基于资源约束的森林休闲旅游产业发展研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
休闲是经济增长和社会发展的产物,休闲旅游以旅游为手段实现休闲的目的,追求的不仅是一种旅游过程,更是一种精神层面的满足。森林资源为休闲旅游提供了优越的生态环境,独特的自然景观和宁静的休闲空间,是休闲者实现人与自然的统一、身与心的和谐的理想场所。
     森林休闲旅游既追求健康、生态的高品质,更重视物我两忘的雅境界,受到越来越多的休闲者的关注。近10年来,中国森林公园接待休闲旅游人次、旅游直接收入年均增长17.63%和36.7%的实践则是最好的证明。然而,森林休闲旅游业的高速发展面临着有限的森林资源、脆弱的生态环境和不完善的服务体系的制约。对休闲者来说,理想的休闲地和健康休闲环境却没能实现旅游休闲的目的;对森林景区来说,优越的生态环境和特色的景观资源没能转化为竞争优势;对产业发展来说,快速的经济增长和巨大的市场需求却没有形成健康的产业体系。本文力求突破森林休闲旅游产业发展的资源与环境制约,对产业发展路径进行了一些创新性的探索。
     初步构建了森林休闲旅游产业发展的分析框架,科学界定了森林休闲旅游内涵。本文基于产业经济学理论、环境与资源经济学理论和现代休闲理论,从文化、时间、资源、环境、服务和经济的视角来考察森林休闲旅游,提出了森林休闲旅游自由时间、自然资源、生态环境和服务体系的FRES分析框架。揭示了我国森林公园休闲旅游产业存在着休闲时间和休闲季节的不均衡,资源开发与资源利用空间的不均衡,环境质量与生态保护力度的不均衡和基础设施与产业体系不健全等发展困境。
     分析了森林休闲旅游产业的关联关系,构建了森林休闲旅游产业体系。本文基于投入产出统计数据,揭示了森林休闲旅游与各产业部门的后向关联与前向关联程度,测算了影响力系数和感应度系数,构建了包括目的地产业、中介产业和辅助产业在内的森林休闲旅游产业体系。中国森林休闲旅游产业与各产业的关联程度越来越高,对餐饮业、住宿业和交通运输的依赖越来越大,对煤炭、石油化工等能源的依赖越来越强。森林休闲旅游产业波及面进一步扩大、产业影响力显著提高,而国民经济对旅游业的拉动作用并不明显。
     构建了森林休闲旅游产业发展的资源依赖与环境影响分析模型,测算了森林休闲旅游产业对主要资源的依赖程度及环境影响程度。测算了森林休闲旅游产业对物质和服务最终产出的消耗分别为48.05和51.95%,论证了旅游交通业、餐饮住宿业以及旅游开发对水资源、能源资源的消耗及其带来的环境影响。占GDP总量0.0735%森林休闲旅游产出,消耗了0.081%的原油,1.09%的煤炭,0.09%的水资源,森林休闲旅游资源消耗显然高于全国产业的平均水平;排放了占总量0.05%的CO2,0.112%的SO2,单位产出污染物排放较高。
     分析了森林休闲旅游产业增长与水资源、能源资源消耗和环境污染增加的相关性,建立了森林休闲旅游产业资源消耗与环境污染的动态分析模型,揭示了技术进步和环境治理投入对生态环境保护的影响。在技术进步和环境治理投入不变的情况下,测算了森林休闲旅游人次每增长1%会直接和间接导致能源资源消耗总量增长0.241541%,石油资源消耗增长0.217261%,煤炭资源消耗增长0.292284%,天然气资源消耗增长0.751697%,水电、风电、核电资源消耗增长0.34679%,水资源消耗增长0.14458%;同时导致生活废水排放增加0.162914%,生活SO2排放量增加0.372375%,生活烟尘排放量增加1.2365%。技术进步、产业转型和环境治理投入是减少森林休闲旅游资源消耗和环境污染的重要手段,生活用COD的排放每减少1%,需要污染治理投入增加0.15978%,总的氨氮排放量减少1%,需要污染治理投入增加1.0788%。
     基于森林休闲产业发展的资源与环境的内在联系,提出了森林休闲旅游产业持续、健康发展,需要提升森林休闲旅游产业的创意水平和服务层次,提高产业的技术含量,降低对物质资源的消耗,促进产业发展的时空均衡。
Leisure is the outcome of the economic growth and social development, leisure tourismattains the goal of leisure by means of travelling. Leisure tourism pursues not only a tourismprocess,but also a kind of satisfaction in spiritual level. Forest resources provides excellentecological environment for leisure tourism, and its unique natural landscape and peacefulrecreational space is the ideal place for tourists to fulfill the unity of human being and nature,the harmony of body and soul.
