票据伪造法律风险分担制度研究
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摘要
票据是最早产生、最典型的有价证券,享有“有价证券之父”的美誉。自从票据产生以来,它在加快商品经济的发展及推动大规模的交易方面发挥了重要的作用。票据作为商业信用的载体,对于经济生活的发展起着至关重要的作用,甚至被称为“商业货币”。因为具有极强的流通性,票据已经成为当今经济生活中不可缺少的最佳的信用支付工具。
     然而,我们在充分认识票据对于市场经济发展的重要作用的同时,也应该注意到票据伪造行为也随之发生,利用伪造的票据进行的犯罪行为也在逐步增加。这不仅会对票据关系人的权利造成侵害,而且还会对市场经济的发展和金融秩序的稳定造成严重的阻碍。因此,世界各国都从立法层面对票据伪造行为进行了规制。
     本文在明确票据伪造法律内涵的基础上,在比较法的视野下,详细探讨了当今两大票据法体系国家对票据伪造法律责任及票据伪造风险责任分担的问题。在此基础上,笔者对我国现行的票据伪造的相关立法规定进行了评析。在借鉴国外先进立法经验的同时,针对我国票据伪造责任及风险责任的分担提出立法完善建议。
     除绪论和结语外,本文主体部分分为五章。
     第一章,票据伪造的一般理论。本章首先探讨了票据伪造的法律内涵及其与相关概念的外延区分。关于票据伪造的法律内涵,日内瓦票据法体系和英美票据法体系的定义不完全相同,在我国票据立法中也没有明确的定义。票据伪造的法律内涵只是存在于学理研究中。笔者认为,票据伪造应该是指伪造他人签章、签名而进行的出票伪造和票据上签名的伪造。包括出票伪造和辅助票据行为的伪造。票据伪造最本质的特点应该是对票据签章的伪造。在明确了票据伪造法律内涵的基础上,本章还探讨了票据伪造与相关概念的外延区分。包括票据伪造与票据行为的无权代理、票据行为的代行、票据变造以及印章盗用等行为的联系与区别。从而得出票据伪造行为从性质上看,它不是票据行为,而是一种特殊的民事侵权行为。基于此,总结出票据伪造行为的认定和构成要件。
     第二章,票据伪造法律关系主体的法律责任承担。本章在明晰了票据伪造法律关系中法律主体的基础上,探讨了不同主体在票据伪造行为发生后,法律责任归属和承担的问题。其中重点探讨了票据伪造中,伪造人、被伪造人和付款人法律责任的承担问题。
     第三章,票据伪造风险责任承担比较研究。虽然在票据伪造的情况下,持票人、付款人、被伪造人和真正签章人都有权利最终对票据伪造行为人请求损害赔偿,但是当伪造人逃跑或者无力清偿时,这种请求权已经难以实现保护他们权利的作用。此时就会产生票据伪造风险责任分担的问题。本章中,笔者通过比较分析的研究方法,探讨了日内瓦票据法系和英美票据法系在票据伪造发生后风险责任承担及分担上的不同规定。在出票伪造的风险责任承担问题上,英美法和大陆法国家所持的主要态度是一致的,即都应该由付款人承担出票伪造所导致的票据伪造风险责任。只是在付款人发生错误付款时,在符合何种条件下,才可以转嫁这种风险责任的规定上存在见解不同。大陆法系通过契约的方式,而英美法系通过“禁反言(Estopoel)原则”、“追认(Ratification)”和“被伪造人(出票人)的过失”作为付款人承担风险责任的例外。但是在规定背书伪造的风险责任承担问题上,两大法系的态度迥异。其分歧的关键点在于,伪造背书可否造成背书连续的中断以及即使背书形式连续的情况下,票据权利可否善意取得。
     第四章,票据伪造追认对法律风险承担的影响。本章也是论文的创新点。本章探讨了在特殊的情况下,被伪造人可能出于一定原因的考虑,即使在明知自己的票据签名被伪造的情况下,被伪造人也会对伪造的签名予以承认,从而使复杂的票据伪造法律关系发生变化。在英美法系国家对于伪造的票据可以追认持肯定的态度。然而在大陆法系国家,一般情况下认为票据伪造行为不能够进行追认。在我国票据立法中,对票据伪造能否进行追认问题没有进行明确的立法规定。笔者主张票据伪造的行为在只对被伪造人的利益造成侵害的时候,是可以进行追认的。票据伪造追认是一种具有积极形成权性质的行为。票据伪造的追认是否具有溯及力,不能一概而论,应该根据伪造行为的违法性和被伪造人主观上对于伪造人责任追究的意愿而有所区别。在本章的最后一部分,笔者探讨了票据伪造追认对于相关当事人法律责任及风险责任归属的影响。
     第五章,我国票据伪造风险责任承担的立法现状与完善。目前,我国票据伪造风险分担方面主要适用的法律法规有《中华人民共和国票据法》、中国人民银行《支付结算办法》、《票据管理实施办法》及《最高人民法院关于审理票据纠纷案件若干问题的规定》。这些法律法规构成了我国处理票据伪造风险责任分担的框架。但是,在我国票据立法中并没有区分出票伪造和背书伪造的情形。而且我国现阶段的票据立法在付款人的付款审查义务的规定上,在持票人承担票据伪造风险责任上以及对于被伪造人的保护上都存在着立法的缺陷。针对这些立法缺陷,笔者在本章的最后,建议在我国今后关于票据伪造的相关立法中,应该借鉴国外的先进经验,完善我国的立法规定。
Negotiable instruments were primary and the most typical negotiable securities;they had the reputation of “father of negotiable securities”. Since the appearance ofnegotiable instruments, they played an important role on accelerating the developmentof commodity economy and promoting extensive trades. Negotiable instruments wereconsidered as the carrier of mercantile credit, and they were important to develop theeconomical life and even have been called “commercial currency”. Negotiableinstruments have been the indispensable means of payment by credit of currenteconomical life for their great negotiability.
