摘要
中美合作森林健康项目于2002年立项,同年6月,国家林业局造林司与美方合作在全国进行了选点工作。在实地考察的基础上,麻江县被列为中美森林健康合作试验示范项目点之一。2003年6月,项目正式开始实施,以现代林业的观念组织实施造林项目,探索符合中国国情的森林健康经营技术和管理模式,实现人与自然、人与森林的和谐,达到生态建设与经济发展的双赢,其核心是培育和保护健康森林。本文通过对麻江试验示范项目区森林健康现状、森林健康培育与经营、项目对社区经济影响以及对森林健康的监测研究,得出如下结论:
1、项目区内森林植物种类丰富,有植物142科369属553种。其中木本植物74科177属284种23变种。在监测期内没有发生濒危物种,物种数量呈增加趋势。种子植物区系是温带性质的东亚植物区系,地带性森林植被类型为常绿阔叶林。森林群落的类型丰富,有大花枇杷-美脉琼楠-阴香林,黄连木-西南米槠-青冈栎林等。
2、在天然次生马尾松针阔混交林中,灌木层的物种丰富度、多样性指数相对较高,其次为草本层,而乔木层相对较小。在常绿落叶阔叶林中,灌木层的丰富度指数与多样性指数相对高于乔木层,乔木层相对高于草本层。在马尾松纯林中,乔木层、灌木层、草本层的物种丰富度、多样性指数相对低于常绿落叶阔叶林、天然次生马尾松针阔混交林。总体看,项目区内的森林都处于相对稳定和健康状态,有林面积呈增加趋势,森林生态系统的稳定性有所增强,人工林景观多样性逐渐增加,林分质量有了明显改善,森林的多功能效益开始显现。
3、项目区内马尾松纯所占比例过大,群落密度过大,林结构单一,有引发森林病虫害的隐患,森林健康受到威胁。针对项目区内森林健康受威胁的原因,通过调整现有林的群落结构、群落密度、树种组成,提高群落生长量,使森林的林分结构更趋于合理,林地水土流失量明显减少,森林涵养水源的能力明显增强,森林病虫的危害面积大大下降,生物多样性得到有效保护,通过项目的实施收到了较显著效果。开展以恢复森林健康为目标的森林健康经营探讨,摸索生物多样性监测、森林健康监测与评价的方法,是实现森林健康经营的基础。
4、项目区内人为活动频繁、对森林的过渡利用、毁林开荒造成森林破碎,局部水土流失严重,尽管森林涵养水源的总体功能在增强,但局部能力有所下降。因此,减少人为不当干扰和破坏,是保护和发展森林资源首先要优先解决的问题。考虑到当地群众的生产生活习惯及增收需要,建议划定一定面积用于发展薪炭林。
5、项目区参与项目实施的农户总收入在2003—2007年之间呈现出上升的趋势,并且增加幅度高于项目非参与户。两类农户总收入的增加主要来源都是非农收入的提高;项目参与户以及非参与户的各项收入不存在显著差异。如果将项目非参与户的收入增加水平看作社会的平均资本回报率,那么项目参与户的资本回报率高于社会平均值。但出现这一结果是否与森林健项目的实施有关?还是仅仅由两类农户个体间的差异引起?需要作进一步研究。
6、项目区的昆虫资源丰富,有昆虫10个目77个科116种。天敌和害虫种类丰富,但虫口密度较小,有引发森林病虫害的隐患,但在项目执行期间没有发生病虫灾害,目前的病虫害种类和虫口密度对项目区的森林健康尚构不成威胁。
7、土壤变化及径流场的监测结果表明,该区域水热资源、土壤状况均适合发展农林业及特色林业,整个林区的水土流失较轻,森林的涵养水源效果较好,林地土壤条件得到一定改善。
8、综合各种监测和相关研究结果,可以确认整个项目区基本处于健康状态,各类森林正向着较理想的方向发展,森林的多功能目标日渐显现。
森林健康理念是近年来借鉴美国等林业发达国家森林管理理念的基础上,经过试点逐步建立起来的,在国内已经被越来越多人理解和接受。随着人们对森林资源的认识的提高,对森林健康关注和参与的热情也会增加,所要求的森林健康信息必将促进森林健康研究、森林健康监测和生物多样性监测事业的发展。
The cooperation program of Sino-American forest health was approval in 2002 and implemented in 2003. the program was to use the modern forestry ideal to implement the forestation and study the forest heath management technology suitable for china, and to realize the harmony between humankind and nature ,and between humankind and forest, its key was to cultive and protect the forest. The forest health situation, cultivation and management, the community economy effect in Majiang trial area were studied, the results are as following:
1. there are rich plants with 142 families and 369 genera and 553 species in the area, among which woody plants of 74 families and 284 genera and 284 species and 23 varieties. There are no endanraged species, but species increased in the monitoring period. The Flore belongs to east-Asia plant Flore with temperate nature, and zonal vegetation of evergreenbroadleaved forest.
2. In the secondary conifer and broadleaf mixed forest of masson pine, the higherspecies richness and diversity index was in shrub, then in herb layer, and lower in arbor layer. In the evergreen and deciduous mixed forest. the species richness and diversity index in shrub was more than in arbor and those in arbor were more than in herb. In the pure masson pine forest, species richness and diversity index in all layers were lower than in the evergreen and deciduous mixed forest. As a total, the forests were all related stable and health, forested area increased, forest ecosystem stability improved, plantation landscape diversity increased, forest quality improved and the forest multi-function appeared.
3. The pure masson pine forests hold a large proportion of the forests, its density was closed and simple structure, all were easily to cause forest pest and disease to threaten the forest health. For the reason , the forests structure, density and species composition was regulated to increase the community biomass, made the forest structure rationable,reduce the soil erosion, improve the water holding capacity of forest, reduce the pest and disease of forest and protect the biodiversity well, and the implementing program obtained a good result
4. As the more disturbances of humankind, deforestation made the forest fragmentation and severe soil erosion, though the total forest water holding capacity was increased, the local water conservation was reduced. Therefore, reducing the human disturbance, protecting and developing the forest resource are the first issue to be solved. For considering the demands of the production and living for local farmers, the firewood will be cultivated in a curtained area.
5. The total inputs of the farmers in the trial area were increased in 2003 to 2007; the participated farmers had more inputs than the un-participated farmers. The main resource of inputs increased was all non-agriculture production. The all inputs between the participated and non-participated farmer were not significantly difference. If considering the social average capital return rate, the capital return rate for participated farmers were more than the non-participated. This result was worthing studying
6. There are rich insects with 10 orders, 77 families and 116 species in the trail area. Many kinds of nature enemy insects and pests, but small density. At present the pests would not cause the threaten to the forest health.
7. the monitoring results from the soil and runoff changes showed that the wate(?) and temperture, and so(?)s were suitable for agriculture and forestry, the slight soil erosion demonstrated the good water holding capacity of the forests.
8. from the all studies, the program area is health situation, the forests are oriented to a good development, and the multi-function of the forests are gradually appearing.
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