摘要
运动性贫血是限制运动成绩提高的重要因素之一而倍受运动医学界的重视。关于运动性贫血的机制至今尚未完全清楚，但如何防治运动性贫血的发生一直是学术界关注的焦点。目前，关于运动性贫血机理的研究主要集中在铁代谢的方面，而对红细胞造血生长因子和血红蛋白代谢的研究极少有人涉及。本研究拟从动物实验和人体实验两方面进行运动性贫血条件下机体内血液、尿液、肝脏、肾脏、骨髓的系列相关研究。
动物实验从长期递增负荷跑台运动建立大鼠运动性贫血模型为出发点，并且在模型成功复制后随机分为运动+营养组(Ex+Ad)和运动组(Ex)再继续跑台训练，结果表明：
(1)运动组的血红蛋白水平、红细胞数目和红细胞压积指标均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05)，建立了大鼠运动性贫血模型，为深入探讨运动性贫血的机理提供了更大的可能性。
(2)大鼠红细胞扫描电镜结果表明对照组(Co)大鼠血液中只有少量异常红细胞，运动+营养组大鼠血液中异常红细胞率稍高于对照组(P＞0.05)，而运动组大鼠血液中异常红细胞率则远远高于对照组(P＜0.01)。
(3)运动性贫血状态时大鼠血清粒细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte colony-stimulating factor，G-CSF)水平有显著性变化，运动组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)，运动+营养组与对照组没有显著性差异(P＞0.05)，而其它血清造血生长因子如粒-单核细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor，GM-CSF)、白细胞介素-3(interleukin-3，IL-3)、促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin，EPO)则没有表现出组间差异性。运动组骨髓促红细胞生成素受体(erythropoietin receptor，EPOR)的基因表达量显著低于对照组(P＜0.01)，而运动+营养组与对照组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。
(4)运动性贫血状态时大鼠骨髓内血红素合成代谢和珠蛋白基因表达没有显
著性变化，而可以使肝脏血红素分解代谢增强和肝脏肝小叶结构不明显、肝细胞
浑浊肿月长或空泡程度严重的水样变性。提示长期递增负荷跑台运动可能从肝脏血
红素分解代谢角度影响机体血红蛋白水平、红细胞数目和红细胞压积。另外，运
动+营养组与对照组之间无明显的不同，提示营养补充可以有效减缓运动对肝脏
的损伤。
人体实验以国家贻拳道青年队和体校中长跑运动员为研究对象，根据性别和
血红蛋白水平分为女性贫血组、女性对照组、男性贫血组和男性对照组，并对运
动性贫血组研究对象实施营养补充计划，结果表明:
(1)全血和红细胞z，3一二磷酸甘油酸(2，3一d iph。Sphoglycerate，2，3一oPG)的
实验结果显示运动性贫血运动员不比正常对照运动员具有更高的2，3一DPG水平，
说明血液中氧分离曲线右移的适应性角度探讨运动性贫血的发生机理不一定合
适。
(2)运动性贫血运动员和正常对照运动员皆表现出运动后溶血的特点，组间并
无显著性差异(P>0.05)，因此运动性溶血并不是引发运动性贫血的唯一因素。
(3)运动性贫血运动员服用杭运动性贫血复合剂不能显著影响血清EPO、T水
平，提示此营养补剂可能从其它途径发挥防治运动性贫血的作用。
Sports anemia is an important issue attracting the attention of the sports medicine circle for it is a major factor restricting the improvement of sports performance. So far, the mechanism of sports anemia remains uncertain. Nevertheless, effective methods in the prevention and treatment of sports anemia have been taken seriously by the academic circles. Presently, studies about sports anemia mechanism mainly focus on iron metabolism, while those about hemopoietic growth factors of erythrocyte and metabolism of hemoglobin are seldom seen. Based on animal and human experiments, this paper attempts to make a systematic study of sports anemia on blood, urine, liver, kidney and bone marrow.
Animal experiment started by establishing rats model of sports model based on long-term treadmill exercise of progressive loading and rats were divided randomly into exercise+nutrition group (Ex+Ad) and exercise group (Ex) after sports anemia, then continuing treadmill training was imposed. The results of the experiment indicated:
(1) The comparison made between groups reveals that in the Hb, RBC and Hct exercise group were significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). It confirms the success of establishing a rat model of sports anemia and contributes to the further research on the mechanism of sports anemia.
(2) The results of scanning electron microscope of erythrocyte shape indicated that the abnormality rate was low in control group, while that in Ex+Ad group was no difference with that in control group (P>0.05) and a higher abnormality rate in Ex group (PO.01).
(3) There were significant changes in serum G-CSF of rats between normal and sports anemia conditions, the index in the Ex group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). And there was no significant difference between Ex+Ad group and control group (P>0.05). However, no significant differences were found in GM-CSF, IL-3 and EPO. In addition, gene expression of EPOR in bone marrow was
significantly lower in Ex group than that in control group (P<0.01), while no significant difference existed between Ex+Ad group and control group (P>0.05).
(4) There were no significant changes in heme anabolism and gene expression of globin in bone marrow between normal and sports anemia conditions. However, the treadmill exercise increased the heme catabolism and caused morphological changes in liver, such as abnormity of hepatic lobes, opacity and swelling of hepatocyte or hydropic degeneration with severe vacuoles. It was demonstrated that long-term treadmill exercise of progressive loading could influence Hb, RBC, Hct by heme catabolism in liver. In addition, these differences were not found between Ex+Ad group and control group, and nutrition administration could significantly weaken the effect of exercise on liver.
The subjects for human experiment were members of the Chinese youth team of kickboxing and middle-distance race team of a sport school. According to sex and results of Hb, the subjects were divided into female sports anemia group, female control group, male sports anemia and male control group. And a scheme of nutrition administration was implemented on the sports anemia groups. The results of the experiment demonstrated:
(1) Experimental results of 2,3-DPG in whole blood and erythrocyte showed that the 2,3-DPG in sports anemia group was not significantly higher than control group. Therefore it is not possible to study the mechanism of sports anemia based only on the right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin.
(2) Haemolysis was observed after the exercise in both sports anemia group and control group, and no significant difference was found between the two groups (P>0.05). Therefore, exercise haemolysis is not the unique contributor to sports anemia.
(3) Serum EPO and T levels did not change significantly in sports anemia subjects after compound dosages of anti-sports anemia administrated, which indicated that nutrition probably play the function prevention and treatment from other approaches.