     Forest leisure tourism pursues not only the health and ecological high quality,but paysmore attention to the elegant state of two things I forget,and it attracts more and more leisuretravellers’ attention. In the past10years, the practise that Chinese forest parks’ reception ofleisure tourists has grown at annual average of17.63%and the tourism direct income has grownat annual average of36.7%is the best proof of the development of forest leisure tourism.However, the high speed development of forest leisure tourism faces the restriction of limitedforest resources, vulnerable ecological environment and not perfect service system. For leisuretravellers, the ideal leisure place and health leisure environment could not achieve the purposeof leisure and travel; from the view of forest scenic spot, excellent ecological environment andthe characteristic landscape resources can't transform into competitive advantage; for theindustrial development, rapid economic growth and huge market demand has not develop into ahealthy industry system. This paper tries to break through the resources and environmentrestriction in leisure tourism industrial development.
     This paper initially constructs the analytical framework for forest leisure tourismindustry’s development. scientifically defines the forest leisure tourism’s connotation. Based onthe industrial economics theory, environmental and resource economics theory and modernleisure theory, from the point of culture, time, resources, service and economic to investigateforest leisure tourism, this paper puts forward the FRES analysis framework which takes thefree time of forest leisure tourism, natural resources, ecological environment and the servicesystem into consideration. Making use of the FRES annlysis framework, the paper reveals thatdisproportion between leisure time and leisure season, unbanlance of resource developmentand resource utilization of space, of environment quality and ecological protection in forestpark leisure tourism.It also reveals the other development dilemmas, such as the imperfectinfrastructure and industry system.
     This paper analyses the relationship of forest leisure tourism, and constructs the system ofit.Based on the input and output statistical data, the paper reveals the backward linkage andforward linkage level between forest leisure tourism and other industrial sectors.The reseacheralso calculates the influence coefficient and sensitivity coefficient, conducts forest leisure tourism industrial system including the destination industry, intermediary industry and auxiliaryindustry. The correlation between China forest leisure tourism industry and other industriesbecomes higher and higher, and China forest leisure tourism industry relys more on restaurantindustry, accommodation industry and the transportation.Bisides,it also becomes moredependent on resources like coal, petrochemical and so on. Forest leisure tourism industry’saffected areas becomes broader, and industry’s influence obviously increases, while thedrawing effect of national economy to the tourism industry is not obvious.
     This paper conducts the resource dependence and environmental impact analysis model offorest leisure tourism industry, estimates the dependence degree that forest leisure tourismindustry has on the primary resources and the industry’s impact degree on environment. Thepaper calculates forest leisure tourism industry’s final output consumption to material andservice and finds out that at48.05%and51.95%, it also demonstrates the consumption of waterresource and energy resource tourism transportation, food and accommodation industry tourismdevelopment brought, and the influence they have on environment. The output of forest leisuretourism, which accounts for0.0735%of SUMGDP, consumes0.081%of crude oil,1.09%ofcoal and0.09%of water resource, obviously the consumption is over the average level of allindustries. Apart from the consumption, the forest leisure tourism industry lets out emissionslike CO2and SO2, which are as much as0.05%and0.112%of the tatal emissions, theindustry’s pollution for each unit of output is a bit of high.
