摘要
红麻(Hibiscus cannabinus)属于锦葵科、木槿属—年生纤维作物。其多功能用途可制作纸浆、生物质能源、麻地膜、地毯、饲料、建材、塑料填充料等。作物杂种优势的应用和推广,使农作物产量水平跃上了一个新台阶,对选育红麻优异品种意义重大。本文对红麻优异雄性不育系的转育过程、红麻超高产杂交品种的选育进行了研究,同时从形态学、细胞学进行花粉形态和亚显微结构的研究。主要结果如下：
本研究以红麻雄性不育突变株(KCNms)所育成的不育系LC0301A为材料,不育系花粉不能被I2+KI染色,而保持系染色后呈蓝色。发现雄性不育的败育时期在四分体时期到单核期,能够形成正常的四分体,但是胞壁不分化,细胞质明显减少,属于单核期败育型。小孢子发育时期,小孢子细胞质发生浓缩、降解,绒毡层完全解体,推测不育系小孢子败育与中层、绒毡层提前衰退有关。液泡在不育系与保持系小孢子母细胞中存在明显差异。不育系小孢子母细胞在单核早期表现出明显液泡化,相邻液泡间膜退化,融合明显,多液泡。而保持系小孢子母细胞中液泡体积小,数量也很少。因此不育系小孢子母细胞及绒毡层细胞的退化可能与其液泡活动异常有关。
用高产抗病优质不同性状的红麻品种LC0301、YA1、261N5-18、261N5-19为轮回亲本,通过回交转育,培育成了育性稳定、综合性状优良的红麻质核互作不育系红茎晚熟型LC0301A、红茎中偏晚熟型YA1A、青茎光钝感型261N5-18A、红茎光钝感型261N5-19A,并于2011年10月通过了湖南省种子管理局组织的专家现场鉴定,成功转育了4个有自主知识产权的红麻雄性不育系。利用发现的雄性不育株,通过测交、自交和回交,把高产基因转育到不育系,得到稳定可遗传的不同类型红麻雄性不育系,是继红麻化学杀雄制种杂种优势利用的重大突破,为大面积制种超强优势组合利用杂交F1提供了新的途径。
同时,利用上述通过回交转育获得稳定的高产抗病红麻雄性不育系YA1A等,与遗传差异较大的亲本07/08229为父本杂交选育而成了超高产杂交红麻H368,2007-2008年进行了品比试验,其中H368的增产幅度最大。在2009-2010年全国红麻新品种区试中,H368的纤维产量达到4456.2kg/ha,比对照增产25.32%,达极显著水平,产量居参试新品种(系)新组合之首,并以鲜皮皮厚、笨麻率低、出麻率高和抗病等特性,表现出超高产。在全国区试中其平均株高、茎粗、皮厚、笨麻率和干皮精选率分别为426cm、1.93cm、1.42mm、18.85%和62.96%。通过杂交配组,选育出超亲高产杂交组合中杂红368,实现真正意义的红麻三系配套和杂种优势利用,也表明双亲间具有较强的营养优势和生物学优势。
Kenaf belongs to an annual fiber crop which is discovered to Malvaceae, Hibiscus cannabinus L. It is famous for widely adaptability, salt tolerance, strongly drought resistance and markedly fast growth. Its fiber usually is made of package bag, textile cloth, wall paper and geotextile. Within the past few years much research has been carried out on kenaf stems as a raw material for pulp and paper, architecture material and plastic filling agent, seeds as biology energy and the leaves as a high-protein animal food. The paper put stress on male strains breeding procedure and high yield super hybrid variety selection. It investigated pollen morphology and cytology submicroscopic structure. Main research results are as follows.
We found a kenaf male sterilized mutant named KCNms from kenaf151in Hainan Province in2003. After genetic analysis and cytological observation, Pollen of CMS did not change with I2+KI drying while those of maintainer line became blue. Abnormalities were found from tetrad stage to early mononuclear stage that came into being normal tetrad and could not accurate differentiation. Cytoplasm of CMS evidently became less, cell wall differentiation was classified to retard, coating layer was not continuous, bacunum, basal layer, exitine were more irregular on CMS than on maintainer line. At the stage of microspore development, microspore cytoplasm condensed and degenerated, taperum absolutely disintegrated. It was speculated that CMS abortion was related to middle layer and advance decay of tapetum. There were distinct difference on vacuole of CMS and maintainer line. Microspore mother cell of CMS showed vacuolization at the early of mononuclear whose membrane decayed, fused and appeared many vacuoles with swallowing itself to digest cytoplasm while there was fewer and smaller vacuoles in maintainer line. So, there maybe have connection with microspore mother cell, tapetum decay and vacuole abnormal activity.
We found a kenaf male sterilized mutant named KCNms from kenaf151in Hainan Province in2003. After genetic analysis and cytological observation, we found the mutant was cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterile line. In this study, we were using LC0301, YA1,261N5-18and261N5-19as current parent, using KCNms as donor parent. Then, backcross breeding. After4years, our research group had successfully bred4different male sterilized varieties:LC0301A, YA1A,261N5-18A,261N5-19A. There are new kenaf male sterilized varieties with high yield, disease-resistance, lodging resistances, high quality and wide adaptability. It was a great breakthrough in the heterosis utilization after chemical induction of male sterility. Our methods supplied a new way to widely used in hybrid kenaf breeding and production.
At the same time, we made use of backcross way to get stable, high yield, resist disease CMS YA1A which crossed with parent07/08229. It was produced some seeds to take part in strains experiments and multi-spot experiments during2007-2008whose yield was the first on all strains. It was selected to participate national new kenaf variety regional trails during2009-2010whose yield was NO.l in all tested varieties. There were426cm,1.93cm,1.42mm,18.85%and62.96%respectively with its height, stem diameter, bast thickness, weak plant rate and dry bark fineness rate. It added up to 4456.2kg/ha which exceeded25.32%compared to the control Fuhong991. It was good at fresh bark thickness, low weak plant rate and high dry bark fineness rate.
引文
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