引文
[1] Abraham NG, Drummond GS, Lutton JD, et al. (1996) . The biological significance and physiological role of heme oxygenase. Cell Physiol Biochem. 6:129-168．
[2] Abraham WM, Terjung RL. (1978) . Increased delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity in rat ventricle after acute exercise. J Appl Physiol. 44(4) :507-511．
[3] Ackers GK. (1979) . Linked function in allosteric proteins. An exact theory for the effect of organic phosphates on oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. Biochemitry. 18:3373．
[4] Adamopoulos S, Parissis J, Kroupis C, et al. (2001) . Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 22(9) :791-797．
[5] Andrews NC. (1994) . Erythroid transcription factor NF-E2 coordinates hemoglobin synthesis. Pediatr Res. 36:419-423．
[6] Applegate LA, Luscher P, Tyrrell RM. (1991) . Induction of heme oxygenase:a general response to oxidant stress in cultured mammalian cells. Cancer Res. 51:974-978．
[7] Arai K, Lee F, Miyajima A, et al. (1990) . Cytokines:Coordinators of immune and inflammatory responses. Annu Rev Biochem. 59:783．
[8] Audran M, Gareau R, Matecki S, et al. (1999) . Effects of erythropoietin administration in training athletes and possible in direct detection in doping control. Medi Sci Sports Exercise. 5:639-645．
[9] Avellini L, Silvestrelli M, Gaiti A. (1995) . Training-induced modifications in some biochemical defences against free radicals in equine erythrocytes. Vet Res Commun. 19:179-184．
[10] Bailey DM, Davies B, Romer L, et al. (1998) . Implications of moderated altitude training for sea-level endurance in elite distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol. 78:360-368．
[11] Balaban E, Snell P, Vaughan R, et al. (1990) . Sequential fall in the red cell (tissue) ferritin during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 22(suppl):S135．
[12] Balaban EP, Cox JV, Snell P, et al. (1989) . The frequency of anemia and iron deficiency in the runner. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 21:643-648．
[13] Balaban EP, Snell P, Stray-Gundersen J, et al. (1995) . The effect of running on serum and red cell ferritin:a longitudinal comparison. Int J Sports Med. 16(5) :278-282．
[14] Balaban EP. (1992) . Sports anemia. Clin Sport Med. 11(2) :313-323．
[15] Balmes JR, Chen LL, Scannell C, et al. (1996) . Ozone-induced decrements in FEV1 and FVC do not correlate with measures of inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 153(3) :904-909．
[16] Battersby AR, Fookes CJR, Matcham GWJ, et al. (1979) . Biosynthesis of the natural
porphyrins:Experiments on the ring closure steps and with the hydroxyanalogue of porphobilinogen. J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 539．
[17] Baynes RD, Macfarlane BJ, Bothwell TH, et al. (1990) . The promotive effect of soy sauce on iron absorption in human subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 44:419-424．
[18] Beard JL, Borel MJ, Derr J. (1990) . Impaired thermoregulation and thyroid function in iron-deficiency anemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 52:813-819．
[19] Bedford TG, Tipton CM, Wilson NC. (1979) . Maximum oxygen consumption of rats and its changes with various experimental procedures. J Appl Physiol. 47(6) : 1278-1283．
[20] Benesch R, Bnesch RE, Yu CL. (1968) . Reciprocal binding of oxygen and diphosphoglycerate by human hemoglobin. PNAS. 59:52．
[21] Benesch R., Benesch R.E. (1969) . Intracellular organic phosphates as regulators of oxygen release by haemoglobin. Nature. 221:618-622．
[22] Benoit H, Germain M, Barthelemy JC, et al. (1992) . Pre-acclimatization to high altitude using exercise with normobaric hypoxic gas mixtures. Int J Sports Med. 13(Suppl.1) :213-216．
[23] Berglund B and Ekblom B. (1991) . Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment on blood pressure and some haematological parameters in healthy males. Int MediEdi. 229:125-130．
[24] Bernstein SE. (1987) . Hereditary hypotransferrinemia with hemosiderosis, a murine disorder resembling atransferrinemia. J Lab Clin Med. 110:690-705．
[25] Beru N, McDonald J, Lacombe C, et al. (1986) . Expression of the erythropoietin gene. Mol Cell Biol. 6:2571-2575．
[26] Bishop DF, Kitchen H, Wood WA. (1981) . Evidence for erythroid and nonerythroid forms of 6-aminolevulinate synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 206:380-391．
[27] Bodary PF, Pate RR, Wu QF, McMillan GS. (1999) . Effects of acute exercise on plasma erythropoietin levels in trained runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 31(4) :543-546
[28] Boise LH, Gonzalez-Garcia M, Postema CE, et al. (1993) . Bcl-X, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell. 74:597．
[29] Bondurant MC and Koury MJ. (1986) . Anemia induces accumulation of erythropoietin mRNA in the kidney and liver. Mol Cell Biol. 6:2731-2733．
[30] Booth FW, Holloszy JO. (1977) . Cytochrome c turnover in rat skeletal muscles. J Biol Chem. 252(2) :416-419．
[31] Bothwell TH, Charlton RW, Cook JD, et al. (1979) . Iron metabolism in man. Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1-576．
[32] Bothwell TH, Charlton RW, Motulsky AG. (1995) . The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D. McGraw-Hill, New
York. 2237-2269．
[33] Boyadjiev N, Taralov Z. (2000) . Red blood cell variables in highly trained pubescent athletesra comparative analysis. Br J Sports Med. 34:200-204．
[34] Brodthagen U, Hansen KU, Knudsen JB, et al. (1985) . Red cell 2,3-DPG, ATP and mean cell volume in highly trained athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 53:334-338．
[35] Brotherhood J, Brozovic B, Pugh LG. (1975) . Haematogical status of middle-and long-distance runners. Clin Sci Mol Med. 48(2) : 139-145．
[36] Brown SP, Keith WB. (1993) . The effects of acute exercise on levels of erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate:A brief review. J Sport Sci. 11:479-484．
[37] Brune M, Magnusson B, Persson H, et al. (1986) . Iron losses in sweat. Am J Clin Nutr. 43:438．
[38] Bussutil RW, Roh BL, Fisher JW. (1971) . The cytological localization of erythropoietin in the human kidney using the fluorescent antibody technique. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 137:327-330．
[39] Cammack R, Wriggleworth JM, Baum H. (1990) . Iron-dependent enzymes in mammalian systerms.In,Ponka P,ed.Iron transport and storage. Boca Raton,FL,CPC Press. 17-39
[40] Canavese C, Stratta P, Vercellone A. (1988) . The case for oxygen free radicals in the pathogenesis of ischemic acute failure. Nephron. 49:9-15．