     The researcher analyses the correlation between the forest leisure tourism industry growthand water resources, consumption of energy resources and environment pollution’s increase,establishs the dynamic analysis model for analysing the forest leisure tourism industry resourceconsumption and environment pollution. This paper reveals the impact of the technologicalprogress and environmental improvement investment on the ecological environment protection.As calculated, in an invariable condition of the technological advancing and environmentimprovement investment, that1%of growth of forest leisure tourist number would be directlyand indirectly leads to total energy resource consumption growth of0.241541%of growth, oilresource consumption growth of0.217261%, coal resource consumption growth of0.292284%,natural gas resource consumption growth of0.751697%, hydropower, wind, nuclear powerresource consumption growth of0.34679%, the water resources consumption growth of0.14458%; at the same time that leads to the life wastewater increased by0.162914%, SO2emissions increased by0.372375%, the life smoke emissions increased by1.2365%. Technicalprogress, the industry transition and environmental improvement investment is an importantmeasure to reduce forest leisure tourism resource consumption and the environmental pollution,each1%decrease in domestic COD emission, it needs to increase the pollution controlinvestment by0.15978%and each1%decrease of the total ammonia nitrogen emissions, itneeds to increase the pollution control investment by1.0788%.
     Based on inner link of the forest leisure industry development resources and environment,this paper puts forward that, the forest leisure tourism industry’s sustainable and healthydevelopment needs to improve the creative level and the service level of forest leisure tourismindustry, improve the industry’s technology content, lower the consumption of materialresources, promote industry development space and time equilibrium.
引文
①罗伯特·朗卡尔,陈立春、朱邦造译;旅游和旅行社会学[M];上海:商务印书馆;1997(P7)
    ①Brightbill,Charles. The Challeng of Leisue. Englewood Cliffs,New York,Harper Hall,1960:4
    ①Wilbur,James and Allen,Harold(Eds.).1979. The Word of the Early Greek Philosophers. Buffalo:Prometheus Books.
    ②Godbey,Geoffrey. Leisure in Your Life.(2nd ed.). State College,Pennsylvania:Venture Publishing.1985:9
    ③Pieper,Josef. Leisure:The Basis of Culture. New York:New American Library.1963
    ①苏孝同.森林休闲:21世纪的朝阳产业[J].中国城市林业,2006,4(5):43-45
    ②叶晔、李智勇.森林休闲概念辨析[J].世界林业研究,2009,2:75-77
    ③陈秋华、郑雁.福建森林休闲度假旅游产品开发研究[J],林业经济,2010,7:113-116
    ④王露,浙江省森林公园休闲旅游开发问题与对策[J],林业经济问题,2010,8:351-355
    ⑤胡晓庆、刘海峰等.心理疏导型森林休闲旅游产品的市场认可度初探[J],旅游研究,2009,2:41-46
    ①张嘉宾.森林生态经济学[M].昆明:云南人民出版社.1985
    ①威廉·J·鲍莫尔,华莱士·E·奥茨著,严旭阳等译.《环境经济学理论与政策设计》(第二版)[M],北京:经济科学出版社,2003
    ①Holder J, Ehrlich P R. Human population and global environment. American Scientist,1974,62:282~297
    ②Westman W E. How much are nature’s services worth? Science,1977,197:960~964
    ①克里斯·布尔,杰恩·胡思,迈克·韦德著,田里,董建新等译.休闲研究引论[M],昆明:云南大学出版社2006,P2
    ②Malcolmson,R.W. Popular Recreations in English Society,1700~1850,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1973
    ③Towner,J. An Historical Geography of Recreation and Tourism in the West-World,1540~1940,Chichester: Wiley.1973
    ④Bailey, P. Leisure and Class in Victorian England: Rational Recreation and the Contest for Control,1830~1885, London:Methuen,1987
    ①龚雪辉.生态旅游岂能破坏生态.光明日报,1999
    ①蒋文举等.旅游对峨眉山生态环境的影响及保护对策[J].环境科学,1996(3)48-51
    ①中华人民共和国建设部,国家标准GB50298—1999《风景名胜区规划规范》
    ②国家林业局编,中国林业统计年鉴:2010[M],北京:中国林业出版社,2011.9
    ①注:本相关系数计算的基础数据来源于2001-2011年《中国林业统计年鉴》和2001-2011年《中国统计年鉴》
    ①Stefan G ssling, Paul Peeters: Tourism and water use: Supply, demand, and security. An international review, TourismManagement33(2012)1-15
    ②此OLS模型所用数据经过量纲化处理,仅指旅游人次增长与生活用水增长之间的关系。
    ①依据2011年《中国统计年鉴》国际旅游收入及构成数据整理计算
    ①Susanne Becken, James Lennox. Implications of a long-term increase in oil prices for tourism, Tourism Management33(2012)133-142
    ①G ssling S. Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Environmental Change,2002,12(4):283-302.
