摘要
当前制造企业面临着快速变化的市场环境和多样化的客户需求,为了应对这些情况,作为制造企业信息基础设施的应用集成系统应具备快速响应业务需求变化的能力,即能够随业务需求进行快速定制和开发。然而业务模型与软件模型的较大差异性,业务逻辑与实现技术的紧密耦合性,给应用集成系统的实现带来了巨大挑战。本文针对上述问题,采用模型驱动思想,对制造企业应用集成系统在运行期的模型驱动定制方法以及在开发期的模型驱动开发方法进行深入的研究和实践。本文的工作主要集中在以下几个方面：
(1)研究了制造企业应用集成的若干关键技术,为应用集成系统的模型驱动方法提供了领域知识。提出了一种基于业务模型总线的集成框架,以过程、产品、资源和组织模型为核心支持面向业务人员的模型驱动定制方法。集成框架通过基于STEP和XML的产品数据交换方式实现数据集成,采用数据库统一接口和应用系统统一接口为开发人员提供一致的数据操作接口,从而提高开发效率；以COM和Web Services混合通信架构支持本机、本地及远程应用之间的高效功能集成；提出了一种界面自动化驱动技术,拓展了基于二次开发接口的界面集成方法；以PDM及企业信息门户中的工作流管理工具高效和灵活地实现企业内和企业间的过程集成。
(2)研究了支持制造企业应用集成系统模型驱动定制方法的业务建模技术。分析了相应的业务模型需求；在CIMOSA企业建模方法的基础上建立了面向应用集成系统定制的业务建模体系,其核心是视图维上表达应用集成需求的过程、产品、资源和组织模型；在上述业务模型需求和建模体系的基础上构建了基于元对象设施(Meta Object Facility, MOF)规范的建模框架,以MOF元元模型来统一定义业务各个视图的元模型,保证了各个视图在语义上的一致性；以XML作为业务模型的数字化表达和存储方式,方便应用集成系统解析业务模型并据此对相应的软件模型进行定制。
(3)研究了制造企业应用集成系统的模型驱动开发方法。提出了一种适应当前应用集成系统开发技术现状并支持模型驱动开发方法的软件开发过程,即宏观上基于构件开发方法,微观上基于模型驱动开发方法；在此基础上,探讨了模型驱动开发方法在系统需求、界面和Web服务设计过程中的关键技术。
上述研究成果目前正应用于上海锅炉厂有限公司的PLM项目,论文以此介绍了模型驱动的应用集成方法在锅炉行业信息化中的应用和效果,为面向电站锅炉行业的可定制PLM系统开发打下了坚实基础。
Nowadays, manufacturing enterprises face challenges in the rapidly changing market and the various customer needs. In order to address these situations, integrated application systems as the basis of the enterprise information infrastructure should be capable of responding quickly to changing business requirements, that is, they can be customized and developed fastly according to business requirements. However, there is a vast chasm between business models and software models, and a tight coupling between business logic and implementation technology, both of which bring big challenges to implement integrated application systems. In this dissertation, we focus on the above-mentioned problems, and deeply expore the theory and practice of model driven approaches for integrated application systems, including model driven customization (MDC) during runtime and model driven development (MDD) during design. The main efforts and contributions are as follows:
(1) Some key technologies of manufacturing enterprise application integration have been researched, which provide domain knowledge for the presented model driven approaches. An integration framework based on business model bus is proposed, which supports businessman-oriented MDC through process, product, resource and organization models. In the framework, data integration is implemented through product data sharing and exchange using STEP and XML, and in addition, unified database and application interfaces are designed to provide programmers with uniform data manipulation interfaces so as to improve development efficiency. In order to implement effective functional integration among home, local and remote applications, a hybrid communication architecture based on COM and Web Services is used. As for user interface (UI) integration, a UI automation driven approach is presented to expand the capability of the traditional API-based method. At last, the workflow management tools of PDM and information portal are used to effectively and flexibly implement the intra-enterprise and inter-enterprise process integration, respectively.