[41] Caralis DG, Edwards L, Davis PJ. (1977) . Serum total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine during dynamic muscular exercise in man. Am J Physiol. 233(2) :E115-118．
[42] Caro J, Ersilev AJ. (1984) . Biologic and immunologic erythropoietin in extracts from hypoxic whole rat kidneys and in their glomerular and tubular fractions. J Lab Clin Med. 103:922-931．
[43] Chan L-NL, Gerhardt EM. (1992) . Transferrin receptor is hyperexpressed and transcriptionally regulated in differentiating erythroid cells. J Biol Chem. 267:8254-8259．
[44] Chan RYY, Schulman HM, Ponka P. (1993) . Expression of ferrochelatase mRNA in erythroid and nonerythroid cells. Biochem J. 292:343-349．
[45] Chan RYY, Seiser C, Schulman HM, et al. (1994) . Regulation of transferring receptor mRNA expression:distinct regulatory features in erythroid cells. Eur J Biochem. 220:683-692．
[46] Chappell MA, Snyder LR. (1984) . Biochemical and physiological correlates of deer mouse alpha-chain hemoglobin polymorphisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 81(17) :5484-5488．
[47] Chatard JC, Mujika I, Guy C, Lacour JR. (1999) . Anaemia and iron deficiency in
athletes. Sports Med. 27(4) :229-240．
[48] Clarkson PM, Haymes EM. (1995) . Exercise and mineral status of athletes:calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 27:831-843．
[49] Clement DB, Asmundson RC, Medhurst CW. (1977) . Haemoglobin values:comparative survey of the 1976 Canadian Olympic team. Can Med Assoc J. 117:614-616．
[50] Clement DB, Asmundson RC. (1982) . Nutritional intake and hematological parameters in endurance runners. Physician Sports Med. 10(3) :37-43．
[51] demons GK, Fitzsimmons SL, Demanincor D. (1986) . Immunoreactive eythropoietin concentrations in fetal and neonatal rats and the effects of hypoxia. Blood. 68:892-899．
[52] Clinton K S. (1998) . Lycopenexhemistry, biology, and implication for human health and disease. Nutrition Reviews. 56(2) :35-51．
[53] Collins MKL, Marvel J, Malde P, et al. (1992) . Interleukin 3 protects murine bone marrow cells from apoptosis induced by DNA damaging agent. J Exp Med. 176:1043．
[54] Constantini NW, Eliakim A, Zigel L, et al. (2000) . Iron status of highly active adolescents:evidence of depleted iron stores in gymnasts. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 10(1) :62-70．
[55] Costill DL, Fink WJ. (1974) . Plasma volume changes following exercise and thermal dehydration. J Appl Physiol. 37:521-525．
[56] Cotes PM. (1982) . Immunoreactive erythropoietin in serum. I. Evidence for the validity of the assay method and the physiological relevance of estimates. Br J Haematol. 50:427-438．
[57] Cox TM, O'Donnell MW, Aisen P, et al. ( 1985) . Hemin inhibits internalization of transferring by reticulocytes and promotes phosphorylation of the membrane transferring receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 82:5170-5174．
[58] Cox TM, Ponka P, Schulman HM. (1990) . Erythroid cell iron metabolism and heme synthesis, in Ponka P, Schulman HM, Woodworm RD (eds):Iron Transport and Storage. Boca Raton, FL, CRC, 1990．
[59] Crosby WH, Conrad ME, Wheby MS. (1963) . The rate of iron accumulation in iron storage disease. Blood. 22:429．
[60] Dailey HA Jr, Lascelles J. (1974) . Ferrochelatease activity in wild-type and mutant strains of Spirillum intersonii. Solubilization with chaotropic reagents. Arch Biochem Biophys. 160:523-529．
[61] Dailey HA, Fleming JE:(1983) . Bovine ferrochelatase. Kinetic analysis of inhibition by N-methylprotoporphyrin, manganese and heme. J Biol Chem. 258:11453-11459．
[62] David RB, Sjaastad ΦV, Blom AK. (2002) . Ontogency of erythropoietin mRNA expression in liver, kidneys and festes of the foetal and the neonatal pig. Comparativ Biochemistry and Physiology Part B. 131:527-533．
[63] Davidson RJL, Robertson JD, Galea G, et al. (1987) . Hematological changes associated with marathon running. Int J Sports Med. 8:19-25．
[64] Davidson RJL. (1964) . Exertional haemoglobinuria:a report on three cases with studies on the haemolytic mechanism. J Clin Pathol. 17:536-540．
[65] De Wijn JF, Jongste JL, Monsterd WDW. (1971) . Haemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum iron and iron binding capacity of selected athletes during training. J Sports Med. 11:42-51．
[66] Deakin V. (1991) . Sports anaemia and iron deficiency in athletes. National sports research center in Australian.
[67] Dierks P. (1990) . Molecular biology of eukaryotic δ-aminolevulinate synthase. Dailey HA (ed). Biosynthesis of Heme and Chlorophylls. New York, McGraw-Hill. 201．
[68] Dill DB, Braithwaite K, Adams WC, et al. (1974) . Blood volume of middle-distance runners:Effect of 2,300-m altitude and comparison with non-athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 6:1．
[69] King DW, Gollnick PD. (1970) . Ultrastruc ture of rat heart and liver after exhanstiue exercise. An J Physiol. 218(4) : 1150．
[70] Dufaux B, Hoederath A, Streitberger I, et al. (1981) . Serum ferritin, transferring, haptoglobin, and iron in middle-and long-distance runners, elite rowers, and professional racing cyclists. Int J Sports Med. 2:43-46．
[71] Dumont ME, Cardillo TS, Hayes MK, et al. (1991) . Role of cytochrome c heme lyase in mitochondrial import and accumulation of cytochrome c in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 11-.5487-5496．
[72] Edward P, Balaban DO. (1992) . Sports anemia. Clin Sports Med. 11(2) :313-325．
[73] Erin L, Carlmark B, Hoglund S. (1980) . Iron status in athletes involved in intense physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 12:61-64．
[74] Eichner ER, Strauss RH, Sherman WM, et al. (1989) . Intravascular hemolysis in elite college rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 21(suppl):s78．
[75] Eichner ER. (1985) . Runner's macrocytosis:A clue to footstrike hemolysis. Am J Med. 78:321-325．
[76] Eichner ER. (1986) . The anemias of athletes. Phys Sports Med. 14:122-130．
[77] Ekblom B and Berglund B. (1991) . Effect of erythropoietin administration on maximum aerobic power in man. Scand Medi Sci Sports. 1:88-93．
[78] Essig DA, Borger DR, Jackson DA. (1997) . Induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HSP32) mRNA in skeletal muscle following contractions. Am J Physiol. 272:C59-67．
[79] Fadigan A, Dailey HA. (1987) . Inhibition of ferrochelatase during differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. Biochem J. 243:419-424．
[80] Finch CA, Miller LR, Inamdar AR, et al. (1976) . Iron deficiency in the rat. J Clin Invest. 58:447-453．