    ①Lenzen M. Total requirements of energy and greenhouse gases for Australian transport. TransportationResearch D,1999,(4):265-290.
    ②UNWTO. Towards a low carbon travel&tourism sector. Report inWorld Economic Forum,2009:3-36.
    ③石培华、吴普,中国旅游业能源消耗与CO2排放量的初步估算[J];地理学报,2011.2.P238
    ①李仲广、宋慧琳,中国旅游业增长的要素贡献,辽宁技术工程大学学报[J],2008年第3期
    [1].罗伯特·朗卡尔,陈立春、朱邦造译;旅游和旅行社会学[M];上海:商务印书馆,1997
    [2].吴楚才、吴章文;森林环境资源与森林旅游产品开发——理论与实践M];北京:中国旅游出版社,2007
    [3].艾泽欧-阿荷拉著,谢彦君等译;休闲社会心理学[M];北京:中国旅游出版社,2010
    [4].宁泽群、王兵;现代休闲方式与旅游发展[M];北京:中国旅游出版社,2006
    [5].聂影;中国林产品:流通、市场与贸易[M];北京:中国林业出版社,2007
    [6].克里斯﹒布尔,杰恩﹒胡思,迈克﹒韦德;休闲研究引论[M];昆明:云南大学出版社,2006
    [7].维尔著,聂小荣、丁丽军译;休闲与旅游研究方法(第3版)[M];北京:人民大学出版社,2008
    [8].宋瑞;休闲与生活质量关系的量化考察:国外研究进展及启示[J];旅游学刊,2006(12)48-52
    [9].托马斯·古德尔、杰弗瑞·戈比著,成素梅、马惠娣等译;人类思想中的休闲[M];昆明:云南人民出版社,2000
    [10].于光远著;论普遍有闲的社会[M];北京:中国经济出版社,2005
    [11].杰弗瑞戈比著,康筝等译;你生命中的休闲[M];昆明:云南人民出版社,2000
    [12].威廉·J·鲍莫尔,华莱士·E·奥茨著,严旭阳等译;环境经济学理论与政策设计(第二版)[M];北京:经济科学出版社,2003
    [13].吴楚材、吴章文;发达国家的森林旅游[J];森林与人类,2010(3)12-13
    [14].克里斯·布尔、杰恩·胡思、迈克·韦德著,田里、董建新等译;休闲研究引论[M];昆明:云南大学出版社,2006
    [15].只木良也、吉良龙夫编,唐广仪等译;人与森林——森林调节环境的作用[M];北京:中国林业出版社,1992
    [16].马惠娣、张景安;中国公众休闲状况调查[M];北京:中国经济出版社,2004
    [17].李柏青、吴楚材、吴章文;中国森林公园的发展方向[J];生态学报,2009(05)2749-2756
    [18].廖明球编著;投入产出机器扩展分析[M];北京:首都经贸大学出版社,2009
    [19].吴章文、吴楚材、陈奕洪、谭益民、郑群明;8种柏科植物的精气成分及其生理功效分析[J];中南林业科技大学学报,2010(10)1-9
    [20].马惠娣;走向人文关怀的休闲经济[M];北京:中国经济出版社,2004
    [21].马惠娣;休闲:人类美丽的精神家园[M];北京:中国经济出版社,2004
    [22].宋增文;基于投入产出模型的中国旅游产业关联度研究[J];旅游科学,2007(2)7-12
    [23].曹芙蓉.;休闲与旅游的辩证关系及其社会功能试析[J];旅游学刊,2006(9)25-30
    [24].胡晓庆、刘海峰等;心理疏导型森林休闲旅游产品的市场认可度初探[J];旅游研究,2009(2)41-46
    [25].俞晖;21世纪中国森林旅游业发展战略研究[J];旅游学刊,2001(05)67-69
    [26].石培华、吴普;中国旅游业能源消耗与CO2排放量的初步估算[J];地理学报,2011(2)237
    [27].彭顺生著;世界旅游发展史[M];北京:中国旅游出版社,2006
    [28].郑炎;中国旅游发展史[M];湖南:湖南教育出版社,2000
    [29].叶晔、李智勇;森林休闲概念辨析[J];世界林业研究,2009(2)75-77
    [30].李世东、陈鑫峰;中国森林公园与森林旅游发展轨迹研究[J];旅游学刊,2007(5)66-72
    [31].苏孝同;森林休闲——21世纪的朝阳产业[J];中国城市林业,2006(5)43-45
    [32].黄子燕;中外旅游休闲自然地理[M];北京:旅游教育出版社,2008
    [33].程遂营;我国居民的休闲时间、旅游休闲与休闲旅游[J];旅游学刊,2006(12)9-10
    [34].何建民;我国旅游产业融合发展的形式、动因、路径、障碍及机制[J];旅游学刊,2011(4)8-9
    [35].刘晓欣、胡晓、周弘;中国旅游产业关联度测算及宏观经济效应分析[J];旅游学刊2011(3)31-37
    [36].陈秋华、郑雁;福建森林休闲度假旅游产品开发研究[J];林业经济,2010(7)113-116
    [37].杨卫武;我国休闲旅游业的现状、特征与发展趋势[J];旅游科学,2007(3)1-5
    [38].李幼常,黄金周假日旅游存在的问题及对策研究综述[J];旅游学刊,2006(11)
    [39].张培刚、张建华;发展经济学[M];北京:北京大学出版社,2009
    [40].西蒙·库茨涅茨.各国的经济增长[M];北京:商务印书馆,1999
