具体案例取材于目前美国几个生涯教育发展较为先进的州正在实施的生涯教育实例。
论文的第四章主要总结了美国K-12生涯教育实践模式的特点,对其发展实施过程中所遇到的主要阻碍进行了分析,并且对K-12生涯教育课程未来的发展趋势进行了展望。
Career Education is originated in the United States where owns a good reputation on Education. Studies on conception, model and curriculum in American Education obviously show the effect of career education. Through a nearly half-century effort, it is commonly agreed that career education serves to cultivate students' career development, career consciousness, and career decision making, encourages life-long learning and improves the enrollment. In 21st century, the new trends of economy, society and policy add some new character to Career Education, which integrated with new ideas and developed new technology to help adolescent successfully transition from school to the career.
The history and the background theory of the career education is explained in Chapter I .The analyses of the development of career education have been written as several aspects: economy, social, political and education from the 20th century to the 21st century. And the philosophical theory, the career development theory and the learning theory have offered the support to career education.
The managerial system, financial support system, career development model and the practice standard of the American K-12 career education is analyses in Chapter II. Each model and standard are attached several cases.
The focuses of the Chapter III turns from the ideology to practice, the American K-12 career education practical model. Four typical practical models: the introduced practical model, the counseling practical model, the curriculum based practical model and the work based practical model, are presented and evaluated. And the cases are taken from the states that advanced in career education.
In Chapter IV, the soul of American K-12 career education practical model is discussed. Based on all the analysis and research on American K-12 career education, two main characters are summed up, the typical problem during the practice are evaluated, and the development direction are foresee.
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[2]李亦菲,综合课程的形态分析与体系建设[J],教育科学研究,2006,12,44
[1]National career development guidelines,http://www.learning4liferesources.com/Nationalcareerdevelopmentguidelines/eng-09-whichroaddoitake.pdf,2007,4,3
[1]李亦菲,综合课程的形态分析与体系建设[J],教育科学研究,2006,12,44
[2]New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards,CCCS2004,http://www.state.nj.us/education/cccs/,2007,4,7
[1]New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards,CCCS2004,http://www.state.nj.us/education/cccs/,2007,4,7
[2]注:具体内容如第二章第四节二中的内容所示,55-57
[3]New Jersey Cross-Content Workplace Readiness Standards and Indicators,CCWR 2001,http://www.state.nj.us/education/frameworks/ccwr/,2007,5,6
[1]Kemple.James J,Career Academies:impacte on students'engagement and performance in high school,manpower demonstration research corp.new youl,NY,2000,1
[2]James J.Kemple,Career academies,impacts on labor market outcomes and educational attainment,http://www.mdrc.org/publications/366/overview.html,2007,9,8
[3]Career Academy Support Network,CASN,http://casn.berkeley.edu/Definition.html,2007,8,8
[4]Career Academy Modei,http://casn.berkeley.edu/resources/caoverview.pdf,2007,8,9
[1]National Academy National Standards of Practice,简称为NANSP
[1]National Career Academy Coalition,http://www.ncacinc.org/ncacinc/cwp/view.asp?A=3&Q=259997,2007,6,4
[2]The States'Career Culster Iniitiative,SCCI,http://www.careerclusters.org/,2007,6,8
[3]Queen Anne's County Public Schools,http://www.boe.qacps.k12.md.us/,2007,8,7
[1]石伟平,STW:世纪之交美国职业教育改革与发展策略的抉择[J],全球教育展望,2001(6),71-76
[2]The ABCs of Tech Prep,CORD,1999,33
[1]Dykeman et al.2001,In Brief,fast facts for policy and practice,no.13,2001,1
[2]Groundhog Job Shadow Day,http://www.careersprep.com/GHJSD/GHJSD.html,2007,8,7
[1]Job Shadow,http://www.jobshadow.org/,2007,8,6
[2]Job Shadow,http://www.jobshadow.org/start/materials/,2007,8,5
