摘要
灾害救助是一种道德行为,其中包含着诸多的道德问题,从伦理学的视角研究灾害救助,有利于人类更好地应对灾害。从古至今,灾害就像是一个形影不离的幽灵与人类朝夕相伴,给人类社会带来了极大的痛苦和损失。一般说来,灾害是由致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体相互作用而产生的一种激变,不同的致灾因子引起的灾害类型不一样,不同的孕灾环境所形成的灾害程度不相同,而不同的承灾体受灾害影响的大小也有很大的区别。大体来说,孕灾环境有城市和农村的区别,承灾体也有城市居民和农村居民的差异。在此意义上,我们将灾害区分为城市灾害与农村灾害。由于城市居民的居住高度密集,故灾害对人们生命财产的破坏程度比农村要大得多。但是,因为农村居民的散住、各种防护设施和社会保障的欠缺,使得农民作为承灾体,其防灾、抗灾和救灾的能力比城市居民要弱得多,在应对灾害时有着明显的滞后性、盲目性和脆弱性。在农村灾害救助中,由于受到各种条件的限制使其呈现出自身的特点,如防治体系的缺失、抗灾力量的脆弱和自救能力的不足等。不仅农村的经济社会发展程度在现阶段的中国还远远低于城市,而且由于农民受靠天吃饭的传统观念、封闭保守的小农意识的影响和制约,以及当下农村道德教育的疏漏,导致农村灾害救助者的观念和行为上也存在诸多的道德问题,譬如,灾害预防意识的空缺,生产经营仅仅从一家一户的利益考虑,缺乏全局观念；在灾害救助中的价值失序,有时候将抢救财产置于保护和抢救生命之上；此外还有防治次生灾害无知、灾后心理治疗的艰难和生产与生活秩序重建的艰难等等。为了减少农村灾害的发生,减轻灾害的损失,利于灾害救助的开展,应从这些方面对人们进行相应的道德培育：树立天人和谐的观念、增强自强自救的意识和弘扬人道主义精神等。从根本上说,要提高农村灾害救助的能力,这要是促进农村经济和社会的发展,大力发展绿色农业,加强基础设施建设,尤其是普及和加强农民的社会保险,以规范化的方式转移灾害的损失。同时,为了将来更好地实施农村灾害救助,我们还应该从普及灾害的防治知识、增强预案的快速反应和健全灾害的预警机制等方面来建立健全农村灾害救助的预防体系,通过促进灾民奋起自救,弘扬团结互助精神、建立救助保障制度,重建灾后生活秩序和加大政府投入力度,实施创伤道德诊疗等措施来完善农村灾害救助的道德机制,引导人们树立防灾、抗灾、救灾的道德观念,约束自己的行为,提高人们抗灾救灾的道德信心和勇气,激发人们的生命意志和仁爱精神。
Disaster aiding is a moral behavior, which contains many ethical issues. So researching disaster aiding from the perspective of ethic is better for human retort disasters. It likes the ghost companion human inseparably, bring human society with great pain and loss. In general, the disaster is a cataclysm which is made from the interaction during disaster hazards, disaster environments and disaster bearers. The different disaster types are caused by different disaster hazards; different disaster degrees are formated for different disaster environments, and different disaster effects are maken by different disaster bearers. In all, disaster environments contain difference between urban and rural areas, disaster bearers are also distinct from residents of urban and rural. In this sense, disaster is districted urban areas'disaster and rural areas'disaster. Because so many people are living in the city, so the damage what is taken by disasters on people's lives and property is much greater than rural areas. However, because rural residents are scattered, lack of various protective equipment and social security, as disaster bearers, farmers'capacity of disaster prevention, disaster response and disaster aiding are much weaker than urban residents. When they response disaster, there are some defects:significant lag, blindness and vulnerability. During the rural areas'disaster aiding, due to various limitations, the rural areas disaster aiding shows its own characteristics as follows:the lack of prevention and cure systems, vulnerability of resisting disaster, the lack of self-help capabilities and etc. At present, not only do the development degree of rural economic society is lower than urban area, also cause for villagers are mainly impacted by the traditional concept of "kao tian chi fan ", constrainted by the Consciousness of the closer and conservative small-peasant, and the omission of moral education in rural areas caused it. So there are many ethical issues about the concepts and actions of rural disaster savers, for example, the knowledge of disaster prevention, just thinking from production and operation for one of interest, and lack an overall concept; the disorder of value in the disaster aiding, sometimes to rescue their property based on protecting and saving people's life; in addition to, knowledgeless of disaster prevention and treatment, the difficult with post-disaster psychological treatment, reconstruction of production, living order and so on. In order to reduce the incidence of rural areas'disasters and disaster losses, carry out the disaster aiding better, people must have the corresponding moral cultivation from these aspects:establishing the concept of harmony between heaven and enhance, increasing the consciousness of self-aware-ness and self-help, and promoting humanitarianism spirit. In addition, for better implement of the rural areas'disaster aiding in the future, we should also widely spread the knowledge of disaster prevention, and establish sound prevention systems in the aspects of strengthening the rapid response to plans and improving early warning mechanism. At the same time, we can expand the solidarity cooperation spirits by encouraging people to rise and help themselves, establishing aiding guarantee rules, rebuilding post-disaster life order, increasing government funding, and can also perfect the rural areas disaster aiding mechanism by implementing the moral trauma treatment and other measures. Through this, we expect to provide a theory reference to the government and the director of disaster aiding in decision-making, to guide people in establishing prevention, resisting, aiding systems, as well as in restraining their behaviors, and to increase their moral confidence and courage thus inspire people's life will and benevolence spirit.
引文
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