     However, when we realize the importance of instruments to the development ofmarket economy, we should notice the following occurrences of forged bills andcrimes which trade on forged bills increase step by step. This is not only an aggressionupon bill parties’ rights but also a severe hindrance to the development of marketeconomy and stability of financial order. Therefore, the countries all over the worldestablished regulations to forged bills at the legislation level.
     On the basis of specific understanding the legal connotation of forged bills, thedissertation describes the elaborate discussion about the legal responsibility and legalrisk sharing of forged bills in the two main systems of law of negotiable instrumentsfrom the horizon of comparative jurisprudence. Meanwhile, the author analyzes theexisting related legislation stipulation of forged bills in China and proposes perfectlegislation suggestions which directed to the commitment of responsibility and risksharing of forged bills in China with the references of advanced foreign legislationstipulation.
     The main part is divided into five chapters apart from introduction and epilogue.
     Chapter one includes the general theories about forged bills. In this chapter, the author discusses firstly about the legal connotation of forged bills and distinguishingextensions of related definitions. With regard to the legal connotation of forged bills,there are two extremely different definitions in Genevese Uniform NegotiableInstrument law system and the Anglo-American Negotiable Instrument law system,but there is no specific definition in Chinese negotiable instrument legislation. Thelegal connotation of forged bills only existed in the pure theory researches. The authorbelieves that forged bills should be forged draft and forged signature on negotiableinstruments by forging others’ signed and sealed signature, including forged draft andsupplementary behaviors of forged bills. The essential feature of forged bills is thesigned and sealed forgery of negotiable instruments. This chapter also involves thedifferences between forged bills and related extensions of the definitions on the basisof specific understanding the legal connotation of forged bills, which has the contentof the similarities and distinguishing characteristics among no right to act as agent toforged bills and behaviors of negotiable instruments, agent behaviors of negotiableinstruments, faked instruments and the behavior of seal embezzlement. From thebehavioral essence of forged bills, the author finds out that forged bills is not thebehaviors related to negotiable instruments but a special civilian tort, and according tothe above summarizes the identified and constitutive requirements of the behavior offorged bills.
     Chapter two explains the bearing legal responsibility of the subject in legalrelation on forged bills. This chapter approaches attributing and bearing of legalresponsibility after different subjects’ behaviors of forged bills based on theclarification of the problem that the subject in legal relation on forged bills. Theemphasis is the bearing legal responsibility of the forging party, the forged party andthe payer on forged bills.