    [41].杨公朴主编;产业经济学[M];上海:复旦大学出版社,2005年
    [42].谭周进;旅游踩蹋对张家界国家森林公园土壤微生物区系及活性的影响[J];土壤学报,2007(1)184-187
    [43].泰坦伯格著,严旭阳译;环境资源经济学(第五版)[M];北京:经济科学出版社,2003
    [44].肖光明;我国森林旅游四个主要领域的研究进展[J];桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2008(02)267-271
    [45].叶晔、李智勇;森林休闲发展现状及趋势[J];世界林业研究,2008(4)12-15.
    [46].Stefan G ssling, Paul Peeters: Tourism and water use: Supply, demand, and security. An internationalreview, Tourism Management33(2012)1-15
    [47].Susanne Beckena、James Lennoxb;Implications of a long-term increase in oil prices for tourism[J];Tourism Management,Volume33,2012(1)133-142
    [48].John Knight;From Timber to Tourism: Recommoditizing the Japanese Forest[J];Development andChange,Vol.31(2000),341-359
    [49].C.J.Bull;The Tourism Potential of England's Community Forests[J];International Journal of TourismResearch[J];1,33-48(1999)
    [50].Scott A.Bowe、David W. Marcouiller;Alternative tourism–timber dependencies and the development offorested rural regions[J];Forest Policy and Economics9(2007)653–670
    [51].Andre′Almeida Cunha;Negative effects of tourism in a Brazilian Atlantic forest National Park[J];Journal for Nature Conservation18(2010)291–295
    [52].Andre′Almeida Cunha;Negative effects of tourism in a Brazilian Atlantic forest National Park[J];Journal for Nature Conservation18(2010)291–295
    [53].Editorial;Forest recreation and nature tourism[J];Urban Forestry&Urban Greening9(2010)69–70
    [54].Md.Anowar Hossain Bhuiyan,Rabiul Islam,Chamhuri Siwar, Shaharuddin Mohamad Ismail;EducationalTourism and Forest Conservation: Diversification for Child Education[J]; Procedia Social andBehavioral Sciences7(C)(2010)19–23
    [55].Florence Bernard,Rudolf S.de Groot,José Joaquín Campos;Valuation of tropical forest services andmechanisms to finance their conservation and sustainable use: A case study of Tapantí National Park,Costa Rica[J];Forest Policy and Economics11(2009)174–183
    [56].Andrea E.Gaughan, Michael W.Binford,Jane Southworth; Tourism, forest conversion, and landtransformations in the Angkor basin, Cambodia[J];Applied Geography29(2009)212–223
    [57].Larisa Fleishman,Eran Feitelson;An application of the recreation level of service approach to forests inIsrael[J];Landscape and Urban Planning89(2009)86–97
    [58].Bel,S.,Simpson,M., Tyv inen, L.,Siev anen,T.,Pr bstl,U.(Eds.),2008. European Forest Recreation andTourism–A Handbook.Taylor&Francis, London.
