摘要
近年来，随着全球化市场竞争的加剧、消费者需求的多样化、信息技术的进步，企业与企业之间的竞争已经逐步转变为供应链与供应链之间的竞争。因此，加强供应链管理已经逐渐成为企业获取竞争优势的重要策略，而促进供应链中各成员间信息和流程的整合则是成功供应链管理的关键。通过与供应链中成员的战略性合作，供应链整合融合了供应链上不同成员的各种关系、活动、运作、流程和位置的管理，目的在于满足客户需求和实现客户价值最大化。虽然供应链整合在实践界的应用越来越受重视，但是对于供应链整合和绩效关系的实证研究还不多。本文结合两次问卷调查数据和《中国工业企业数据库》的数据，探讨了供应链整合（内部整合、客户整合和供应商整合）对绩效（企业运营绩效、财务绩效和供应链绩效）的影响机制。本文主要包括三个子研究：
在研究1中，运用结构方程模型探讨了供应链整合对企业运营绩效的影响机制。对总样本的拟合结果表明，内部整合对客户整合、供应商整合和运营绩效均有显著的正向影响；客户整合对企业运营绩效有显著的正向影响；供应商整合对企业运营绩效影响不显著。对于企业规模、行业属性和国别调节作用的检验结果表明，内部整合和运营绩效的关系受到企业规模和国别的影响；内部整合和客户整合、供应商整合的关系则受到国别的影响；客户整合和运营绩效的关系则受到企业规模和行业属性的影响。
在研究2中，运用分层回归分析探讨了供应链的内部整合变化、客户整合变化和供应商整合变化，及其交互作用对企业运营绩效变化和供应链绩效变化的影响。结果表明，内部整合变化、客户整合变化和供应商整合变化对运营绩效变化和供应链绩效变化均有显著的正向影响；内部整合变化和供应商整合变化的交互作用对运营绩效变化和供应链绩效变化均有显著的负向影响。进一步的分类研究表明，供应链整合变化的模式可以分为：全部改善整合模式、全部恶化整合模式、改善供应商整合模式和改善内部整合模式。并且，全部改善模式的运营绩效变化和供应链绩效变化均显著高于其它模式，全部恶化模式的运营绩效变化和供应链绩效变化均显著低于其它模式，而改善供应商整合模式与改善内部整合模式的运营绩效变化和供应链绩效变化没有显著差异。
在研究3中，运用多层线性模型探讨了2004年的供应链整合对2004年-2009年企业财务绩效增长的影响。结果表明，内部整合对资产回报率、销售回报率、投资回报率和总资产周转率增长有显著的正向影响；客户整合对销售回报率增长有显著的正向影响，但是对资产回报率、投资回报率和总资产周转率增长的影响不显著；供应商整合对资产回报率、销售回报率、投资回报率和总资产周转率增长的影响不显著。
本文在探讨供应链整合对企业运营绩效影响机制时，运用结构方程模型（SEM）分析了行业属性、企业规模以及国别等情境因素的调节作用，扩展和丰富了该领域的实证研究成果。通过两时点纵贯性研究设计，运用分层回归分析阐明了供应链整合水平变化对企业运营绩效变化和供应链绩效变化的影响，接着运用聚类分析等得出了供应链整合水平变化的主要模式和特点；通过多时点纵贯性研究设计，运用多层线性模型探讨了供应链整合水平对后续年份财务绩效增长的影响，丰富了该领域纵贯性研究的理论。另外，本文的结论可以为企业管理者在供应链整合和管理实践上提供参考和借鉴。最后，本文也指出了研究的不足之处和未来的研究方向。
In recent years, as a result of the globalization of market competition, the diversificationof consumer demand, and advances in information technology, the competitions betweenenterprise and enterprise have been gradually transformed into those between supply chainand supply chain. Therefore, enhancing supply chain management has become an importantstrategy to gain competitive advantage, and promoting the information and process integrationamong its members in a supply chain is the key to successful supply chain management.Through strategic cooperation with the members of the supply chain, supply chain integrationintegrates the relationships, activities, functions, processes, and locations of the members,aiming to meet customer needs and maximize customer value. Although supply chainintegration has received more and more attention from practitioners, empirical studies on therelationship between supply chain integration and performance are not too many. Using datafrom two questionnaire datasets and the Chinese industrial enterprise database, this paperexplored the impact of supply chain integration (internal integration, customer integration andsupplier integration) on performance (operational performance, financial performance, andsupply chain performance). Three studies are included in this paper.
In Study1, the impact of supply chain integration on operational performance wasinvestigated by using structural equation modeling. The results (total sample) show that,internal integration has a significant positive effect on customer integration, supplierintegration and operational performance; customer integration has a significant positive effecton operational performance; supplier integration does not have a significant effect onoperational performance. The moderating effects of industry attribute, firm size and countrybetween internal integration and operational performance are also tested. Results show that,the relationship between internal integration and operational performance is moderated byfirm size and country; the relationship between internal integration and customer integrationis moderated by country; the relationship between internal integration and supplier integrationis moderated by country; the relationship between customer integration and operationalperformance is moderated by firm size and industry.
In Study2, the effects of internal integration change, customer integration change, andsupplier integration change on operational performance change and supply chain performancechange were investigated by using hierarchical regression analysis. The results show thatinternal integration change, customer integration change, and supplier integration change havesignificant positive effects on operational performance change and supply chain performance change; the interaction of internal integration change and supplier integration change hassignificant negative effects on operational performance change and supply chain performancechange. Further study shows that the changing pattern of supply chain integration can bedivided into four types: all improving mode, all worsening mode, improving supplierintegration mode, and improving internal integration mode. The operational performancechange and supply chain performance change of all improving mode is significantly higherthan the other modes. The operational performance change and supply chain performancechange of all worsening mode is significantly lower than the other modes. There is nosignificant difference between improving supplier integration mode and improving internalintegration mode on operational performance change and supply chain performance change.
In Study3, the impact of supply chain integration in2004on financial performancegrowth in2004-2009was explored by using hierarchical linear model. The results show that,internal integration has a significant positive impact on the growth of return on assets, returnon sales, return on investment and total asset turnover; customer integration has a significantpositive effect on the growth of return on sales, but not on the growth of return on assets,return on investment and total asset turnover; supplier integration dosen’t have a significanteffect on the growth of return on assets, return on sales, return on investment and total assetturnover.
When investigating the impact of supply chain integration on operational performance,this paper explored the moderating effects of industry attribute, firm size and country, byusing structural equation modeling analysis. It expands and enriches the empirical research inthis area. By two time points longitudinal study design, the impacts of supply chainintegration change on operational performance change and supply chain performance wereexplored by hierarchical regression analysis, and then supply chain integration patterns andtheir characteristics were investigated by cluster analysis; by several time points longitudinalstudy design, the effects of supply chain integration on the growth of financial performancewere explored by hierarchical linear model. These results also expand and enrich thelongitudinal empirical research in this area. In addition, the conclusions of this paper canprovide some implications on how to manage supply chain integration a for businessmanagers. Finally, the limitations and future directions of this paper are also pointed out inthis paper.
引文
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