[3]Job Shadow,http://www.jobshadow.org/about/success/,2008,7,8
[1]Job Shadowing Handbook,http://www.state.nj.us/education/voc/shadow.htrn,2007,7,8
[2]Learning that works,a youth apprenticeship briefing book,1993,9
[1]Learning That Works.:A Youth Apprenticeship Briefing Book,1993,10
[2]Getting Started with Youth Apprenticeship,http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/14/10/b0.pdf,2007,6,7
[1]Youth Apprenticeship in Construction Trades Student Handbook Program Requirements,Manatee county school,1998,Pl,http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/15/5e/91.pdf,2007,7,6
[2]Youth apprenticeship in construction trades,student handbook,program requirment,manate county schools,Bradenton,11
[3]Getting Started with Youth Apprenticeship,A "how to" Workbook,1993,http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/14/10/b0.pdf,2007,6,7
[1]2007-2008 Local Youth Apprenticeship Grants Request for Proposal,RFP,http://dwd.eisconsin.gov/youthapprenticeship/rfp_application_07_08.pdf,2007,6,9
[2]Wisconsin Youth Apprenticeship Automotive Technician Skill Standards Checkist,http://dwd.wisconsin.gov/dwd/forms/dws/ya/pdf/WBL_10242.pdf.2007,7,3
[1]Wisconsin Youth Apprenticeship Automotive Technician Skill Standards Checkist,
[1]刘玉玲,课程发展与设计[M],新文京出版社,2005,137
[1]杨小微,综合课程及其动态生成[J],学科教育,2002.12
[2]刘玉玲,课程发展与设计[M],新文京出版社,2005,138
[1]International Career Development Trends,Trends and Issues Alert,ERIC,2002,NO.37
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16、Trends and Issues Alert,ERIC 2002,38
17、National Association of State Directors of Career Technical Education Consortium,http://www.careertech.org/,2007,10,22
18、Nebraska Career Education,NEC,Nebraska Departmeng of Education,http://www.nde.state.ne.us/nce/Manuals_Booklets/handout.pdf2007,10,12
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28、Alumin Career Planner2005-2006,Center for Career Education,ColumbiaUniversity,http://www.cce.columbia.edu/alumni/how_we_can_help/model/,2007,7,6
29、Oregon's Framework for Comprehensive Guidance Counseling Programs,Oregon's comprehensive guidance and counseling framework,Oregon Department of Education July 2003,14
30、Mark Williams,Chair,Illinois Career Development Task Force,Illinois State Board of Education,by Julia Panke Makela and Debra D.Bragg at the Office of Community College Research and Leadership,http://occrl.ed.uiuc.edu/Projects/careerdev/documents.asp,2007,4,8
31、career development drift,OCCRL,http://occrl.ed.uiuc.edu/Projects/careerdev/files/CompCareerDev-Draft13.pdf,2007,5,8
32、Prommising practice brief Ohio's career development program,http://occrl.ed.uiuc.edu/Projects/careerdev/files/Ohio-PromisingPracticeDraft.pdf,2007,9,23
33、National Career Development Guidelines(NCDG)Crosswalk,http://www.acrnetwork.org/ncdg/documents/NCDG.CRS.ES.doc,2007,8,24
34、American's career resource network,http://www.acrnetwork.org/ncdg/ncdg_what.htm,2007,7,9,5
35、New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards,CCCS2004,http://www.state.nj.us/education/cccs/,2007,8,16
36、career and technical education programs and standards,http://www.state.nj.us/education/code/current/title6a/chap19.pdf,2007,9,18
37、The Center for Education and Statistics,U.S.Department of Education,2001,http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/2001menu_tables.asp,2007,8,12
38、Brickell et al.,Career Development Intervention Typologies,1974,A Taxonomy of career Development Interventions That Occur in U.S.Secondary Schools,CTE,2001
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40、Gati,Krausz,and Osipow,Career Decision Making,1996,A Taxonomy of career Development Interventions That Occur in U.S.Secondary Schools,CTE,2001,
41、Both Crites,Adolescent Career Development,1978,A Taxonomy of career Development Interventions That Occur in U.S.Secondary Schools,CTE,2001.
42、Efird and Sherrick 1998;Grant and Jackson 1995,In Brief,fast facts for policy and practice,no.13,2001.
