摘要
流体加热道路融雪是近年来发展起来的一项交通养护技术,对于交通安全、节约能源和环境保护具有重要意义。本文以基于太阳能、地热能等可再生热源的流体加热道路融雪系统为研究对象,主要针对融雪过程中的有关传热传质过程展开了一系列基础理论与实验研究,为进一步优化设计与规模化应用提供了指导依据。概括起来,本文的主要研究工作如下:
1)路面温度场特性研究
建立了路面温度场的二维非稳态导热模型,并对“路面-雪层-环境”的复杂传热传质边界进行了处理。通过Brian ADI格式算法,对上述模型进行数值求解,并基于Visual Basic平台,开发了一个通用型的道路融雪模拟分析软件,可输出路面温度场、雪层厚度、液膜厚度以及路面待融特征曲线等重要结果。
在太阳能辐射模型研究方面,对吴赣昌模型进行了修正,并基于Mallat算法和Daubechies系列小波,建立了连续太阳能辐射的小波变换模型。模拟结果表明,该模型在时域和频域都具有良好的分析能力,而且可以推广至其它有关的太阳能光热应用领域。
2)道路融雪过程数值模拟
在上述温度场分析软件基础上,分别对待融过程、融雪过程和融后过程进行了模拟研究。在待融过程中,定义了零度界线、零度时间等概念,提出了路面温度场波动模型,其中考虑了管内流体温度的衰减效应。给出了具有普遍意义的路面待融特征曲线,将待融负荷、待融时间、融雪等级与降雪速率紧密联系起来。在此基础上,提出了一种基于图解法的改进融雪热负荷模型。
在融雪过程中,对雪层区域类型及其特性进行了分析,并建立了“路面-雪层-环境”的传热传质模型,其中考虑了雪层多孔结构引起的毛细作用。对各种气象条件下的动、静态融雪过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,与加热温度相比,融雪管道布置对于融雪过程的影响更为明显。此外,合理的待融过程能够有效地缩短融雪时间。在融后过程中,建立了路面液膜蒸发过程的传热传质模型,并对各种气象条件下的液膜蒸发过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,气象参数对融后工况的影响程度有所不同,基本顺序为:太阳辐射强度>环境温度>环境风速>相对湿度。在此基础上,提出了一种有利于系统节能的折中加热方案。
3)道路融雪实验研究
建立了一个小型道路融雪实验系统,采用基于径向热流的直接加热法获得了水泥混凝土路面的导热系数,并初步分析了含水率对路面传热过程的影响。
通过冰雪物理特性、融化面积比、融化速率和融化时间等分析,获得了不同气象条件下路面的融雪化冰规律,并与理论模拟结果进行了对比。在融化面积比分析中,采用了基于数码成像和Photoshop软件的图像处理方法。实验表明,在0℃附近,碎冰密度为605～690kg/m3,人工雪密度为225 kg/m3,自然雪密度为125 kg/m3,而且冰雪的密度与环境温度有直接关系。
融化面积比曲线可分为初始期、缓速期和加速期等三个阶段,且冰和雪的临界融化面积比有所不同。冰层融化过程中容易存在“翘层”现象,一定程度上会延缓融化时间,而融雪过程通常不会形成“翘层”现象。就融化速率而言,大小顺序为:碎冰>实冰>人工雪>自然雪。对于相同厚度的冰/雪层,融化时间顺序为:自然雪>人工雪>碎冰>实冰。
4)雪的物理特性模型
建立了一个计算雪层毛细平衡高度的简化数学模型,使用范围为100～400 kg/m3。基于分形理论,构建了一个描述新雪生长过程的随机模型。通过分形维数分析,初步揭示了运动随机性与多孔结构之间的联系。建立了新雪孔隙率、密度以及导热系数等参数的数学模型,给出了一个新的导热系数随密度变化的关联式,且在100～150kg/m3范围内具有较好的模拟精度。
Hydronic snow melting is a new type of road maintenance technology developed in recent years. It plays an important role in traffic safety, energy saving and environmental protection. Aiming at hydronic road snow-melting systems based on renewable energy including solar and geothermal energy, the behavior of heat and mass transfer during the snow-melting process is studied theoretically and experimentally in the present work, which can be taken as references for system design and large-scale applications in future. Main conclusions are summarized as follows:
1) Characteristics of the pavement temperature field
A two-dimensional transient heat conductive model is presented and boundary conditions among the pavement, snow layers and the ambient are considered. Using Brian ADI algorithm, the model is solved numerically and a snow-melting simulation program is developed based on the compiler of Visual Basic. This program can output some important results including the pavement temperature field, the height of snow layers, the height of liquid film and the idling characteristic curve.
For the solar radiation model, the error of Wu-model during the expansion of Fourier series is modified. Based on Mallat algorithm and Daubechies-type wavelets, a new wavelet transform model is presented for continuous solar radiation. Simulated results show that the model has a better analysis capacity on both time domain and frequency domain, and can also be used in other solar photo-thermal applications.
2) Numerical simulation of road snow-melting process
The whole snow-melting process, including the idling process, the snow-melting process and the after-snow process, is simulated. For the idling process, some terms including the zero boundary and the zero time are defined, and a wave-shaped model of the pavement temperature field is presented, which takes the decaying effect of the fluid temperature into account. A general idling characteristic curve and an improved idling model, linking the idling load, the idling time, the snowfall velocity and snow-melting classes, are presented.
For the snow-melting process, the types and characteristics of snow layers are analyzed, and the heat and mass transfer model among the pavement, snow layers and the ambient is established based on the capillary effect of porous media. Dynamic and static simulated results under different conditions show that, compared with the heating temperature, the layout of embedded pipes has more obvious effects on the snow-melting process. Besides, a proper idling period can effectively reduce the snow-melting time. For the after-snow process, a heat and mass transfer model for the evaporation of the liquid film on pavements is established. Simulated results show that the order of weather parameters affecting the evaporation is as follows: solar radiation > ambient temperature > wind speed > relative humidity. An improved heating mode is also presented, which is useful for energy saving.
3) Experimental investigation of a snow-melting system
A small-scale snow-melting experimental system is built successfully. Heat conductivity of concrete cement pavement is measured using the direct-heating method, and the effects of moisture content on the heat transfer are analyzed.
Through the test on physical properties of snow and ice, the free-area ratio, the snow-melting velocity and the snow-melting time, the melting behavior of snow and ice under different weather conditions are obtained and compared with simulated results. For the free-area ratio curve, an image processing method based on the Photoshop software is used. Experimental results show that the density of crushed ice, artificial snow and natural snow at 0oC is about 605～690kg/m3, 225kg/m3, 125kg/m3, respectively.
The free-area ratio curve can be divided into three stages: initial stage, slow stage and rapid stage. For ice and snow layer, the critical free-area ratio is different. During the ice-melting process, the air-layer phenomenon between the road surface and the bottom of ice layer may occur, which may prolong the melting time to some extent. In contrast, the above phenomenon usually doesn’t happen during the snow-melting process. With regard to the average melting velocity (g/min), the order is as follows: crushed ice > solid ice > artificial snow > natural snow. For the same thickness, however, the order of the melting time is as follows: natural snow > artificial snow > crushed ice > solid ice.
4)Model of physical properties of snow
A simplified model for the capillary height in snow is built and suitable within the range of 100～400kg/m3. A fractal model is presented to describe the random growth process of fresh snow. The intrinsic relationship between the movement randomness and porous structure is revealed. Besides, a new algorithm on the heat conductivity varying with the density is obtained, which has a good accuracy within the range of 100～150kg/m3.
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