(2) The business modeling techniques that supporting MDC for integrated application systems have been investigated. Firstly, the business model requiremnts needed by MDC are analysed. Secondly, a business modeling architecture based on CIMOSA is built, which is oriented towards the customization of integrated application systems. The core layer of this architecture consists of four views -- process, product, resource and organization views, which describe the integration needs of integrated application systems. Based on the aforementioned requirements and architecture, a business modeling framework based on Meta Object Facility (MOF) specification is presented. In this framework, MOF meta-metamodel is used to unifiedly define the four business views'metamodel so as to ensure semantic consistency. Furthurmore, XML is adopted to store and express business models in order to facilitate interpretation of them and then to cutomize the appropriate software models.
(3) The MDD approach for integrated application systems has been discussed. A software development process is put forward, which is suited for current developing technologies in integrated application systems and supports MDD. The process employes component based development at the macro level and MDD at the micro level. Based on this, the key technologies of system requirements, UI and Web Services design are explored.
The research achievements have beening applied in the PLM project of Shanghai Boiler Works, Ltd. The practical application of model driven application integration approaches in the power plant boiler industry proves their value and practicability, and provides solid foundation for the development of customizable PLM systems for the power plant boiler industry.
引文
[1]TurboCRM信息科技有限公司.企业应用集成系统产品白皮书[EB/OL]. http://www.ibm.com/cn/software/websphere/events/soacontest/pdf/TurboEAI_whitepa per.pdf,2004.
[2]Ashok K. Harikumar, Roger Lee, Hae Sool Yang, et al. A Model for Application Integration using Web Services [C]. in:Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS'05),2005. 468-475.
[3]Naveen Erasala, David C. Yen, T. M. Rajkumar. Enterprise Application Integration in the electronic commerce world [J]. Computer Standards & Interfaces,2003,25:69-82.
[4]Aidong Peng. A Framework for Enterprise Application Integration [D]. Master thesis, University of Winsdor, Ontario, Canada,2005.
[5]谢小轩,张浩,夏敬华等.企业应用集成综述[J].计算机工程与应用,2002,22：1～5.
[6]Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft BizTalk Server [EB/OL]. http://www.microsoft.com/biztalk/en/us/default.aspx.
[7]Oracle. Oracle WebLogic Suite 11g [EB/OL]. http://www.oracle.com/appserver/weblogic/weblogic-suite.html.
[8]IBM Software. WebSphere software [EB/OL]. http://www-01.ibm.com/software/websphere.
[9]Kostas Kontogiannis, Dennis Simith, Liam O'Brien. On the Role of Services in Enterprise Application Integration [C]. in:Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Software Technology and Engineering Practice (STEP'02), 2005.103-114.
[10]郑洪源,谢强,赵燕飞.一种面向服务的EAI方案研究与应用[J].小型微型计算机系统,2005,26(12)：2233～2236.
[11]黄双喜,范玉顺,赵大哲等.基于Web服务的企业应用集成[J].计算机集成制造系统,2003,9(10)：864～867.
[12]Edward A. Stohr, Jeffrey V. Nickerson. Intra Enterprise Integration:Methods and Direction [M]. Competing in the Information Age:Align in the Sand, Oxford New York:Oxford University Press,2003.
[13]Autodesk. DXF Specifications [EB/OL]. http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/item?siteID=123112&id=12272454&linkID=108 09853.
[14]NIST. The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) [EB/OL]. http://ts.nist.gov/standards/iges/.
[15]ISO. ISO 10303-1, Industrial automation systems and integration—product data representation and exchange—Part 1. Overview and fundamental principles,1994.
[16]William C. Burkett. Product Data Markup Language:A New Paradigm for Product Data Exchange and Integration [J]. Computer-Aided Design,1999,33(7):489-500.