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44、Dykeman et al.2001,In Brief,fast facts for policy and practice,no.13,2001.
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48、DISCOVER:Overview 2001:Taber and Lttzzo 1999,In Brief No.13,CTE,2001,
49、Behrens & Airman,1998;Boyce & Rainie,2002;National Center for Education Statistics,NCES,2003.Training-Counselors-to-use-computer,NCES,2003,http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4460791/Training-Counselors-to-use-computer.htm 1,2007,9,5.
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51、Harris-Bowlsbey,1983;Sampson,1994,Training Counselors to use computer-assisted career guidance systems more effectively:a model curriculum,http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4460791/Training-Counselors-to-use-computer.html,2007,8,6.
52、American School Counselor Association,1998;National Board for Certified Counselors and the Center for Credentialing and Education,2001;National Career Development Association,1997.
53、Training Counselors to use computer-assisted career guidance systems more effectively:a model curriculumCareer Development Quarterly,June,2005 by Becky L.Bobek,Steven B.Robbins,Paul A.Gore,Jr.,JoAnn Harris-Bowlsbey,Richard T.Lapan,Carol A.Dahir,David A.Jepsen.
54、New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards,CCCS2004,http://www.state.nj.us/education/cccs/,2007,4,7.
55、New Jersey Cross-Content Workplace Readiness Standards and Indicators,CCWR 2001,121http://www.state.nj.us/education/frameworks/ccwr/,2007,5,17.
56、Kemple,James J,Career Academies:impacte on students'engagement and performance in high school,manpower demonstration research corp.new youl,NY,2000,1.
57、James J.Kemple,Career academies,impacts on labor market outcomes and educational attainment,http://www.mdrc.org/publications/366/overview.html,2007,9,8.
58、Career Academy Support Network,CASN,http://casn.berkeley.edu/Definition.html,2007,8,8.
59、National career development guidelines,http://www.learning41iferesources.com/Nationalcareerdevelopmentguidelines/eng-09-w hichroaddoitake.pdf,2007,4,3.
60、career academy model,http://casn.berkeley.edu/resources/caoverview.pdf,2007,8,9.
61、The States'Career Culster Iniitiative,SCCI,http://www.careerclusters.org/,2007,6,8.
62、The ABCs of Tech Prep,CORD,1999.
63、Career Academy Course Sequences,CASN,http://casn.berkeley.edu/resources/course_sequence.html,2007,8,9
64、University of California,http://www.ucop.edu/a-gGuide/ag/course_descriptions/courses.php?list=course&cours e_id=579,2007,6,18.
65、Groudhog Job Shodow Day,http://www.careersprep.com/GHJSD/GHJSD.html,2007,8,7.
66、Learning that works,a youth apprenticeship briefing book,1993,9.
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68、Youth Apprenticeship in Construction Trades Student Handbook Program Requirements,Manatee county school,1998,1,http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/edcdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b /80/15/5e/91.pdf,2007,7,6.
69、ACRN,NCDG for parents,http://www.acmetwork.org/ncdg/ncdg_parents.htm,2007,7,8.
70、2007-2008 Local Youth Apprenticeship Grants Request for Proposal,RFP,http://dwd.wisconsin.gov/youthapprenticeship/rfp_application_07_08.pdf,2007,6,9.
71、Wisconsin Youth Apprenticeship Automotive Technician Skill Standards Checkist,http://dwd.wisconsin.gov/dwd/forms/dws/ya/pdf/WBL_10242.pdf,2007,7,3.
72、NCDG for parents,ACRN,http://www.acmetwork.org/ncdg/ncdg_parents.htm.
73、International Career Development Trends,Trends and Issues Alert,ERIC,2002,NO.37
1、http://www.ed.gov/
2、http://www.nccte.org/
3、http://www.cord.org/
4、http://www.acmetwork.org/
5、http://www.schoolcounselor.org/
6、http://www.ncda.org/
7、http://www.aera.net/
8、www.americaspromise.org/
9、http://www.ja.org/
10、http://www.careerclusters.org/
11、http://www.jobshadow.org/