     Chapter three makes a comparative research on the risk responsibility attributingof forged bills. Although under the circumstance of forged bills, all of them who arethe holder, the payer, the forged party and the real person liable for an instrument havethe right to ask for damage awards to the actor who committed bills forgery, when the actor escaped or could not afford to the damage awards, claim could not implementthe protection for their rights. For the time being there is a problem that bearing riskresponsibility of forged bills. In this chapter the author adopts the methods ofcomparative analysis and research, explores the various provisions of liability andsharing after occurring forged bills between Genevese Uniform Negotiable Instrumentlaw system and the Anglo-American Negotiable Instrument law system. The countriesof Anglo-American law and Continental legal system hold the same idea towards thebearing risk responsibility of forged draft, that is to say, the payer should take the riskresponsibility of forged bills resulted from forged draft. They hold different provisionstowards matching which conditions the payer could redirect the risk when he hadpayment errors. Continental legal system considers the method of contract as theexceptional case of risk responsibility of the payer, yet Anglo-American law makesrules of “Estopell Principle”,“ratification” and “the forged party’s (drawer’s) faultliability” as exceptions. Anglo-American law and Continental legal system haveentirely different views on the provisions that risk responsibility of forgedendorsements. The key differences lie in if forged endorsements could result in theinterruption of endorsements’ succession and even on the occasion of endorsements’succession if the right of negotiable instruments would acquire in good faith.
     Chapter four interprets the influence on legal risk responsibility distribution ofbill forgery recognition, which is the innovation point of the dissertation. This chapterdiscusses the occurrence of altering of complicated legal relation about forged billsunder the special circumstance that the forged party would admit the forging signatureon negotiable instruments even knowing the forging behaviors out of theconsideration of some particular reasons. In the countries of Anglo-American law it ispositive towards bill forgery recognition, yet in the countries of Continental legalsystem generally speaking it is believed that the behavior of bill forgery has no rightof ratification. In the legislation of negotiable instruments in China, there is noclarification that if the behavior of bill forgery could have the right of ratification. Theauthor maintains an opinion that only the behavior of bill forgery causing the interestaggression of the forged party could bill forgery carry out ratification. Bill forgery recognition is a kind of legal behavior with the characteristic of positive right offormation. Whether bill forgery recognition has retrospective effect must not makesweeping generalizations, it depends on the illegality of the forgery and theinvestigation of legal liability will of the forged party towards the forging one’sresponsibility. In the final part of chapter four, the author probes into the problems oflegal responsibility of relevant parties on bill forgery recognition and the influence ofrisk responsibility attribution.
     Chapter five elaborates the current situation and improvement of bearing riskresponsibility of forged bills in China. At present, there are several laws andregulations applicable to bearing and distribution risk responsibility of forged bills inChina. The laws and regulations are Law of Negotiable Instruments of the People’sRepublic of China, Payment and Settlement Procedures of People’s Bank of China,Measures for the Implementation of Negotiable Instruments Management, Regulationof Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Concerning Trials of Bills Dispute Cases.All of these laws and regulations consist of the structure of handling riskresponsibility commitment of forged bills in China. However, there are nodistinguishing cases from forged draft and forged endorsement of the legislation ofnegotiable instruments in China. In addition, there are legislative defects existing inthe current negotiable instruments legislation, particularly the regulations of paymentreview duty of the payer, the risk responsibility of forged bills committed by theholder, the protection to the forged party. Aim at solving these defects, the authoradvises that from now on we should take the references of advanced foreignlegislative experiences and improve China’s legislative provisions about relevantlegislations of forged bills.
引文
①范会骅.析票据伪造中相关当事人的法律风险承担[D].北京:北京工商大学,2010.
    ①《英国票据法》第24条.
    ②《美国统一商法典》第1-201条第43款.
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    ①在日本最高法院1974年做出的有关票据伪造的判决中认为,对于“未作代理表示而直接以本人名义签名的伪造人,亦应类推适用票据法第八条(票据行为代理)的规定,使之负担与无权代理人同样的票据上的担保责任”,而且“对票据的伪造签名人不依不法行为的损害赔偿请求这一迂回的方法,而直接追究其票据上责任,将票据伪造人追加为应承担本来的票据责任的债务人,即可对善意持票人给予更充分的保护,从而保障交易的安全”。见[日]遠藤喜佳.手形小切手法判例解説(新訂版第5刷)[M].一橋出版,共同平成16年:36.转引自赵新华.票据法论[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1998:36.