[17]Alexander Ball, Lian Ding, Manjula Patel. An Approach to Accessing Product Data Across System and Software revisions [J]. Advanced Engineering Informatics,2008, 22(2):222-235.
[18]Lian Ding, Alex Ball, Jason Matthews, et al. Product Representation in Lightweight Formats for Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) [C]. in:4th International Conference on Digital Enterprise Technology (DET 2007), Bath, UK,2007.19-21.
[19]Nathan W. Hartman. Evaluating lightweight 3D graphics formats for product visualization and data exchange [J]. Journal of Applied Scicence & Engineering Technology,2009,3:39-46.
[20]张思荣,谭建荣,张家泰等.STEP中性交换文件的实现方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,1999,11(1)：43～48.
[21]杨子江,李善平,董金祥.STEP模型映射技术及其在开放环境中的应用[J].软件学报,2002,13(8)：1644～1651.
[22]Tomi Mannisto, Hannu Peltonen, Asko Martio, et al. Modeling Generic Product Structures in STEP [J]. Computer-Aided Design,1998,30(14):1111-1118.
[23]Mangesh P. Bhandarkar, Rakesh Nagi. STEP-based Feature Extraction from STEP Geometry for Agile Manufacturing [J]. Computers in Industry,2000,41:3-24.
[24]Zhang Yanping, Zhang Chun, Wang H.P. An Internet based STEP Data Exchange Framework for Virtual Enterprises [J]. Computers in Industry,2000,41:51-63.
[25]Lee R.S., Tsai J.P, Kao Y.C., et al. STEP-based Product Modeling System for Remote Collaborative Reverse Engineering [J]. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing,2003,19:543-553.
[26]Fumiki Tanaka, Takeshi Kishinami. STEP-based Quality Diagnosis of Shape Data of Product Models for Collaborative E-engineering [J]. Computers in Industry,2006,57: 245-260.
[27]刘云华,刘俊,陈立平.产品三维数据模型轻量化表示实现[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2006,18(4)：602～607.
[28]刘清华,刘云华,万立.支持系统的3维轻量化模型与圈阅工具的研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2006,12(9)：1385～1390.
[29]王启富,杨磊,黄运保等.协同产品开发中的产品模型轻量化技术[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2006,18(1)：108～113.
[30]江伟光.产品集成建模关键技术及应用研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2009.
[31]Umeda Y., Ishii M., Yoshioka M., et al. Supporting conceptual design based on the function-behavior-state modeler [J]. Artifical Intelligence for Engineering Design, 1996,10:275-288.
[32]Lin Y, Zhang W. J. Towards a novel interface design framework: function-behavior-state paradigm [J]. International Journal of Human Computer Studies,2003,61(3):259-297.
[33]ISO. STEP, Part 11:The Express Language Reference Manual. ISO TC184/SC4, Document N151,1992.
[34]Steven J. Fenves, Sebti Foufou, Conrad Bock, et al. CPM:A Core Model for Product Data [EB/OL]. http://www.mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/cpm_10_06.pdf.2005.
[35]Stephen C. F. Chan, Tharam Dillon, Vincent T. Y. Ng. Exchanging STEP Data Through XML-based Mediators [J]. Concurrent Engineering:Research and Applications,2003, 11(1):55-64.
[36]Youchon Oh, Soon-hung Han, Hyowon Suh. Mapping product structures between CAD and PDM systems using UML [J]. Computer-Aided Design,2001,33:521-529.
[37]Thimm G, Lee S.G., Ma Y S. Towards unified modeling of product life-cycles [J]. Computers in Industry,2006,57(4):331-341.
[38]Sebti Foufou, Steven J. Fenves, Conrad Bock, et al. A Core Product Model for PLM with an illustrative XML implementation [C]. in:International Conference on Product Life Cycle Management,2005,21-32.