[81] Fitts RH. (1994) . Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev. 74:72-78．
[82] Fleischer R. (1881) . Uber eine neue form von hamoglobinurie beim menschen. Berlin Klin Wochenschr 18:691．
[83] Fogoros RN. (1980) . 'Runner's trots'. Gastrointestinal bleeding in marathon runners. JAMA. 243:1743-1744．
[84] Frenkel EP, Suki PW, Baum J. (1968) . Some observations on the localization of erythropoietin. Ann NY Acad Sci. 149:292-293．
[85] Fried W, Barone-varelas J, Barone T. (1982) . The influence of age and sex onerythropoietin tillers in the plasma and tissue homogenates of hypoxic rats. Exp Hematol. 10:472-477．
[86] Furie B, Penn AS. (1974) . Pigmenturia from conga drumming:Hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria. Ann Intern Med. 80:727-729．
[87] Galbraith R. (1999) . Heme oxygenase:who needs it? Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 222(3) :299-305．
[88] Gaudin C, Zerath E, Guezennec CY. (1990) . Gastric lesions secondary to long-distance running. Dig Dis Sci. 35:1239-1243．
[89] George BS, Edward RE. (1986) . Endurance swimming, Intravascular hemolysis. Anemia, and iron depletion. New perspective on athlete's anemia. The American Journal of Medicine. 81:791．
[90] Gilligan DR, Altschule MD, Katersky EM. (1943) . Physiological intravascular hemolysis of exercise. Hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria following cross-country runs. J Clin Invest. 22:859．
[91] Gledhill N, Warburton D, Jamnik V. (1999) . Haemoglobin, blood volume, cardiac function, and aerobic power. Can J Appl Physiol. 24(l):54-65．
[92] Gleeson TT, Baldwin KM. (1981) . Cardiovascular responses to treadmill exercise in untrained rats. J Appl Physio. 50(6) : 1206-1211．
[93] Goldberg A, Ashenbrucker M, Cartwright GE, Wintrobe MM. (1956) . Studies on the biosynthesis of haem in vitro by avian erythrocytes. Blood. 11:821．
[94] Goya N, Miyazalo S, Kodate S, et al. (1972) . A family of congenital atransferrinemia. Blood. 40:239-245．
[95] Gruber DF, Zucali JR, Wleklinski J, et al. (1977) . Temporal transition in the site of rat erythropoetin production. Exp Hematol. 5:399-407．
[96] Hallberg L, Hogdahl AM, Nilsson L, et al. (1966) . Menstrual blood loss and iron deficiency. Acta Med Scand. 180:639-650．
[97] Hallberg L, Mangnusson B. (1984) . The etiology of "sports anemia". Acta Med Scand. 216(2) :147-148．
[98] Hallberg L, Rossander L. (1982) . Absorption of iron from western-type lunch and dinner meal. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 36:514-520．
[99] Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. (1986) . Oxygen free radical and iron in relation to biology and medicine:some problems and concepts. Arch Biochem Biophys. 246:501-514．
[100] Halliwell B, Gutterridge JMC. (1992) . Biologically relevant metal ion-dependent hydroxyl radical generation. An update. FEBS Lett. 307:108-112．
[101] Halvorsen FA, Lyng J, Ritland S. (1986) . Gastrointestinal bleeding in marathon runners. Scand J Gastroenterol. 21:493-497．
[102] Han JW, Thieleczek R, Varsanyi M. (1992) . Compartmentalized ATP synthesis in skeletal muscle triads. Biochem J. 31:377-384．
[103] Hara T, Ichihara M, Takagi M, et al. (1995) . Interleukin-3 (IL-3) poor-reponsive inbred mouse strains carry the identical deletion of a branch point in the IL-3 receptor a subunit gene. Blood. 85(9) :2331．
[104] Hasibeder W, Schobersberger W, Mairbaurl H. (1987) . Red cell oxygen transport before and after short-term maximal swimming in dependence on training status. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 8:105-108．
[105] Haurani FI, Burke W, Martinez EJ. (1965) . Defective reutilization of iron in the anemia of inflammation. J Lab Clin Med. 65:560．
[106] Haurani FI, Young K, Tocantins LM. (1963) . Reutilization of iron in anemia complicating malignant neoplasms. Blood. 22:73．
[107] Haymes EM, Lamanca JJ. (1989) . Iron loss in runner during exercise. Implications and recommendations. Sports Med. 7:277-285．
[108] Hegenauer J, Strause L, Saltman P, et al. (1983) . Transitory hematologic effects of moderate exercise are not influenced by iron supplementation. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 52(1) :57-61．
[109] Heile DJ. (1999) . Regulation of genes of iron metabolism by the iron-response proteins. Am J Med Sci. 318:230-240．
[110] Hentze MW, Kuhn LC. (1996) . Molecular control of vertebrate iron metabolism:mRNA-based regulatory circuits operated by iron, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:8175-8182．
[111] Ho KP, Xiao DS, Ke Y, Qian ZM. (2001) . Exercise decreases cytosolic aconitase activity in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 282(l):264-267．
[112] Holloszy JO, Winder WW. (1979) . Induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in muscle by exercise or thyroxine. Am J Physiol. 236(3) :R180-183．
[113] Hradilek A, Neuwirt J. (1989) . Inhibition of cellular iron uptake by haem in mouse erythroleukaemia cells. Br J Haematol. 73:410-415．
[114] Hsieh SS, Freedson PS, Mroz MC, Stewart PM. (1986) . Exercise intensity and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 18:82-86．
[115] Iacopetta B, Morgan EH. (1984) . Hemin inhibits transferring endocytosis in immature erythroid cells. Biochem Biophys Acta. 805:211-216．
[116] Ihel JN, Keller J, Henderson L, et al. (1982) . Procedures for the purification of interleukin-3 to homogeneity. J Immunol. 129:2431．
[117] Imagawa S, Goldberg MA, Doweiko J, et al. (1991) . Regulatoryelements of the erythropoietin genen. Blood. 77:278-284．
[118] Jacobs A, Miller E, Worwood M, et al. (1972) . Ferritin in the serum of normal subjects and patients with iron deficiency and iron overload. Br. Med. J. 4:206-208．
[119] Jelkmann W, Bauer C. (1981) . Demonstration of high levels of erythropoietin in rat kidneys following hypoxic hypoxia. Pfluegers Arch. 392:34-39．
[120] Jelkmann W, Marienhoff N, Giesselmann S, Busch L. (1988) . Lowered plasma erythropoietin in hypoxic rats with kidney tubule lesions. Blut. 57:317-321．
[121] Ji LL. (1996) . Exercise, oxidative stress, and antioxidants. Am J Sports Med. 24:S20-S24．
[122] Kalausner RD, Rouault TA, Harford JB. (1993) . Regulation the fate of mRNA:the control of cellular iron metabolism. Cell. 72:19-28．
[123] Kanter MM, Hamlin RL, Unverferth D, et al. (1985) . Effect of exercise training on antioxidant enzymes and cardiotoxicity of doxyubicin. J Appl Physiol. 59(4) :1298-1301．