    [59].Catherine Marina Pickering, Wendy Hill;Impacts of recreation and tourism on plant biodiversity andvegetation in protected areas in Australia[J];Journal of Environmental Management85(2007)791–800
    [60].C.Meghan Starbuck,Robert P.Berrens,Michael McKee;Simulating changes in forest recreation demandand associated economic impacts due to fire and fuels management activities[J];Forest Policy andEconomics8(2006)52–66
    [61].Yalcin Kuvan;The use of forests for the purpose of tourism: the case of Belek Tourism Center inTurkey[J];Journal of Environmental Management75(2005)263–274
    [62].Arne Arnberger;Recreation use of urban forests: An inter-area comparison[J];Urban Forestry&UrbanGreening4(2006)135–144
    [63].Marius Mayer, Martin Müller, Manuel Woltering, Julius Arnegger, Hubert Job;The economic impact oftourism in six German national parks[J];Landscape and Urban Planning97(2010)73–82
    [64].Mojca Stubelj Ars、Marko Bohanec;Towards the ecotourism: A decision support model for theassessment of sustainability of mountain huts in the Alps[J];Journal of Environmental Management91(2010)2554-2564
    [65].UNWTO. Towards a low carbon travel&tourism sector. Report inWorld Economic Forum,2009:3-36.
    [66].Xavier Font;Environmental Management of Forest Tourism and Recreation[J];International Journal ofTourism Research[J];2,203-208(2000)
    [67].Sigrid Klein-Vielhauer;Framework model to assess leisure and tourism sustainability[J];Journal ofCleaner Production17(2009)447–454
    [68].Marc J.Stern,Dale J.Blahna b,Lee K.Cerveny,Michael J.Mortimer;Visions of success and achievementin recreation-related USDA Forest Service NEPA processes [J];Environmental Impact AssessmentReview29(2009)220–228
    [69].Andereck, Kathleen L, Valentine, Karin M, Knopf, Richard C Vogt, Christine A. Residents’perceptions of community tourism impacts[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2005,32(4):1056-1076
    [70].Foucat. Community-based ecotourism management moving towards sustainability In Ventanilla,Oaxaca,Mexico [J]. Ocean&Coastal Management,2002,45:511-529.
    [71].Werner Gronau,Andreas Kagermeier;Key factors for successful leisure and tourism public transportprovision[J];Journal of Transport Geography15(2007)127–135
    [72].Colin Hunter. Sustainable tourism and the touristic ecological footprint[J]. Environment, Developmentand Sustainability,2002,(4):7-20.
    [73].Stefan Gossling, et al. Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability [J].Ecological Economics,2002,(43):199-211.
    [74].Lars Aronsson. The Development of Sustainable Tourism [M]. London and New York,2000,323-345.
    [75].Wunder S. Ecotourism and economic incentives:an empirical approach[J]. Ecological Economics,2000,32:465-479.
    [76].刘玉龙等;生态系统服务功能价值评估方法综述[J];中国人口、资源与环境,2005,15(1):88-92