[39]Joshua Lubell, Russel S. Peak. STEP, XML, and UML:Complementary Technologies [C]. in:Proceedings of DETC 2004:ASME 2004 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference,2004, Utah USA.
[40]Gao Liang, Zhang Jie, Li Pei-gen, et al. CORBA based information integration platform for CIMS [J]. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences,2002,7(1): 71-76.
[41]S. Izza, L. Vincent, P. Burlat. Exploiting semantic web services in achieving flexible application integration in the microelectronics field [J]. Computers in Industry,2008, 59:722-740.
[42]Cheng Li, Hongguang Yao. EAI Systems Design of B2B Enterprises in J2EE Combined with Web Technologies [C]. in:The Sixth Wuhan International Conference on E-Business,2007, Wuhan, China.
[43]W3C. Web Services Architecture [EB/OL]. http://www.w3.org/TR/ws_arch/.2004.
[44]Ashok K. Harikumar, Roger Y. Lee, Hae Sool Yang, et al. A Model for Application Integration Using Web Services [C]. in:Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society.2005.
[45]Baoli Dong, Guoning Qi, Xinjian Gu, et al. Web service-oriented manufacturing resource applications for networked product development [J]. Advanced Engineering Informatics.2008,22:282-295.
[46]刘怀亮.基于Web Services的网络化制造若干关键技术研究[D].西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2003.
[47]Chen Xiang, Li Min, Gao Shuming. A Web Service for Exchange Procedural CAD Models Between Heterogeneous CAD Systems [C]. in:Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Desing. Springer Berlin,2006.
[48]Gunjan Samtani, Dimple Sadhwani. EAI and Web Services-Easier Enterprise Application Integration? [EB/OL]. http://www.webservicesarchitect.com/content/articles/samtani01.asp.
[49]Ying Huang, Jen-Yao Chung. A Web services-based framework for business integration solutions [J]. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications.2003,2: 15-26.
[50]Zhou Binghai, Wang Shijin, Cao Yongshang. Web Services based Integration Design of PDM and DNC Systems [J]. Journal of Donghua University (English Edition),2007, 24(1):30-34.
[51]Youchon Oh, Soon-hung Han, Hyowon Suh. Mapping product structures between CAD and PDM systems Using UML [J]. Computer-Aided Design,2001,33:521-529.
[52]M. Rezayat. The Enterprise-Web portal for life-cycle support [J]. Computer-Aided Design,2000,32:85-96.
[53]张金,陈艳军,陈卓宁.基于代理的CAx/PDM透明式互动集成的研究[J].机械科学与技术.2005,24(8)：969～973.
[54]Oscar Diaz, Inaki Paz. Turning Web Applications into Portlets:Raising the Issues [C]. in:Proceedings of the 2005 Symposium on Applications and the Internet,2005,31-37.
[55]Hsu J., Yu P., Lin C., et al. A Customer-Based Portal System for Instructions Management in e-Learning Environment [C]. in:Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2007,4300-4309.
[56]李清,陈禹六,企业与信息系统建模分析[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2007.
[57]Kim, Young-Gul. Process Modeling for BPR:Event-Process Chain Approach [C]. in: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS95),1995.
[58]Girault C, Valk R. Petri Nets for Systems Engineering:A Guide to Modeling, Verification, and Applications [M]. Berlin:Spring-Verlag,2002.
[59]唐任仲,周广民.过程管理建模技术分析[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2002,36(4)：385-388
[60]韦东方,薛恒新,吴仕亮.信启、集成建模分析与应用[J].计算机工程,2004,30(12)：21-22,25.
[61]Workflow Management Coalition. Interface 1:Process Definition Interchange Process Model. Document Number WfMC TC-1016-M. Winchester 1998.
[62]Workflow Management Coalition. XML Process Definition Language [EB/OL]. http://www.xpdl.org/nugen/p/xpdl/public.htm.
[63]OASIS. Web Services Business Process Execution Language Version 2.0 [EB/OL]. http://docs.oasis-open.org/wsbepl/2.0/OS/wsbpel-v2.0-OS.html,2007.