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    ①赵新华.票据法论[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1998:65.
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    ①《法国商法典》第145条.
    ①《美国统一商法典》第3-403条第1款.
    ①汪世虎.票据法律制度比较研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2003:155-156.
    ②《德国票据法》第8条规定:“无代理权而以他人之代理人名义签名于票据上之人,自负票据上之责任;如其为付款,即享有与本人相同之权利。逾越权限之代理人亦同。”
    ①转引自汪世虎.票据法律制度比较研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2003:157.
    ②參見大隅健一郎.手形行為者の名稱.商法の諸問題[M].有信堂,1971:359.和鈴木竹雄.手形の偽造變造[J].判例手形法小切手法,昭和44:126.
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    ②参见《日内瓦统一汇票本票法》第7条规定:“如汇票上之签名,系由不受汇票拘束者、或伪造签名者、或仿造签名者、或因其他理由不受签名拘束者、或代理签名而无效者所为时,并不影响其他签名者之效力。”《德国票据法》第7条规定:“如汇票上之签名,系由不受汇票拘束者、或伪造签名者、或仿造签名者、或因其他理由不受签名拘束者、或代理签名而无效者所为时,并不影响其他签名者之效力。”《法国票据法》第114条规定:“即使汇票的签名人无能力对该汇票承担责任,或是伪造签名,或是虚构的人的签名,或是由于某种原因签名人不能对汇票承担责任,对这类汇票,其他签名人的责任并不因此而减少。”《日本票据法》第7条规定:“如汇票上之签名,系由不受汇票拘束者、或伪造签名者、或仿造签名者、或因其他理由不受签名拘束者、或代理签名而无效者所为时,并不影响其他签名者之效力。”
    ①参见《联合国国际汇票和国际本票公约》第15条.
    ①《票据法》第57条和《支付结算办法》第17条规定付款人的审查义务是形式审查。也就是说如果付款人无恶意的或者无重大过失对善意持票人付款,即使票据上存在伪造的背书,只要票据背书在形式上是连续的,付款人就可以免责。然而,《最高人民法院关于审理票据纠纷案件若干问题的规定》第69条又规定付款人的审查义务是实质审查。
    ①[日]鈴木竹雄.手形法·小切手法[M].有斐閣,1989:64.
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    ①“审理该案的法官曼斯菲尔德(Mansfield)认为,被告是依背书取得汇票,并善意地支付了公平而有价的对价,同时一点不知悉也不怀疑汇票伪造的情况。原告在承兑或付款之前有义务证实向他开立的汇票是出自持票人之手,被告则没有这一义务。即使原告没有过失,也没有理由将损失由一无辜方转移给另一无辜方。就本案而言,如果一方有过失或过错,那必然是原告而不是被告。”参见汪世虎.票据法律制度比较研究[M].法律出版社,2003:165.
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    ③《美国统一商法典》第3-417条.
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    ②《英国票据法》第24条第1款.
    ③《英国票据法》第24条;《美国统一商法典》第3-403第1款.
    ①《美国统一商法典》第3-406条.
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    ②参见《美国统一商法典》3-403条第1款;《英国票据法》第24条.
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    ②英国《1853年印花税法》第19条.
    ③《英国汇票和本票法》第60条.
    ①《美国统一商法典》第3-404条.
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    ②参见《银行结算办法》(1988)第13条、14条、第17条、第18条.
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    ①《票据法司法解释》第36条规定:“失票人因请求出票人补发票据或者请求债务人付款遭到拒绝而向人民法院提起诉讼的,被告为与失票人具有票据债权债务关系的出票人、拒绝付款的票据付款人或者承兑人。”这一规定显然不是针对付款人已向持票人付款的情况,而只是解决了在票据绝对丧失的情况下,失票人请求付款的操作问题。如果持票人已从付款人处取得了票款,票据债权债务关系已经消灭,也已经不存在拒绝付款的债务人,在此情形下,失票人又凭什么要求补发票据?凭什么以出票人、拒绝付款的票据付款人或者承兑人为被告,请求付款?法律、司法解释均无明确规定。
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    ②需要注意的是,此处所指无法证明自己无过错的受让伪造背书人不同于非法持有票据人。《票据法司法解释》第37条规定:“失票人为行使票据所有权,向非法持票人请求返还票据的,人民法院应当依法受理。”
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