[124] Kanz L, Brugger W, Mertelsmann R. (1993) . Haematopoietic growth factors and peripheral blood stem cells as supportive agents in dose intensification. Eur J Cancer. 29A Suppl 5:S23-26．
[125] Birkeland KI, Stray-Gundersen J, Hemmersbach P. (2000) . Effect of rhEPO administration on serum levels of sTFR and cycling performance. Medi Sci Sports Exercise. 7:1238-1243．
[126] Kaushansky K, Broudy VC, Sitnicka E, et al. (1996) . Do the preclinical effects of thrombopoietin correlate with its in vitro properties? Stem Cells. 1:108-111．
[127] Kay FR. (1977) . 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, blood oxygen dissociation and the biology of mammals. Comp Bioche Physiol. 57:309．
[128] Kayatekin BM, Gonenc S, Acikgoz O, et al. (2002) . Effects of sprint exercise on oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and live. Eur J Appl Physiol. 87(2) : 141-144．
[129] Klausen T, Breum L, Fogh-Andersen N, et al. (1993) . The effect of short and long duration exercise on serum erythropoietin concentrations.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 67(3) :213-217．
[130] Klein JP, Forster HV, Stewart RD, Wu A. (1980) . Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen during short-term exhaustive exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 48:236-242．
[131] Koistinen PO, Rusko H, Irjala K. (2000) . EPO, red cells, and serum transferrin receptor in continuous and intermittent hypoxia. 32(4) :800-804．
[132] Koller ME, Romslo I. (1977) . Studies on the ferrochelatase activity of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles with special reference to the regulatory function of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta. 461:283-296．
[133] Koury ST, Bondurant MC, Koury MJ, et al. (1991) . Localization of cells producing erythropoietin in murine liver by in itu hypbridization. Blood. 77:2497-2503．
[134] Lacmbe C, Mayeux P. (1998) . Biology of erythropoietin. Haem-atologica. 83(8) :724-732．
[135] Lampe JW, Slavin IL, Apple FS. (1991) . Iron status of active women and the effects of running a marathon on bowel function and gastrointestinal blood loss. Int J Sports Med. 12:173-179．
[136] Laskey JD, Ponka P, Schulman HM. (1986) . Control of heme synthesis during Friend cell differentiation:role of iron and transferring. J Cell Physiol. 129:185-192．
[137] Lavoie JM. (2002) . The contribution of afferent signals from the liver to metabolic regulation during exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 80(11) :1035-1044．
[138] Lawler JM and Powers SK. (1998) . Oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and the contracting diaphragm. Can J Appl Physiol. 23:23-55．
[139] Letsky EA, Miller F, Worwood M, et al. (1974) . Serum ferritin in children with thalassaemia regularly transfused. J Clin Pathol. 27:652-655．
[140] Liewendahl K, Helenius T, Naveri H, Tikkanen H. (1992) . Fatty acid-induced increase in serum dialyzable free thyroxine after physical exercise:implication for nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 74(6) :1361-1365．
[141] Londemann R. (1978) . Low hematocrits during basic training:Athlete's anemia. N Engl J Med. 299:1191-1192．
[142] Lukaski HC, Siders WA, Hoverson BS, et al. (1991) . Altered metabolic response of iron-deficient women during graded, maximal exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 63:140-145．
[143] Magazanik A, Weinstein Y, Abarbanel J, et al. (1991) . Effect of an iron supplement on body iron status and aerobic capacity of young training women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 62:3017-3023．
[144] Magerlein HU, Heffher SA, Fedde MR. (1990) . Effect of exercise conditioning on red
blood cell volume and erythropoietin concentration in the beagle dog. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 30(3) :231-234．
[145] Magnusson B, Hallberg L, Rossander L, et al. Iron metabolism and "sports anemia". II. A hematological comparison of elite runners and control subjects. Acta Med Scand. 216(2) :157-164．
[146] Maines MD, Mayer RD, Ewing JF, et al. (1993) . Induction of kidney heme oxygenase-1 (HSP32) mRNA and protein by ischemia/reperfusion:possible role of heme as both promotor of tissue damage and regulator of HSP32． J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 264:457-462．
[147] Maines MD. (1992) . Heme oxygenase. Clinical applications and functions. Boca Raton(FL). CRC Press. 1992．
[148] Mairbaurl H, Schobersberger W, Hasiberder W, et al. (1986) . Regulation of red cell 2,3-DPG and Hb-O2 affinity during acute exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 55:174-180．
[149] Matsuo T, Kang HS, Suzuki H, et al. (2002) . Voluntary resistance exercise improves blood hemoglobin concentration in severely iron-deficient rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 48(2) :161-164．
[150] May A, Fitzsimons E. (1994) . Sideroblastic anaemia. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 7:851-879．
[151] McArdle WD. (1967) . Metabolic stess of endurance swimming in the laboratory rat. J Appl Physiol. 22(1) :50-54．
[152] McCabe Med, Peura DA, Kadakia SC, et al. (1986) . Gastrointestinal blood loss associated with running a marathon. Dig Dis Sci. 31:1229-1232．
[153] McCord JM, Day ED. (1978) . Superoxide-dependent production of hydroxyl radical catalyzed by iron-EDTA complex. FEBS Lett. 86:139-142．
[154] McDonald R, Hegenauer J, Sucec A, et al. (1984) . Effects of iron deficiency and exercise on myoglobin in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol. 52:414-419．
[155] McDonald R, Keen CL. (1988) . Iron, zinc and magnesium nutrition and athletic performance. Sports Med. 5:171-184．
[156] McDougal WS. (1988) . Renal perfusion/reperfusion injuries. J Urology. 104(12) :1325．
[157] Meen HD, Holter PH, Refsum HE. (1981) . Changes in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) after exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 46:177-184．
[158] Mucci P, Durand F, Lebel B, et al. (2000) . Interleukins 1-beta,-8 and histamine increases in highly trained, exercising athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 32(6) : 1094-1100．
[159] Mujais SK, Beru N, Pullman TN, et al. (1999) . Erythreopoietin is produced by tubular cells of the rat kidney. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 30:153-166．
[160] Mujika I, Padilla S, Geyssant A, et al. (1998) . Hematological responses to training and taper in competitive swimmers:relationship with performance. Arch Int Physio Bio. 105(4) :379-385．