    [77].邓和平;对湖南森林公园和森林旅游产业的若干思考[J];经济地理,2007(3)526-528
    [78].胡抚生;国外旅游吸引物理论研究综述[J];北京第二外国语学院学报,2008(3)31-37
    [79].宋丽娜;近十年来国内生态旅游理论研究的回顾与思考[J];天津商业大学学报,2010(1)67-73
    [80].洪建明、冉东亚;生态旅游规划设计[M];北京:中国林业出版社,2006
    [81].李小梅;生态旅游项目的环境影响评价方法(EIA)与实践——以武夷山大峡谷森林生态旅游区为例[J];生态学杂志,2005(9)1110-1114
    [82].杨伟容;国内外旅游产业集群研究综述[J];桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2008(2)150-153
    [83].储向前;林下经济中森林旅游业的生态文化建设[J];生态文化,2011(5)6-8
    [84].张少青;森林旅游产品适宜性评价实证分析——以福州国家森林公园鸟语林产品为例[J];林业经济,2008(4)55-57
    [85].岳宏志、朱承亮;我国旅游产业技术效率及其区域差异:2001~2007年[J];云南财经大学学报,2010(2)36-43
    [86].张华初、李永杰;中国旅游业产业关联的定量分析[J];旅游学刊,2007(4)15-29
    [87].宋绪忠等;生态系统服务功能多样性与农业生态系统复杂[J];山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,38(1):81-85
    [88].何丹、陈珂、翟印礼;辽宁省森林旅游产业与县域经济关联性分析——以辽宁9县市为例[J];林业经济,2011(9)67-70
    [89].赵玲玲;基于体验经济的森林旅游产品开发研究[J];经济研究导刊,2009(08)111-112
    [90].戴彬;张家界森林公园生态旅游环境容量分析[J];生态经济,2006(10)
    [91].陈洪宏;森林生态旅游对环境的影响及对策[J];北方经贸,2009(04)128-129陈洪宏;
    [92].森林生态旅游对环境的影响及对策[J];北方经贸,2009(04)128-129
    [93].薛惠锋、张晓陶;探索森林生态旅游的可持续发展[J];环境经济,2009(09)51-53
    [94].程南洋、聂影、杨红强;中国林产品经营的时空结构及其发展路径[J];林业经济问题,2006(3)215-219
    [95].黄远水、陈钢华;我国森林公园与自然保护区旅游开发比较研究[J];林业经济问题,2007(02)145-150
    [96].于青;“森林浴”有魅力[N];人民日报,2006-12-07(7)
    [97].宋松、张建新、温丽娟、肖波;基于“5R”理念的旅游循环经济评价指标体系初探——以中山陵景区为例[J];经济地理.2009(06)
    [98].张文建;试论现代服务业与旅游业新增长态势[J];旅游学刊,2006(4)23-27.
    [99].于开锋、金颖若;国内外森林旅游理论研究综述[J];四川林勘设计,2007(03)24-27
    [100].陈艳华;自然资源约束下经济增长的动力机制———基于索洛模型的分析[J];北方经济,2010(11)14-15
    [101].余江、叶林;经济增长中的资源约束和技术进步——一个基于新古典经济增长模型的分析[J];中国人口资源与环境,2006(5)7-10
    [102].张晓燕、窦蕾、马勋;我国自驾车旅游市场细分研究——以华北地区为例[J];北京第二外国语学院学报,2006(9)74-79
    [103].向来生、李占芳、孙磊;基于资源稀缺度的企业循环经济创新与生存发展模型研究[J];中国人口资源与环境,2006(6)175-177
    [104].邱晓霞;我国森林公园旅游开发与规划研究综述[J];资源开发与市场,2008(01)77-79
    [105].李维余;森林生态旅游可持续发展评价指标体系的构建[J];财经科学,2008(02)118-124
    [106].杨萍;从旅游流到物质流:对旅游经济增长与发展的思考[J];思想战线,2010(4)124-128
    [107].李庆雷、和爱军;旅游创意经济:属性研判、问题辨识与推进策略[J];中共云南省委党校学报,2011(1)86-89
    [108].李庆雷;旅游创意:缘起、内涵与特征[J];北京第二外国语学院学报,2011(1)26-33
    [109].庄惠明、陈洁;我国服务业发展水平的国际比较——基于31国模型的投入产出分析[J];国际贸易问题,2010(5)53-60
    [110].吴文化;我国交通运输行业能源消费和排放与典型国家的比较[J];中国能源,2007,29(10):19-23
    [111].周红杰;以文化创意实现旅游业升级转型的战略思考[J];中州学刊,2011(5)139-140
    [112].刘世勤屈作新;中国2000-2009森林旅游发展的实证分析[J];南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版),2010(3)73-79
    [113].王军、周燕、刘金华、岳思羽;物质流分析方法的理论及其应用研究[J];中国人口资源与环境,2006(4)60-64
    [114].杨桂华、李鹏;旅游生态足迹的理论意义探讨[J];旅游学刊,2007(2)54-58
    [115].李仲广、宋慧琳;中国旅游业增长的要素贡献[J];辽宁技术工程大学学报(社会科学版),2008(3)138-140
    [116].田琪等;影响我国森林公园旅游收入因素的实证分析[J];中国林业经济,2011(06)32-34
    [117].蒋文举等;旅游对峨眉山生态环境的影响及保护对策[J];环境科学,1996(3)48-51
    [118].贾顺平、毛保华、刘爽、孙启鹏;中国交通运输能源消耗水平测算与分析[J];交通运输系统工程与信息,2010(2)22-27
    [119].许芬、时保国;生态补偿——观点综述与理性选择[J];开发研究,2010(5)105-110