[64]ESPRIT Consortium AMICE. CIMOSA:open system architecture for CIM [M]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,1993.
[65]Scheer AW. Architecture for integrated information system [M]. Berlin:Springer Press, 1994.
[66]William T J. The Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture [J]. Computers in Industry, 1994,24:107-115.
[67]Ovidiu Noran. An analysis of the Zachman framework for enterprise architecture from the GERAM perspective [J]. Annual Reviews in Control,2003,27:163-183.
[68]Peter Bernus, Laszlo Nemes. A framework to define a generic enterprise reference architecture and methodology [J]. Computer Integrated Manufacturing System,1996, 9(3):179-191.
[69]D. Chen, B. Vallespir, G. Doumeingts. GRAI integrated methodology and its mapping onto generic enterprise reference architecture and methodology [J]. Computers in Industry,1997,33:387-394.
[70]陈禹六.阶梯形CIM系统体系结构[J].计算机集成制造系统,1999,5(3)：30～38.
[71]范玉顺,吴澄,王刚等.集成化企业建模方法与工具系统研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2000,6(3)：1-5.
[72]Herve Panetto, Giuseppe Berio, Khalid Benali, et al. A Unified Enterprise Modeling Language for Enhanced Interoperability of Enterprise Models [C]. in:Proceedings of the 11th IFAC INCOM2004 Symposium, Bahia, Brazil,2004,1-12.
[73]Maria Raffai. Model Oriented Enterprise Integration:Metamodel for Realizing the Integration [C]. in:IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, Bostn: Springer,2007,807-816.
[74]沈具东,范玉顺,林慧苹.基于分布式对象计算技术实现动态企业建模[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2000,40(8)：85～89
[75]Cordys. Business Process Management Suite, BPMS [EB/OL]. http://www.cordys.com/.
[76]奥古斯特-威廉·希尔著,李清,张萍译.集成的信息系统体系结构(ARIS)经营过程建模[M].机械工业出版社.2003.
[77]金纪文,金烨.基于模型驱动和流程配置的ERP系统的关键技术研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2005,11(7)：986～995.
[78]宋利康,催德刚,周儒荣.企业模型与ERP系统间映射技术[J].航空学报,2007,28(6)：1513～1520.
[79]涂俊翔.企业管理信息系统的重构技术研究[D].华中科技大学博士学位论文,2009.
[80]Anneke Kleppe, Jos Warmer, Wim Bast. MDA Explained:The Model Driven Architecture:Practice and Promise [M]. United States of America:Addison Wesley, 2003.
[81]Jordi. Relationship between MDA, MDD and MDE [EB/OL]. http://modeling-languages.com/blog/content/relationship-between-mdamdd-and-mde.
[82]Fei Cao. Model driven development and dynamic composition of Web services [D]. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Computer Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham,2005.
[83]Alan W. Brown, Jim Conallen, Dave Tropeano. Introduction:Models, Modeling, and Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) [M]. Model-Driven Software Development,2005.
[84]Gabor Guta, Barnabas Szasz. A Lightweight Model Driven Development Process based on XML Technology. Technical report no.08-01 in RISC Report Series, University of Linz, Austria,2008.
[85]Scott W. Ambler. Agile Model Driven Development is Good Enough[J]. IEEE Software,2003,20(5):70-73.
[86]Joaquin Miller, Jishnu Mukerji. Model Driven Architecture (MDA):A Draft with annotations of issues to resolve Architecture Board ORMSC.2001.
[87]Object Management Group. OMG's MetaObject Facility [EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/mof/.2009.
[88]Object Management Group. Unified Modeling Language [EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/uml.htm.
[89]Object Management Group. Common Warehouse Metamodel (CWM) Specification, V1.1 [EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/cwm.htm.2008.