[161] Nachtigall D, Nielsen P, Fischer R, et al. (1996) . Iron deficiency in distance runners a reinvestigation using 59Fe-labelling and non-invasive liver iron quantification. 17:473-479．
[162] Naets JP, Garcia JF, Tousaaint C, et al. (1986) . Radioimmunoassay of erythropoietin in chronic uraemia or anephric patients. Scand J Haematol. 37:390-394．
[163] Nagai T, Igarashi K, Furuyama K, et al. (1995) . Upregulation of the erythroid transcription factor, NF-E2, by DMSO and hemindistinctive mechanisms. Blood. 86:676a.
[164] Nakahashi Y, Taketani S, Okuda M, et al. (1990) . Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding human ferrochelatase. Biochim Biophys Res Commun. 173:748-755．
[165] Nathanson JA, Scavone C, Scanlon C, et al. (1995) . The cellular Na+ pump as a site of action for carbon monoxide and glutamate:a mechanism for long-term modulation of cellular activity. Neuron. 14:781-794．
[166] Newhouse IJ, Clement DB. (1988) . Iron status in athletes. An update. Sports Med.. 5:337-352．
[167] Nickerson HJ, Holubets M, Tripp AD, et al. (1985) . Decreased iron stores in high school female runners. Am J Dis Child. 139:1115-1119．
[168] Nickerson HJ, Holubets MC, Weiler BR, et al. (1989) . Cause of iron deficiency in adolescent athletes. J Pdiatr. 114:657-663．
[169] Niles NR. (1964) . The value of histochemistry in the analysis of myocardial dysfunction. Lancet. 1:963．
[170] Noyes WD, Bothwell TH, Finch CA. (1960) . The role of the reticulo-endothelial cell in iron metabolism. Br J Haematol. 6:43．
[171] O'Toole ML, Hiller WDS, Roalstad MS, et al. (1988) . Hemolysis during trianthlon races:its relation to race distance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 20:272-275．
[172] O'Byrne PM. (1996) . Airway inflammation and asthma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 10 Suppl 2:18-24．
[173] Osamu M, Norihiko N, James NI, et al. (1994) . Erythropoietin-dependent association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with tyrosine-phosphorylated erythropoietin receptor. J Biol Chem. 269:614-620．
[174] Otterbein L, Sylvester SL, and Choi AM. (1995) . Hemoglobin provides protection against lethal endotoxemia in rats:the role of heme oxygenase-1． Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 13:595-601．
[175] Painter P, Moore GE.(1994) . The impact of recombinant human erythropoietin on exercise capacity in hemodialysis patients. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 1(1) :55-65．
[176] Pate R. (1983) . Sports anemiara review of the current research literature. Physician Sports Med. 11:115．
[177] Pate RR, Miller BJ, Davis M, et al. (1993) . Iron status of female runners. Int J Spprt Nutr. 3(2) 222-231．
[178] Pereira B, Curi R, Kokubun E, Bechara EJ. (1992) . 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced alterations of oxidative metabolism in sedentary and exercise-trained rats. J Appl Physiol. 72(1) :226-230．
[179] Peters SO, Kittler ELW, Ramshaw HS, et al. (1995) . Ex vivo expansion of murine marrow cells with interleukin-3 (IL-3) , IL-6, IL-11, and stem cell factor leads to impaired engraftment in irradiated hosts. Blood. 87(1 ):30．
[180] Pilegaard H, Ordway GA, Saltin B, et al. (2000) . Transcriptional regulation of gene expression in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 279(4) :E806-814．
[181] Ponka P, Borova J, Neuwirt J. (1973) . Accumulation of heme in mitochondria from rabbit reticulocytes with inhibited globin synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 304:715-718．
[182] Ponka P, Neuwirt J, Borova J. (1974) . The role of heme in the release of iron from transferring in reticulocytes. Enzyme. 17:91-99．
[183] Ponka P, Neuwirt J. (1969) . Regulation of iron entry into reticulocytes. I. Feedback inhibitory effect of heme on iron entry into reticulocytes and on heme synthesis. Blood. 33:690-707．
[184] Ponka P, Schulman HM, Martinez-Medellin J. (1988) . Haem inhibits iron uptake subsequent to endocytosis of transferring in reticulocytes. Biochem J. 251:105-109．
[185] Ponka P, Schulman HM. (1985) . Acquisition of iron from transferring regulates reticulocyte heme synthesis. J Biol Chem. 260:14717-14721．
[186] Ponka P, Schulman HM. (1985) . Regulation of heme synthesis in erythroid cells:hemin inhibits tranferrin iron. Blood. 65:850-857．
[187] Ponka P. (1997) . Tissue-specific regulation of heme synthesis:distinct control mechanisms in erythroid cell. Blood. 89:1-25．
[188] Ponka P. (1999) . Cell biology of heme. Am J Med Sci. 318(4) :241-256．
[189] Poss KD, Thomas MJ, Ebralidze AK, et al. (1995) . Hippocampal long-term potentiation is normal in heme oxygenase-2 mutant mice. Neuron. 15:867-873．
[190] Poss KD, Tonegawa S. (1997) . Heme oxygenase 1 is required for mammalian iron reutilization. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:10919-10924．
[191] Poss KD, Tonegawa S. (1997) . Reduced stress defense in heme oxygenase 1-deficient cells. Pro Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94:10925-12930．
[192] Priyadarhsi A, Periyasamy S, Burke TJ, et al. (2002) . Effects of reduction of renal mass on renal oxygen tension and erythropoitin production in the rat. Kidney Int. 61:542-546．
[193] Qian ZHM, Xiao DS, Tang PL. (1999) . Increased expression of transferring receptor on membrane of erythroblasts in strenuously exercised rats. J Appl Physiol. 87(2) :523-529．
[194] Refsum HE, Stromme SB. (1979) . Serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone after prolonged heavy exercise. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 39(5) :455-459．
[195] Rehrer NJ, Janssen GM, Brouns F, et al. (1989) . Fluid intake and gastrointestinal problems in runners competing in a 25-km race and a marathon. Int J Sports Med. 10(Suppl):s22-25．
[196] Ricci G, Masotti M, De Paoli Vitali E, et al. (1988) . Effects of exercise on haematologic parameters, serum iron, serum ferritin, red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and creatine contents, and serum erythropoietin in long-distance runners during basal training. Acta Haematol. 80(2) :95-98．
[197] Richardson DR, Ponka P. (1997) . The molecular mechanisms of the metabolism and transport of iron in normal and neoplastic cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1331:1-40．
[198] Risser WL, Lee EJ, Poindexter HbW, et al. (1988) . Iron deficiency in female athletes:its prevalence and impact on performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 20:116-121．
[199] Roberts D, Smith DJ, Donnelly S, Simard S. (2000) . Plasma-volume contraction and exercise-induced hypoxaemia modulate erythropoietin production in healthy humans.Clin Sci. 98(1) :39-45．