    [120].陈柳钦;林业经营理论的历史演变[J];中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2007(02)50-56
    [121].崔峰、包娟;浙江省旅游产业关联与产业波及效应分析[J];旅游学刊,2010(3)13-20
    [122].杨文娟、王昕、胡传东;基于体验的虚拟旅游质量评价实证研究[J];重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2012(01)
    [123].薛群慧、包亚芳;心理疏导型森林休闲旅游产品的创意设计[J];浙江林学院学报,2010(1)121-125
    [124].于艳玲;找准森林旅游创意的“锚地”[N];中国绿色时报,2010-09-02
    [125].吕文艺、李庆雷、王峰、邹平;基于可拓学理论的旅游创意生成机制研究[J];北京第二外国语学院学报,2011(9)25-32
    [126].江辉仙,林广发,黄万里;基于英特网的虚拟旅游应用探讨[J];东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005,(7)216-219
    [127].胡晓庆、刘海峰、薛群慧、单雨菲、麻侃;心理疏导型森林休闲旅游产品的市场认可度初探[J];旅游研究,2009(2)41-46
    [128].戴斌,束菊萍;旅游产业关联:分析框架与北京的实证研究[J];北京第二外国语学院学报,2005(5)7-15
    [129].刘水良、吴吉林、袁正新;湖南省森林休闲旅游资源的开发与利用;资源开发与市场,2009(2)179-181
    [130].林燕平、陈雪琼;我国山地旅游地景区饭店能耗的影响因素[J];沈阳工业大学学报(社会科学版,2011(2)362-366
    [131].张明如、俞益武、赵明水等;天目山国家级自然保护区柳杉群落空气负离子浓度日变化特征[J];浙江林学院学报,2009(5)701-707
    [132].王露;浙江省森林公园休闲旅游开发问题与对策[J];林业经济问题,2010(8)351-355
    [133].赵红霞,刘伟平;森林旅游资源评价方法对比分析研究[J];林业经济问题,200626(2)116-119
    [134].张坤民、潘家华、崔大鹏;低碳经济论[M];北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008
    [135].黄文胜;论低碳旅游与低碳旅游景区的创建[J];生态经济,2009(11)100-102
    [136].韦新良;森林生态旅游系统数量分析方法与应用研究[D];浙江大学,2003
    [137].黄丽萍;森林旅游产品定位及其市场开发研究[D];福建师范大学,2007年
    [138].徐立新;森林旅游产品品牌管理问题研究[D];东北林业大学,2007年
    [139].以野生动物为对象的休闲旅游影响与评价研究[D];北京林业大学,2008
    [140].陶萍;我国林业休闲产业发展问题研究[D];东北林业大学,2006
    [141].冯嗣兴、刘泽东、周守义;森林疗养功能的探讨[J];中国林业,2011(1)57
    [142].G ssling S. Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Environmental Change,2002,12(4):283-302.
    [143].Budeanu Adriana;Environmental supply chain management in tourism: The case of large touroperators[J];Journal of Cleaner Production17(2009)1385–1392
    [144].Lenzen M. Total requirements of energy and greenhouse gases for Australian transport. TransportationResearch D,1999,(4):265-290.
    [145].Fraindberg. Tourism as Long Distance Mobility: A Quantitative Analysis of Swedes' Leisure Travelfrom a Sustainability Perspective [J]. Section of Human Ecology,1996,35-46.
    [146].Wackemagel M, Ree W. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth [M].Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers,1996.
    [147].Ragheb M,R Tate. A behavioral model of leisure participation, based on leisure attitude, motivationand satisfaction[J]. leisure studies,1993,(12):61-70
    [148].Bailey, P; Leisure and Class in Victorian England: Rational Recreation and the Contest forControl,1830~1885, London: Methuen,1987
    [149].Godbey, Geoffrey. Leisure in Your Life.(2nd ed.). State College, Pennsylvania: VenturePublishing.1985:9
    [150].Malcolmson,R.W;Popular Recreations in English Society,1700~1850[M];Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.1973
    [151].Holder J, Ehrlich P R;Human population and global environment. American Scientist[M];1974,62:282~297