[90]Object Management Group. Documents Associated With Meta Object Facility (MOF) 2.0 Query/View/Transformation, V1.0 [EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/spec/QVT/1.0. 2009.
[91]Object Management Group. MOF 2.0/XMI Mapping Specification, V2.1.1 [EB/OL]. http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/xmi.htm.2008.
[92]David S. Frankel. Model Driven Architecture Applying MDA to Enterprise Computing [M]. United States of America:John Wiley & Sons,2003.
[93]Fritz Solms, Dawid Loubser. Generating MDA's platform independent model using URDAD [J]. Knowledge-Based Systems,2009,22:174-185.
[94]R. Brake, G. Melby. Model-driven service engineering [C]. in:1st International Workshop on Model-Driven Service Engineering (MOSE 2009), Hong Kong, China, 2009,381-392.
[95]王学斌,王怀民,吴泉源等.一种模型转换的编织框架[J].软件学报,2006,17(6)：1423～1435
[96]Richard F. Paige, Dimitrios S. Kolovos, Fiona A.C. Polack. Refinement via Consistency Checking in MDA [C]. in:Proceeding of Refinenet Workshop, ENTCS, Surrey, UK,2005.
[97]Paloma Caceres, Esperanza Marcos, Belen Vela, et al. A MDA-based Approach for Web Information System Development [C]. in:Proceedings of Workshop in Software Model Engineering (WiSME) in UML'2003.
[98]陈燕,邱卫东,杜玄等.嵌入式系统模型驱动设计方法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2006,18(2)：257～264.
[99]李海峰,吴慧中.元模型驱动的产品生命周期管理系统的设计与实现[J].计算机集成制造系统,2005,11(7)：963～968.
[100]刘亚军,康建初,吕卫锋.模型驱动体系结构研究综述[J].计算机科学,2006,33(3)：224～228.
[101]王晓燕.基于模型驱动架构的软件开发方法与实现技术研究[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2008.
[102]Krishnakumar Balasubramanian, Douglas C. Schmidt, Zoltan Molnar, et al. System Integration Using Model-Driven Engineering. in:Designing Software-Intensive Systems:Methods and Principles [M],2009,474-504.
[103]Steen Brahe, Kasper (?)sterbye. Business Process Modeling:Defining Domain Specific Modeling Languages by Use of UML Profiles, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006, ECMDA-FA2006, LNCS 4066,241-255.
[104]Jos Warmer. A Model Driven Software Factory Using Domain Specific Languages, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007, ECMDA-FA 2007, LNCS 4530,194-203.
[105]Object Manage Group. OMG UML 1.4 Specification [EB/OL]. http://ww.omg.org. Sep. 2001.
[106]Ying WANG, Xue-Gong ZHOU, Bo ZHOU, et al. A MDA based SoC Modeling Approach using UML and Systemc [C]. in:Proceedings of The Sixth IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT'06), Washington, DC, USA,2006,245-250.
[107]Mohd Syazwan Abdullah. A UML Profile for Conceptual Modelling of Knowledge-Based Systems [D]. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Computer Science, The University of York, United Kingdom,2006.
[108]Stephen J. Mellor, Marc J. Balcer. Executable UML:A Foundation for Model-Driven Architecture [M]. United States of America:Addison Wesley,2004.
[109]B. B. Agarwal, S. P. Tayal, M. Gupta. Software Engineering & Testing [M]. Sudbury, Massachusetts, USA:Jones and Bartlett Publishers,2008.
[110]Pankaj Jalote. A Concise Introduction to Software Engineering [M]. London: Springer-Verlag,2008.
[111]Li Jiang. A Framework for the Requirements Engineering Process Development [D]. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canda,2005.
[112]Outi Salo, Pekka Abrahamsson. Empirical Evaluation of Agile Software Development: The Controlled Case Study Approach. in:Product Focused Software Process Improvement [M]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Spring Berlin, Heidelberg, 2004,408-423.