[200] Roberts D, Smith DJ.(1999) . Erythropoietin concentration and arterial haemoglobin saturation with supramaximal exercise. J Sports Sci. 17(6) :485-493 .
[201] Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Davidson RJL. (1988) . Changes in red cell density and related indices in response to distance running. Eur J Appl Physiol. 57:264-269．
[202] Rosenzweig PH, Volpe SL. (2000) . Effect of iron supplementation on thyroid hormone levels and resting metabolic rate in two college female athletes:a case study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 10:434-443．
[203] Rossander L, Hallberg L, Bjom-Rasmussen E. (1979) . Absorption of iron from breakfast meals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 31:106-111．
[204] Rossi E, Attwood PV, Garcia-Webb P, Costin KA. (1990) . Inhibition of human lymphocyte ferrochelatase activity by hemin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1038:375-381．
[205] Rowland TW, Black SA, Kelleher JF. (1987) . Iron deficiency in adolescent endurance athletes. J Adolesc Health Care. 8:322-326．
[206] Rowland TW, Deisroth MB, Green GM, et al. (1988) . The effect of iron therapy on the exercise capacity of nonanemic iron-deficient adolescent runners. Am J Dis Child. 142:165-169．
[207] Rowland TW, Stagg L, Kelleher JF. (1991) . Iron deficiency in athletes:insights from high school swimmers. Am J Dis Child. 143:197-200．
[208] Sassa S, Nagai T. (1996) . The role of heme in gene expression. Int J Hematol. 63:167-178．
[209] Schmidt W, Eckardt KU, Hilgendorf A, et al. (1991) . Effects of maximal and submaximal exercise under normoxic and hypoxic conditions on serum erythropoietin level. Int J Sports Med. 12(5) :457-461．
[210] Schmidt W, Maassen N, Tegtbur U, et al. (1989) . Change in plasma volume and red cell formation after a marathon competition. Eur J Appl Physiol. 58:453．
[211] Schmidt W, Spielvogel H, Eckardt KU, et al. (1993) . Effects of chronic hypoxia and exercise on plasma erythropoietin in high-altitude residents. J Appl Physiol. 74(4) : 1874-1878．
[212] Schuh JC and Morrissey PJ. (1999) . Development of a recombinant growth factor and fusion protein:lessons from GM-CSF. Toxicol Pathol. 27(1) :72-77．
[213] Schulman HM, Martinez-Medellin J, Sidloi R. (1974) . The reticulocyte-mediated release of iron and bicarbonate from transferring:effect of metabolic inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Acta. 343:529-534．
[214] Schwandt HJ, Heyduck B, Gunga HC, et al. (1991) . Influence of prolonged physical exercise on the erythropoietin concentration in blood. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 63(6) :463-466．
[215] Schwellnus MP, Penfold GK, Cliler FJ, et al. (1989) . Intravascular hemolysis in aerobic dancing:The role of floor surface and type of routine. The Physician and Sports Medicine. 17(8) :55．
[216] Selby GB, Frame DC, Eichner LK, et al. (1987) . Athlete's echinocytes:new cause of exertional hemolysis. Blood. 75:56．
[217] Semenza GL, Dureza RC, Traystman MD, et al. (1990) . Human erythropoietin gene expression in transgenic mice:Multiple transcription initiation sites and cis-acting regulatory elements. Mol Cell Biol. 10:930-937．
[218] Shaskey DJ, Green GA. (2000) . Sports haematology. Sports Med. 29(l):27-38．
[219] Shou GC, Ishiko T. (1995) . Effect of the mal dehydreation on blood lactate accumulation during incremental exercise under different environmental conditions. Adv Exerc Sports Physiol. 1(2) :1．
[220] Siocker R, Yamamoto Y, Mcdonagh AF, et al. (1987) . Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science. 235(4792) :1043-1045．
[221] Smith LL, Anwar A, Fragen M, et al. (2000) . Cytokines and cell adhesion molecules associated with high-intensity eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 82(1-2) :61-67．
[222] Solomon WB, Lin C-H, Palma J, et al. (1993) . Suppression of a cellular differentiation program by phorbol esters coincides with inhibition of binding a cell-specific transcription factor with inhibition of binding a cell-specific transcription factor (NF-E2) loan enhancer element required for expression of an erythroid-specific gene. J Biol Chem. 268:5089-5096．
[223] Spodaryk K, Szygula Z, Dabrowski Z, Miszta H. (1985) . The activity of erythrocyte enzyme in rats subjected to running exercise. Eur J Appl Physio. 54:533-537．
[224] Statman ER. (1993) . Oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins by radiolysis and by metal-catalyzed reactions. Annu Rev Biochem. 62:797-821．
[225] Stewart GA, Steel JE, Toyne AH, et al. (1972) . Observations on the haematology and the iron and protein intake of the Australian Olympic Athletes. Med J Aust. 2:1339-1343．
[226] Streeton JA. (1967) . Traumatic hemoglobinuria caused by karate exercise. Lancet. 2:191．
[227] Sumikawa K, Mu Z, Inoue T, et al. (1993) . Changes in erythrocyte membrane phospholipid composition induced by physical training and physical exercise. Eur J App Physil. 67:132-137．
[228] Suzuki K, Yamada M, Kurakake S, et al. (2000) . Circulating cytokines and hormones with immunosuppressive but neutrophil-priming potentials rise after endurance exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 81(4) :281-287．
[229] Taketani S, Nakahashi Y, Osumi T, Tokunaga R. (1990) . Molecular cloning, sequencing, and expression of mouse ferrochelatase. J Biol Chem. 265:19377-19380．
[230] Tan CC, Eckardt KU, Ratcliffe PJ. (1991) . Organ distribution of erythropoietin messenger RNA in normal and uremic rats. Kidney Int. 40:69-76．
[231] Telford RD, Bunney CJ, Catchpole EA, et al. (1992) . Plasma ferritm concentration and physical work capacity in athletes. Int Sport Nutr. 2:335-342．
[232] Telford RD, Cunningham RB. (1991) . Sex, sport and body-size dependency of haematology in trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 23:788-794．
[233] Telford RD, Sly GJ, Hahn AG, et al. (2003) . Footstrike is the major cause of hemolysis during running. J Appl Physiol. 94(1) :38-42．
[234] Thompson PD, Funk EJ, Carleton RA, et al. (1982) . Incidence of death during jogging in Rhode Island from 1975 through 1980． JAMA. 247:2535-2538．
[235] Town GP, David E. (1993) . Cytochrome oxidase in muscle of endurance-trained rats:subunit mRNA contents and heme synthesis. J Appl. Physiol. 74(1) :192-196．
[236] Venditti P, Masullo P, Meo SD. (1999) . Effect of exercise duration on characteristics of
mitochondrial population from rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys. 368(1) :112-120．
[237] Verma A, Hirsh DJ, Glatt CE, et al. (1993) . Carbon monoxide:a putative neural messenger. Science. 259(5093) :381-384．
[238] Wang Hb, Zheng QY. (1997) . Effect of phytolacca acinose polysaccharides I with different schedules on its antitumor efficiency in tumor bearing mice and production of IL-1、 IL-2、 IL-6、 TNF、CSF activity in normal mice. Immunopharmacol-Immunotoxicol. 19(2) : 197-213．
[239] Weight LM, Alexander D, Ellitot T, et al. (1992) . Erythropoietic adaptations to endurance training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 64:444-448．
[240] Weight LM, Byrne MJ, Jacobs P. (1991) . Haemolytic effects of exercise. Clin Sci(Lond). 81(2) :147-152．
[241] Weight LM, Klein M, Noakes TD, Jacobs P. (1992) . "Sports anemia"-a real or apparent phenomenon in endurance-trained athletes? Int J Sports Med. 13:344-347．
[242] Well CL, Stern JR, Hecht LH. (1982) . Hematological changes following a marathon race in male and female runners. Eur J Appl Physiol. 48:41-49．
[243] Williams WJ, Beutler E, Erslev A, Lichtman MA. (1990) . Hematology(Fourth Edition). McGraw-Hill publishing company.
[244] Wishnitzer R, Vorst E, Berrebi A. (1983) . Bone marrow iron depression in competitive distance runners. Int J Sports Med. 4:27-30．
[245] Yamada M, Suzuki K, Kudo S, et al. (2002) . Raised plasma G-CSF and IL-6 after exercise may play a role in neutrophil mobilization into the circulation. J Appl Physiol. 92(5) :1789-1794．
[246] Yoshimura A and Lodish HF. (1992) . In vitro phosphorylation of the erythropoietin receptor and an associated protein, pp130． Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:706-715．
[247] Yoshimura H, Inoue T, Yamada T, et al. (1980) . Anemia during hard physical training (sports anemia) and its causal mechanism with special reference to protein nutrition. World Rev Nutr Diet. 35:1-86．
[248] Yoshimura H. (1970) . Anemia during physical training (sports anemia). Nutr Rev. 28:251-253．
[249] Zakhary R, Gaine SP, Dinerman JL, et al. (1996) . Heme oxygenase 2:endothelial and neuronal localization and role in endothelium-dependent relaxation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:795-798．
[250] Zufall F, Leinders-Zufall T. (1997) . Identification of a long-lasting form of odor adaptation that depends on the carbon Monoxide/cGMP second-messenger system. J Neurosci. 17:2703-2712．
[251] 常波，衣雪洁，张玉玲．(1997) .运动时肾脏自由基代谢与肾功能异常．四川体育科学.80:13-17．
[252] 陈文鹤，郭黎．(2001)．红细胞膜结构与红细胞变形能力．上海体育学院学报．25(4)：34-39．
[253] 陈筱春，文质君，屈菊兰，等．(2002)．大鼠跑台连续疲劳运动后网织红细胞计数、血浆游离血红蛋白测定和红细胞形态的扫描电镜观察．中国运动医学杂志．22(2)：108-111．
[254] 崔娴维，赵炜．(2001)．急诊检验与临床．北京：人民军医出版社．
[255] 邓家栋，杨崇礼，杨天楹，等．(2001)．临床血液学．上海：上海科学技术出版社．
[256] 丁树哲，许豪文．(1998)．运动与δ-氨基-γ酮戊酸合成酶的调节作用．中国运动医学杂志．(1)：66-67．
[257] 范立梅．(1999)．浅谈番茄红素的生理功能．生物学通报．34(9)：16-17．
[258] 费旁，威廉斯．(1984)．生物无机化学．复旦大学出版社．
[259] 冯连世，洪平，宗丕芳，等．(2000)．高原训练对男子中长跑运动员血清激素的影响．体育科学．20(4)：49-52．
[260] 冯连世，赵中应，洪平，等．(2001)．模拟高原训练对大鼠促红细胞生成素(EPO)表达的影响．中国运动医学杂志．20(4)：358-360．
[261] 郭世炳．(1990)．运动与氧自由基损伤．中国运动医学杂志．9(3)：161-166．
[262] 胡晓燕，胡一平，孔峰，等．(1999)．运动性贫血防治措施的研究．山东体育学院学报．15(41)：28-31．
[263] 黄光民，周长庚，庄爱梅，等．(1998)．“第2代天成金芝营养液”对运动员生理功能的影响．中国运动医学杂志．17(3)：270-275．
[264] 黄园．(2001)．运动性红细胞损伤机理的研究——氧化应激与红细胞老化．北京体育大学博士研究生学位(毕业)论文．
[265] 加比 L，梅尔登 J．(1987)．血液呼吸功能．北京：科学出版社．
[266] 晋晓春．(1995)．红细胞生成素．生理科学进展．26(1)：73-76．
[267] 卡尔森．(1989)．生物化学精华．张增明译．上海：上海科学普及出版社．88-242．
[268] 康纯洁，王天芳，刘晓兰，等．(1999)．消疲怡神口服液对慢性束缚致大鼠疲劳骨骼肌能量代谢的影响．北京中医药大学学报．22(4)：21-23．
[269] 李晖，辛东，李静先等．(1998)．ESR研究急性运动及恢复期大鼠RBC膜脂流动性的改变．中国应用生理学杂志．14(4)：351-354．
[270] 李可基，陈吉棣、陈志民，等．(1989)．运动负荷中红细胞流变特性的初步研究．中国运动医学杂志．8(1)：1-5．
[271] 李强，高伟，魏宏文．(2001)．间歇性低氧刺激对运动能力影响的实验研究．体育科学．21(3)：62-66．
[272] 李世成，张爱萍，傅建强．(1997)．参归补血精对少年游泳运动员运动能力影响的
初步研究．体育学刊，4：22-23．
[273] 廖清奎，罗春华，李强，等．(1990)．缺铁性贫血模型的建立．中华血液学杂志．11(3)：156-158．
[274] 林华，吕国枫，宫德正．(1994)．衰竭运动小鼠肝损伤的实验性研究．天津体育学院学报，9(4)：9-11．
[275] 吕秋军，叶棋浓，温利青，等．(1999)．慢性肾功能衰竭对大鼠红细胞受体基因表达的影响．中华肾脏病杂志．15(1)：21-23．
[276] 吕永达，李开兴，尹昭云．(1995)．高原医学与生理学．天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，1995：145-149．
[277] 孟宪法，于洪九，许存和，等．(1994)．慢性重复低氧小鼠的红细胞生成．高原医学杂志．4(4)：4-6．
[278] 潘珊珊，张炎，陆爱云．(1999)．上海体育学院学报．中医药抗运动性疲劳的研究综述．23(2)：52-56．
[279] 钱忠明(2000)．铁代谢—基础与临床．北京：科学出版社．
[280] 钱忠明，肖德生，王沁．(1998)．运动性铁缺乏研究进展．中国运动医学杂志．17(2)：151-154．
[281] 屈宁，温进坤．(1995)．补肾生血方药对慢性肾功能不全性贫血小鼠红细胞生成素基因表达的影响．中国中西医结合杂志．15(4)：224．
[282] 沈维贤．(1999)．朗文医学大辞典．香港：培生教育出版中国有限公司、人民卫生出版社联合出版．
[283] 史轶蘩．(1999)．协和内分泌和代谢学．北京：科学出版社．
[284] 唐佩弦．(1996)．有关造血干/祖细胞的若干新概念．实验血液杂志．4(3)：225．
[285] 体育学院通用教材《运动医学》编写组．(1984)．运动医学．北京：人民体育出版社．
[286] 田振军，石磊，刘小杰，等．(2000)．过度训练对大鼠血清CK、LDH、SOD、SDH活性及UMb含量影响的研究．中国运动医学杂志．19(1)：49—50
[287] 万劲，谢敏豪，邓静，等．(1994)．中医补肾药、补脾药对运动员机能状态及运动能力影响的综合观察．中国运动医学杂志．13(4)：202．
[288] 汪艳，刘春新，易有荣，等．(1997)．缺氧缺糖心肌细胞琥珀酸脱氢酶的定量分析．湖北医科大学学报．18(3)：223-224．
[289] 王更生，吴葆德，杨吉成，等．(1997)．固本生血丸对人骨髓造血祖细胞体外增殖的影响．中国免疫学杂志．13(6)：361-363．
[290] 王和平，丰丙芝．(2001)．急性游泳运动对大鼠肾功能的损伤与运动性疲劳产生的相关性．现代康复．5(5)：116．
[291] 王伟良，李蓉生，陈嘉林，李琦．(1999)．MEL细胞系中铁对转铁蛋白受体mRNA和铁螯合酶mRNA表达的调节．中华血液学杂志．20(1)．
[292] 王晓健．(2000)．中医药促进造血作用机理的研究．中医药研究．16(3)：54-56．
[293] 王勇，王亚平，祝彼得．(1995)．人参总皂甙对小鼠造血细胞增殖的影响．解剖学杂志．18(2)：270-274．
[294] 温优良，许国琴．(2001)．高原训练的生理适应与运动能力．广州体育学院学报．21(2)：48-51．
[295] 夏云建，张钧，黄叔怀．(1999)．剧烈运动对几种血清酶活性和T细胞的影响．天津体育学院学报．14(1)：75—76．
[296] 肖德生，钱忠明．(2000)．运动诱导的低铁状态大鼠骨髓细胞铁摄入的变化．生理学报．52(2)：147-151．
[297] 肖国强，梁健．(2001)．两种不同运动方式血乳酸浓度对血管内溶血的影响．现代临床医学生物工程学杂志．7(4)：248-250．
[298] 谢敏豪．(1996)．补肾中药对训练者下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能及运动能力的影响．中国运动医学杂志．15(1)：12-17．
[299] 徐晓阳，冯炜权，曹建民，等．(2000)．运动性低血睾酮及补肾中药对大鼠能量代谢某些指标的影响．19(3)：282-284．
[300] 许文荣，谷俊侠．(2001)．临床血液学检验．南京：东南大学出版社．
[301] 杨树民．(1997)．体育运动中的促红细胞生成素滥用及其检测方法．中国运动医学杂志．(2)：285-287．
[302] 杨维益，陈家旭，王天芳，等．(1996)．运动性疲劳与中医肝脏的关系．北京中医药大学学报．19(1)：17-18．
[303] 杨伟宗，马蔚芸．(1996)．麦芽醇对红细胞2，3-二磷酸甘油酸保护作用的实验研究．临床检验杂志．14(2)：78．
[304] 叶剑飞，余闽，岑浩望．(1992)．过度训练的病理生理及康复——Ⅰ大鼠过度训练模型的建立．中国运动医学杂志．11(2)：15-31．
[305] 叶治家，董燕麟．(1995)．白细胞介素—3生物学研究进展．国外医学—临床生物化学与检验学分册．16：106-108．
[306] 尹伯元．(1991)放射免疫分析在医学中的应用．北京：原子能出版社．
[307] 詹承烈，龙云芳，黄宇霞．(2002)．太极拳运动对中老年人红细胞膜Na~+K~+ATP酶和Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性的影响．预防医学情报杂志．18(1)：30-32．
[308] 张达青，胡绍文．(2001)．下丘脑-垂体疾病．北京：科学技术文献出版社．
[309] 张之南，李蓉生．(2000)．红细胞疾病基础与临床．北京：科学出版社．
[310] 张志敏，史宝俊．(1995)．中西医结合治疗小儿再障贫血临床观察．中国中西医结合杂志．15(2)：713．
[311] 周锦琳，田野．(2001)．急性运动对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体Ca~(2+)-ATP酶和H~+-ATP酶活性的影响．北京体育大学学报．24(3)：320-323．
[312] 周君琳，凌亦凌，王俊霞，等．(2001)大鼠肢体缺血再灌注致肺损伤时肺组织中血红素氧合酶的表达．中国病理生理杂志．17(5)：438-440．
[313] 周兆年．(2000)．间歇性低氧对心脏的保护效应．中国应用生理学杂志．16(3)：34．
[314] 周志宏，刘建红，金以玲，等．(1999)．极限运动下血及尿中内源性雄激素变化规律探讨．中国运动医学杂志．18(1)：69-71．
[315] 朱全，浦钧宗，张敏．(1998)．游泳方法建立大鼠模拟过度训练模型．中国运动医学杂志．17(2)：137-140．