[113]Kent Beck, Cynthia Andres. Extreme Programming Explained:Embrace Change, Second Edition [M]. United States of America:Addison Wesley,2004.
[114]Philippe Kruchten. The Rational Unified Process:An Introduction, Second Edition [M]. Untited States of America:Addison Wesley,2000.
[115]Paivi Parviaien, Juhn Takalo, Susanna Teppola, et al. Model-Driven Development Process and practives [M]. Finland:VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,2009.
[116]Chitforoush F., Yazdandoods M., Ramsin R. Methodology Support for the Model Driven Architecture [C]. in:14th Asia-Pasicific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC 2007), Nagoya, Japan,2007.
[117]Mansell J., Bediaga A., Vogel R., et al. Experiences from representing software architecture in a large industrial project using model driven development [C]. in: Proceedings of the 29th international Conference on Software Engineering Workshops (ICSEW), IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA,2007.
[118]Vogel R., Mantell K. MDA adoption for SME:evolution, not revolution-Phase Ⅱ [C]. in:The Second Workshop From code centric to model centric software engineering: Practices, Implications and ROI, EMCDA-FA, Bilbao, Spain,2006.
[119]Rios E., Bozheva T., Bediaga A., et al. MDD Maturity Model:A Roadmap for Introducing Model-Driven Development [C]. in:Proceedings of the Model Driven Architecture-Foundations and Applicatioins, Second European Conference, ECMDA-FA, Bilbo, Spain,2006.
[120]A. Balakrishna, R. Suresh Babu, D. Nageswara Rao, et al. Integration of CAD/CAM/CAE in Product Development System Using STEP/XML [J]. Concurrent Engineering,2006,14(2):121-128.
[121]W3C. Document Object Model (DOM) [EB/OL]. http://www.w3.org/DOM/.
[122]Sourceforege. Simple API for XML (SAX) [EB/OL]. http://www.saxproject.org/.
[123]Microsoft Corporation. Architecture of Connectable Objects [EB/OL]. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms686567(VS.85).aspx.
[124]W3C. Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) [EB/OL]. http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/.
[125]W3C. Web Services Description Language (WSDL) 1.1 [EB/OL]. http://www. w3. org/TR/wsdl.
[126]OASIS. UDDI Version 3.0.2 [EB/OL]. http://www.uddi.org/pubs/uddi_v3.htm.
[127]Robert van Engelen. gSOAP 2.7.10 User Guide. [EB/OL]. http://www.cs.fsu.edu/-engelen/soap.html.
[128]V. Chapurlat, B. Kamsu-Foguem, F. Prunet. A formal verification framework and associated tools for Enterprise Modeling:Application to UEML [J]. Computers in Industry,2006,57:153-166.
[129]WFMC. The workflow Reference Model, TC00-1003 [EB/OL]. http://www.wfmc.org.
[130]舒启林,王成恩.产品全生命周期中面向客户服务的产品模型[J].中国机械工程,2005,16(15)：1358-1362.
[131]Schatz B., Broy M., Huber F., et al. Model-Based Software and Systems Development-A White Paper [EB/OL]. http://www4.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/-schaetz/papers/ModelBased.pdf.
[132]Vogel R., Mantell K. MDD process for an SME:evolution, not revolution-Phase 1[C]. in:The First Workshop From code centric to model centric software engineering: Practices, Implementation, Nuremberg, Germany,2005.
[133]Michel dos Santos Soares, Jos Vrancken. Model-Driven User Requirements Specification using SysML [J]. Journal of Software,2008,3(6):57-68.
[134]Provost W. UML for Web Services [EB/OL]. http://www.xml.com/lpt/a/ws/2003/08/05/uml.html.
[135]Thone S., Depke R., Engels G. Process-Oriented, Flexible Composition of Web Services with UML [C]. in:the International Workshop on Conceptual Modeling Approaches for e-Business:A Web Service Perspective, Tampere, Finland.